Eur. Phys. J.
C (2010) 67: 521–532
DOI 10.1140/epjc/s10052-010-1273-y
Regular Article - Theoretical Physics
Conformal anisotropic relativistic charged fluid spheres
with a linear equation of state
M. Esculpi1 , E. Alomá2,a
1
Departamento de Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
2
Departamento de Física, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Caracas, Venezuela
Received: 12 September 2009 / Revised: 12 January 2010 / Published online: 16 April 2010
© Springer-Verlag / Società Italiana di Fisica 2010
Abstract We obtain two new families of compact solutions
for a spherically symmetric distribution of matter consisting
of an electrically charged anisotropic fluid sphere joined to
the Reissner–Nordstrom static solution through a zero pres-
sure surface. The static inner region also admits a one pa-
rameter group of conformal motions. First, to study the ef-
fect of the anisotropy in the sense of the pressures of the
charged fluid, besides assuming a linear equation of state to
hold for the fluid, we consider the tangential pressure p⊥ to
be proportional to the radial pressure pr , the proportionality
factor C measuring the grade of anisotropy. We analyze the
resulting charge distribution and the features of the obtained
family of solutions. These families of solutions reproduce
for the value C = 1, the conformal isotropic solution for
quark stars, previously obtained by Mak and Harko. The sec-
ond family of solutions is obtained assuming the electrical
charge inside the sphere to be a known function of the radial
coordinate. The allowed values of the parameters pertained
to these solutions are constrained by the physical conditions
imposed. We study the effect of anisotropy in the allowed
compactness ratios and in the values of the charge. The
Glazer’s pulsation equation for isotropic charged spheres is
extended to the case of anisotropic and charged fluid spheres
in order to study the behavior of the solutions under linear
adiabatic radial oscillations. These solutions could model
some stage of the evolution of strange quark matter fluid
stars.
1 Introduction
Recent observational data related to the mass-radius ratio
of some compact objects and on gamma ray bursts detec-
tion may support the existence of strange stars. The strange
quark matter, accepted as the ground state of the baryon
a e-mail: ealoma@usb.ve
matter [1] consists of deconfined u, d and s quarks. The
possible existence of quark stars was proposed by Itoh [2].
In this paper the author explains that if a baryon consists
of some fundamental particles, it may be possible that un-
bound fundamental particles will exist in the interior of su-
perdense stars. Haensel et al. [3] determined that massive
neutron stars might exist in the form of strange quark stars
for models considered by them of quark matter. Strange stars
and dwarfs are composed of the three light quark flavors
sheathed in a solid skin of heavy ions [4]. Quark or hy-
brid neutron–quark stars are composed, in whole or in part,
of quark matter. The quarks are free of interaction at the
extreme of asymptotic momentum transfer, density or tem-
perature [4]. Witten [5] proposed the strange matter could
be formed by a quark–hadron phase transition in the early
universe or by conversion of neutron stars into strange ones
at ultrahigh densities. Bodmer [6] proposed a phase transi-
tion between hadronic and strange quark matter could occur
in the universe, at densities higher than the nuclear density,
when a massive star explodes as a supernova, thus, strange
quark matter is likely to exist in the inner core of neutron star
or the quark star to be directly formed after the explosion
[7, 8]. Strange stars have been widely investigated within
the frame work of the MIT bag model [9]. In this model,
the quark matter equation of state p = (ρ − 4B)/3 has a lin-
ear form. Quarks are treated as massless particles inside a
bag of finite dimension. Confinement results from the bal-
ance of the pressure on the bag walls from the outside and
the pressure resulting from the kinetic energy of the quarks
inside the bag. The bag pressure constant, B, is related to
the equilibrium radius of the bag.
The study of charged objects in the frame of General
Relativity, by solving the coupled Maxwell–Einstein field
equations, has been usually related to neutron stars and
black hole formation [10–13]. These objects may be re-
lated to some stage of a gravitational collapse or to an ac-
cretion process onto a compact object where the matter is
522
likely to acquire large amounts of electric charge [14]. These
type of configurations first proposed by Bekenstain [15].
Sources for the Reissner–Nordstrom metric were proposed
in the pioneer works of Cooperstock and de La Cruz [16]
and Tikekar [17], see also Singh et al. [18]. Some criteria
for admissibility of solutions of the Einstein–Maxwell field
equations have been proposed by Ivanov [19]. Recently,
new static solutions have been presented by Thirukkanesh
and Maharaj [20], see also the references there in. Efforts
have been aimed to establish an absolute stability limit for
charged spheres [21–24], as the Buchdahl mass-radius ratio
[25] limit for neutral spheres. Recently, the study of the pres-
ence of the electromagnetic field in strange quark stars has
been another issue related to the Einstein–Maxwell equa-
tions, several models of strange stars [26–29], strange quark
nuggets [30], hybrid protoneutron stars [31], bare quark stars
[32, 33]. The study of charged sphere has also been associ-
ated to the electromagnetic mass model [34], where mass
originates from the electromagnetic field alone, giving rise
to a relationship between the gravitational and the electro-
magnetic fields, see, for example, [35, 36].
The implications of the existence of a one parameter
group of conformal motion in the Einstein–Maxwell space
time has been studied in the past [40–44].
In a recent paper Mak and Harko [45] studied the physi-
cal implications of the existence of a one parameter group
of conformal motions on the structure and properties of
a isotropic strange quark star, described by the MIT bag
model. Also, Ray et al. [37–39] proposed an electromag-
netic mass model admitting a conformal Killing vector.
Here, we will consider an electrically charged and
anisotropic distribution of matter also admitting a one para-
meter group of conformal motions. A linear equation of state
relates the energy density to the radial pressure of the fluid.
In order to study the effect of the anisotropy we will solve
the Einstein field equations considering two cases. First, the
ratio tangential pressure to radial pressure is assumed to be a
constant factor C. In this case the charge distribution within
the sphere is obtained from the field equation of state. Sec-
ond, following Ray and Das and references therein [38] we
propose the charge distribution as a function of the radial
coordinate and obtain the tangential pressure from the field
equations. We compare our results to the Mak and Harko
solutions [45] by specializing the parameters of the linear
equation of state to the MIT bag EOS. Also, we present the
features of these new solutions and compare them to similar
ones.
Some years ago Glazer [46] developed a generalization
of the Chandrasekhar’s radial and adiabatic pulsation equa-
tion to evaluate dynamical stability of isotropic charged flu-
ids. Here, following Glazer, we extend his result to the case
of an anisotropic charged fluid sphere, and then apply the
result to study the effect of the anisotropy upon the stabil-
ity of a charged fluid. Specific values for the parameters of
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532
the solution and for the adiabatic index are found to assure
dynamical stability upon radial and adiabatic pulsations.
Finally, we evaluate the gravitational mass of the ob-
tained models to see if the parameters values could be ad-
justed to obtain electromagnetic mass models.
This paper is organized as follows, in Sect. 2 we obtain
the field equations in the interior region admitting a one pa-
rameter group of conformal motions and considering the or-
bit of the group to be orthogonal to the velocity field of the
fluid. Also the exterior metric and the junction conditions
are presented. In Sect. 3 we obtain the first family of solu-
tion by assuming a linear equation of state (LEOS) holds
for the anisotropic charged fluid and also assuming the tan-
gential pressure to be proportional to the radial pressure. In
Sect. 4, besides the LEOS and the conformal symmetry, the
charge inside the sphere is given as a function of the radial
coordinate in order to solve the fields equations. In Sect. 5
we study the dynamical stability of the solutions upon radial
and adiabatic oscillations, and finally in Sect. 6 we conclude.
2 Field equations, conformal symmetry
and junctions conditions
Let us consider a matter distribution consisting of a charged
fluid, locally anisotropic, i.e., principal stresses unequal. The
energy-momentum tensor for the matter source is given as
(g)
Tμν = (ρ + p⊥ )uμ uν − gμν p⊥ + (pr − p⊥ )χμ χν (1)
where ρ, pr , p⊥ , uμ , χμ , denote the matter energy density,
the radial pressure in the direction of χμ , the pressure in
the two space orthogonal to χμ , the velocity four vector of
the fluid and a unit space like vector in the radial direction
orthogonal to uμ respectively.
The energy-momentum of the electromagnetic field is
given as
 
1 1
Tμν =
em
gμν fαβ f − g fμα fνβ
αβ αβ
(2)
4π 4
where the electromagnetic field tensor fμν is given in terms
of the electromagnetic potentials Aμ as
fμν = Aμ;ν − Aν;μ
and then the Maxwell electromagnetic field equations are
√
1 ∂( −gf μν )
√ = 4πJ μ (3)
−g ∂x ν
with J μ , the current four vector, defined as J μ = σ uμ ,
where σ is the charge density.
Thus, the energy-momentum tensor inside the sphere of
radius a can be written as
Tμν = Tμν
(g)
+ Tμν
(em)
(4)
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532 523

The static inner region is described by a Schwarzschild-like Now, let us assume the static spherically symmetric four
metric given by space admits a one parameter group of conformal motions;
  then the Lie derivative of the metric is given by
ds 2 = eν dt 2 − eλ dr 2 − r 2 dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 (5)
Lξ gμν = ϕgμν (11)
where ν and λ are unknown functions of the radial coordi-
nate r. Here, ϕ, the conformal factor, is a function of the radial co-
We will consider the potential vector ordinate only, and ξ is the orbit of the group. The metric g
is conformally mapped onto itself along ξ .
Aμ = (A0 , 0, 0, 0) Let us consider the orbit of the group to be orthogonal to
the velocity vector field of the fluid,
then
ξ μ uμ = 0 (12)
f01 = −f10 = A0;1
solving these equations one obtains the following values for
for the static case uμ = (u0 , 0, 0, 0), then χ μ = (0, χ 1 , 0, 0), the metric functions
and then the electromagnetic field equations (3) become
 λ+ν  e ν = c1 r 2 (13)
− e− 2 r 2 f01 = 4πr 2 e 2 J 0
λ+ν

ϕ2
,r
e−λ = (14)
4k 2
We obtain
Introducing these values of the metric functions in the
Q(r) λ+ν
f01 = − 2 e 2 (6) Einstein–Maxwell field equations (8)–(10), they become
r
 
1 ϕ2 1 2ϕ Q2
where we have defined Q(r) as − + = 8πρ + (8a)
r 2 4k 2 r 2 rϕ r4
 r
λ
Q(r) ≡ 4πτ 2 σ e 2 dτ
0
1 3ϕ 2 Q2
− 2
+ 2 2 = 8πpr − 4 (9a)
The charge density can be obtained from the above as r 4r k r

Q (r) − λ  
σ= e 2 (7) ϕ2 1 2ϕ Q2
4πr 2 + = 8πp ⊥ + (10a)
4k 2 r 2 ϕr r4
where the prime denotes differentiation with respect to the From (8a) we can write the function ϕ as follows:
radial coordinate.
The non-null components of the energy tensor are ϕ2 −λ 2mg Q2
= e = 1 − + 2, (15)
4k 2 r r
f2 f2
T00 = ρ + 01 e−(ν+λ) , T11 = −pr + 01 e−(ν+λ) where we have defined the inner gravitational mass [47] as
8π 8π
2
f01  
T22 = T33 = −p⊥ − e−(ν+λ)
r 1 r Q2 1 1Q2
8π mg = 4πρτ 2 dτ + 2
dτ + (16)
0 2 0 τ 2 r
The Einstein field equations are
The exterior region is described by the Reissner–Nordstrom

metric
1 λ 1 Q2
−e−λ − + = 8πρ + (8)    
r2 r r2 r4 2M Q20 2M Q20 −1 2

ds = 1 −
2
+ 2 dt − 1 −
2
+ 2 dr
ν 1 1 Q2 r r r r
−e−λ + 2 + 2 = −8πpr + 4 (9)  
r r r r − r 2 dθ 2 + sin2 θ dφ 2 (17)

e−λ  ν 2 (ν  − λ ) ν  λ
− ν + + − where Q0 is the total charge and M is the total mass of
2 2 r 2
the sphere. The inner region is matched to the Reissner–
Q2 Nordstrom solution through a null radial pressure hypersur-
= −8πp⊥ − (10)
r4 face of radius R.
524 Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532

The Darmois–Lichnerowitz junction conditions, i.e., con- The compactness ratio is obtained from (18)
tinuity of the first and the second fundamental forms can be
written as M 1 2Q20
= + (28)
2
R 3 3R 2
ϕ 2M Q20
= 1 − + 2 (18)
4k 2 r=R R R From (28), the total charge can be expressed in terms of the
 ratio M/R
[pr ]R = 0 and Q(r) R = Q0 (19)

3M − 1

R
3 Case I: p⊥ = Cpr Q0 ≡ Q(R) = R (29)
2
Now, to solve the Einstein field equations (8a)–(10a), we To adjust the values of the parameters n and C, and to as-
consider a linear equation of state (LEOS) holds for the sure physically acceptable solutions, we impose the causal-
fluid, relating the energy density and the radial pressure in- ity condition to the variables of the fluid
side the sphere
dpr 1
ρ = npr + b (20) = ≤1→n≥1
dρ n
We have five unknown functions of the radial coordinate dp⊥ C
r, ϕ, ρ, pr , p⊥ and Q, thus we need one more equation = ≤1→C<n
dρ n
to close the system. In order to evaluate the effect of the
anisotropy, we choose the tangential pressure to be propor- Also, the condition R > R+ , has to be met, where R+ , the
tional to the radial pressure outer horizon of a Reissner–Nordstrom (RN) black hole is
given as
p⊥ = Cpr (21)

where C is a factor measuring the anisotropy of the pres- R+ = M + M 2 − Q20
sures, as the fourth equation.
Solving (8a)–(10a), (20) and (21) one obtains ϕ: and we write the condition above as

 2  
ϕ2 (1 + n) 8πb(1 + C)r 2 M M Q0 2
= −
2(1+2n−C)
+ δr − 2+n+C Δ≡ + − <1
4k 2 2(1 + 2n − C) 6(n + 1) R R R
(22) Further, if we also impose the trace of the energy tensor to
we chose δ = 0 in order to avoid infinite mass at the ori- be positive, as suggested by Bondi for boson fluid stars [48],
gin. For the physical variables one obtains after imposing
pr + 2p⊥
the junctions conditions (18)–(19): Θ≡ ≤1 (30)
ρ
 
1 r2
pr = 1 − (23) we obtain the following constraint for the anisotropy fac-
8π(1 + 2n − C)r 2 R2
tor C:
 
1 r2
ρ= n + (24) n−1
8π(1 + 2n − C)r 2 R2 C≤ (31)
  2
r2 r2
Q2 = 1 + n − 2C − 2 (1 − C) (25) For the gravitational mass inside the sphere we obtain
2(1 + 2n − C) R

The ratio to the total charge radius of the sphere can be ob- r 1 r2
mg = 1 + 2(n − C) − (1 − 2C) (32)
tained from (25) 2(1 + 2n − C) 3 R2
Q20 n−C and from (7), (15), (22), (25) and (27) the charge density can
= (26)
R2 2(1 + 2n − C) be obtained as
The constant b of the LEOS is a function of the parameters 1
n and C. It has been obtained by imposing pr (r = R) = 0 [3(1 + n) − (1 + C)( Rr )2 ] 2 [1 + n − 2C − 2(1 − C)( Rr )2 ]
σ= √ 1
n+1 8π 3[1 + n − 2C − (1 − C)( Rr )2 ] 2 [1 + 2n − C]r 2
b= (27)
8π(1 + 2n − C)R 2 (33)
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532 525
 
4 Case II: Q(r) = Q0 ( αr )α nr Q20 r 2α (2n + α)
+ + (40)
(3n + 1) r R (3n + 2α − 1)
Here, we solve the Einstein field equations admitting con-
thus, for mg to be zero at the origin, α > 12 . From the junc-
formal symmetry (8a)–(10a), assuming again the LEOS (20)
tion condition (19), the relation between the total gravita-
holds for the fluid, but now we provide the charge inside the
tional mass and the total charge is
sphere as a function of the radial coordinate instead of the
tangential pressure: Q20 (3 M − 1)
= R (41)
 α R 2 2
r
Q(r) = Q0 (34) thus, M/R is greater than 1/3, also for M/R = 1/3 we have
R
a neutral fluid.
where Q0 is the total charge of the sphere. Introducing this
value of Q in the field equations (8a)–(10a) and using (20)
one obtains ϕ as 5 Dynamical stability
of the charged anisotropic fluid sphere
 
ϕ2 n+1 8πbr 2 (n + 1)Q20 r 2α
= − − The effect of anisotropy upon the stability for neutral flu-
4k 2 3n + 1 3(n + 1) 3n + 2α − 1 R ids spheres has been widely studied. Dev and Gleiser [49]
+ γ r −(3n+1) (35) studied the stability of self-gravitating neutral anisotropic
spheres under radial perturbations. They found that aniso-
Choosing γ = 0 to avoid infinite mass at the origin we ob- tropy enhances the stability, when compared to isotropic
tain for the physical variables once considering the junction configurations. Some years ago Glazer [46] extended Chan-
conditions (18), (19), drasekhar’s relativistic theory [50] governing the dynamical
instability of a perfect fluid sphere, pulsating radially and
 2

1 r adiabatically, to include arbitrary charge distributions. He

pr = 1 − studied the effect of electric charge upon the dynamical sta-
4π(3n + 1)r 2 R
 2α  4
bility.
Q20 (α − 2) r r Here, we intend to study the effects of considering both
+ − (36)
4πr 4 (3n + 2α − 1) R R anisotropy and electrical charge when the equilibrium state
 2
is perturbed by small radial and adiabatic oscillations to
1 r
ρ= n+ evaluate the stability of the solutions obtained above. Fol-
4π(3n + 1)r 2 R lowing closely Chandrasekhar [50] and Glazer [46], we
2  2α  4
obtain the pulsation equations for an electrically charged
Q0 (α − 2) r r
+ n + (37) anisotropic fluid sphere. The equilibrium configuration gov-
4πr (3n + 2α − 1)
4 R R
erned by (8)–(10) is perturbed so that infinitesimal radial
 2

1 r oscillations result. The field equations now read

p⊥ = n+1−2

8π(3n + 1)r 2 R 1 λ 1
− e−λ 2 − + 2 = 8πρ + 8πη (8)
Q20 r r r
− 

4πr 4 (3n + 2α − 1) 1 1
−λ ν
    4  −e + 2 + 2 = 8πpr + 8πη (9)
 r 2α r r r r
× (2α − 1) + n(α + 1) − (α − 2)

R R e−λ  ν 2 (ν  − λ ) ν  λ
− ν + + −
(38) 2 2 r 2
2

λ λ νλ
where the parameter b has been obtained by imposing (19), + e−ν + −
the null radial pressure at the surface of the sphere 2 4 4

   = −8πp⊥ − 8πη (10 )

(n + 1) 1 Q20 α−2
b= + (39) λ
4π (3n + 1)R 2 R 4 3n + 2α − 1 8πeλ (ρ + Pr )ξ̇ = − (42)
r
The gravitational mass inside the sphere is given by and as a consequence of the field equations, the conservation

of the total energy–momentum tensor, as defined in (4)
1 1 Q20 (α − 2)
mg = + r3 μ
Tν;μ = 0
3(3n + 1)R 2 3 R 4 (3n + 2α − 1) (43)
526 Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532

where, as before, the primes indicate differentiation with re- obtained as

spect to r, the dots with respect to x 0 and the semicolon
Pr0
covariant differentiation. We have used Glazer notation for 8πeλ (ρ0 + Pr0 )(CPr0 + η0 )ξ + 4ξ
r
the electromagnetic energy density, 
η0 2 4η0
Q2 − 4ξ − 2 (1 − C)Pr0 + 2
η= (44) r r r
8πr 4  2
ξ  2
To obtain the equations governing the perturbed state, all − −Pr0 + η0 − (1 − C)Pr0
(ρ0 + Pr0 ) r
quantities which are of the second or higher order in the  

(λ+2ν) 2 4η (λ+2ν) 
motions are neglected, keeping the just the terms which are − e− 2 η0 − (1 − C)Pr0 + e 2
linear in them. Then r r
 
2 4η 2
uμ = e− 2 δ0 + ξ̇ e− 2 δ1
ν λ
μ μ 
− (1 − C)ξ η0 + − (1 − C)Pr0
r r r
 ν
and (λ+2ν) (λ+2ν) e2 

ν 
− e− 2 e 2 γ Pr0 2 r 2 ξ e− 2
χ μ = ξ̇ e 2 −ν δ0 + e− 2 δ1
λ μ λ μ r
 

where ξ is the Lagrangian displacement of a fluid element γ Pr0  4η 2
− ξ η0 + − (1 − C)Pr0 + δη
from r to r + ξ as a result of the oscillation, and ξ̇ its veloc- (ρ0 + Pr0 ) r r
ity. 
2   ν
ν e2
The quantities in the perturbed state are taken as
− (1 − C) γ Pr0 r 2 ξ e− 2
r r2
λ = λ0 + δλ, ν = ν0 + δν, ρ = ρ0 + δρ
 

Pr = Pr0 + δPr , η = η0 + δη, P⊥ = P⊥0 + δP⊥ γ Pr0  4η 2
− ξ η0 + − (1 − C)Pr0 + δη
(ρ0 + Pr0 ) r r
where δf denotes the Eulerian changes because of the per-  
4 λ
turbation and the equilibrium state is designated by a zero − δη − δη + + ν
subscript. δλ, δν, δρ are easily obtained from the field equa- r 2
tions. = ω2 eλ−ν ξ(ρ0 + Pr0 ) (51)
To obtain δPr the conservation of the baryon number is
used as a supplementary condition. We will just write the where ξ = ξ(r)eiωt has been used. We solve the character-
results; details of the procedure for obtaining δPr can be istic value problem for ω2 , with the boundary conditions
found in Chandrasekhar’s work, and δη has been obtained
as proposed by Glazer [46]. ξ(r) = 0 at r = 0 and δPr = 0 at r = R (52)

1  Equation (51) is multiplied by r 2 e(ν+λ)/2 and integrated

δρ = (ρ0 + Pr0 )ξ r 2 − δη (45)
r2 over the range of R. It is known that a sufficient condition for
 ξ the dynamical instability to occur is that the left hand side
δλ = − λ0 + ν0 (46) of (51) vanishes for some chosen trial function ξ satisfying
r
(52). We proceed to apply this result to our model.
δη = σf01 ξ e− 2
ν
(47)
We change the variable of integration to r/R = y and
 
γ Pr0 propose a trial function: y 2 e−(ν+λ) . The resulting integrals
2
 − ν2
δPr = −ξ Pr0 − γ Pr0 r 2 ξ e +
(ρ0 + Pr0 ) can be solved analytically by means of an algebraic compu-
 

 4η 2 tation package.
× ξ η0 + + (P⊥0 − Pr0 ) + δη (48) It is possible to find the adiabatic index γ as a function
r r
of n, C and M/R such that the left hand side of (51) van-
δP⊥ = CδPr (49)
ishes. In Fig. 1, we show γ as a function of C for differ-

(ρ0 + Pr0 )δν ent values of the parameter n and the value M/R = 0.4.
 
The values of the adiabatic index increases as the anisotropy
 1
= δPr − δη − (ρ0 + Pr0 )ξ ν0 + (λ0 + ν0 ) (50) factor C approaches the isotropic value C = 1. Also, as it
r
is shown in Table 1 the adiabatic index γ becomes neg-
From the conservation of the energy tensor (43), and using ative if C is less than one. The values of γ decrease as
(45)–(50) for the perturbations, the oscillation equation is the tangential pressure grows. The tangential pressure has
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532 527

Fig. 2 ω2 as a function of n for different values of the anisotropy

Fig. 1 Adiabatic index γ , for ω = 0, as a function of the anisotropy
factor C for M/R = 0.4 and different values of n. The values of n are
1.5, 3 and 5, corresponding to the solid thin line, thick line and dashed
line respectively
factor C. We have taken C = 1 (isotropy), thin solid line, C = 1.01,
thick solid line and C = 1.02, dashed line. The adiabatic index has
been fixed to γ = 4/3 and M/R = 0.4

Table 2 Adiabatic index for ω = 0, as a function of M/R, (M/R goes

Table 1 Adiabatic index for ω = 0, as a function of the anisotropy from 0.3 to the Buchdahl limit 4/9), for the fixed value of C = 1.01
factor C for different values of n and M/R = 0.4 and different values of n

R/M γ (n = 1.2) γ (n = 2) γ (n = 2.5)

C γ (n = 1.5) γ (n = 2) γ (n = 2.5)

3.33333 0.749845 0.51636 0.418657

0.99 −1.61287 −1.14256 −0.866557
3.125 0.83325 0.573042 0.464113
1. 5.51724 5.68013 5.64611
2.94118 0.918466 0.631513 0.511125
1.01 1.02334 0.815726 0.660186
2.77778 1.00509 0.691578 0.559561
1.02 0.565724 0.439754 0.349842
2.63158 1.09275 0.753045 0.609291
1.03 0.391777 0.301203 0.237653
2.5 1.18107 0.815726 0.660186
1.04 0.300163 0.229165 0.179778
2.38095 1.26973 0.879437 0.712117
1.05 0.243625 0.185027 0.14447
2.27273 1.35843 0.944002 0.764959

to be greater than the radial pressure otherwise ω2 will be

negative and the system will be unstable. This result had
been obtained by Dev and Gleiser [49] for an anisotropic
distribution of matter. We have evaluated ω2 as a function
of n, for the critical value of γ = 4/3 for isotropic neu-
tral spheres, for three values of the anisotropic factor, in-
cluding the isotropic case C = 1 as it is showed in Fig. 2,
for M/R = 0.4. It is observed that the isotropic sphere is
unstable (ω2 < 0), see the thin solid line in Fig. 2, but as
the anisotropy slightly increases the sphere is stable, thick
solid line and dashed line, C = 1.01 and 1.02 respectively.
Also observe that as n increases ω2 approaches zero. This
is the effect of the electric charge, which is proportional to
n. For a solution with values of n near one (neutral fluid),
for the anisotropic factor C = 1.01, the instability onsets for
γ = 4/3, as n (electric charge) increases, and it is possible
to have a stable solution for a compact sphere (M/R = 0.4)
with this critical value of the adiabatic index for isotropic
spheres.
The effect of the charge can be seen in Table 2, where
the values of the adiabatic index for ω = 0 are shown as a
function of M/R for different values of n and a fixed C.
Observe, how the adiabatic index, for a same radio, de-
creases as n is increased. Considering that in our model the
charge is proportional to (n − C), it means that the pres-
ence of charge favors stability. For a value of n nearer to C,
small value of charge, the dynamical instability is reached,
for a very compact star, for values of γ greater than 4/3,
as n increases it is possible to have stable stars with adi-
abatic index less than 4/3. In agreement with previous re-
sults [49, 51, 52], the anisotropy enhances the stability of
the electrical charged star when compared to isotropic ones.
These results, even though they are not exact, show the
joined effect of electrical charge and anisotropy and the
stability of the solutions under linear and adiabatic oscilla-
tions. There could exist anisotropic electrical charged fluid
spheres whose adiabatic index would imply dynamical adia-
batic instability in neutral isotropic spheres. The obtained
solutions could model a final stage of the evolution of a
strange star.
528
6 Conclusions
We have obtained two families of solutions for a spherically
symmetric distribution of matter in a four space, also admit-
ting a one parameter group of conformal motions. The mat-
ter under consideration consists of an electrically charged
fluid with principal stresses unequal. A linear equation of
state, relating the energy density and the radial pressure of
the charged fluid, was assumed to hold.
In the first case studied the obtained solutions depend
upon two adjustable parameters, n and C. The values of
these parameters are constrained if physically acceptable so-
lutions are required. For causality to be ensured, n has to be
greater than one and also greater than C. For n = C = 1
we have a neutral isotropic fluid. Following Bondi [48], we
also require the trace of the energy tensor to be positive, and
the ratio Θ < 1, as a restrictive condition on the surface red
shift. For these solutions the compactness ratio M/R is al-
ways greater than the value M/R = 1/3, characteristic value
of M/R for neutral conformal fluids. In this case it depends
upon the values of n and C. If C increases the electric charge
will decrease and, because of (28), the mass will also de-
crease. In Fig. 3 the values of Θ as a function of r/R for a
fixed value of the anisotropy factor and different values of n
are shown. It is seen how for greater values of n the values
of Θ decrease at the center of the sphere, favoring greater
red shift. From (27), the top limit for C from (31) and con-
sidering the term √c2 /G = 1.35 × 1030 g/m, the radius of this
model is R = c/ 12πGb = 9.46 km, where b = 4B, the
constant bag model MIT, B = 1014 g/cm3 [45]. The mass
is given by (32): M = 4/9 (c2 /G)R = 5.63 × 1033 g or
2.81M . These results are very similar to the obtained by
Mak and Harko [45].
If we specialize the values of the parameters n and C for
the LEOS to become the MIT bag EOS, setting n = 3 and
Fig. 3 The quotient pr +p
ρ
t
as a function of r/R for different values of
n and a fixed value of C = 0.25. Thick solid line corresponds to n = 4,
long dashed line to n = 3, small dashed line to n = 2 and thin solid
line to n = 1.5
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532
C = 1, we recover the Mak and Harko [45] isotropic confor-
mal quark star model. The ratio of the conformal anisotropic
sphere in terms of the bag constant B is
1
R= √
B(7 − C)
As can be seen including anisotropy allows one to obtain
even smaller charged spheres than for the isotropic case
(C = 1). From (32), for this value of n, 0 < C < 1, the radial
pressure is always greater than the tangential.
Figure 4 shows the values of Θ, as a function of r/R for
n = 3 and for allowed values of the anisotropy factor. Notice
the effect of anisotropy, the stronger the difference between
the radial and tangential pressures, the smaller the values
of q, favoring greater red shift as expected. The red shift,
Q2
0 −1/2
z = (1 − 2MR + R2 ) − 1, from (26) and for the maximum
value of C from (31), is (0.277)−1/2 − 1 = 0.9. Generally,
for structures with z = 1, galaxies will be less mature, more
irregular, and more subject to secular change and sudden dis-
turbance [53]. The dependence of M/R on the parameter n
and C can be seen in Fig. 5. There, the small dashed line cor-
responds to the MIT bag model EOS. From C = 1, (isotropic
fluid), when the fluid becomes more anisotropic, the gravi-
tational potential and the mass increase. For the same value
of C, an increase of the charge, results in an increase of the
gravitational potential M/R. This result has also been ob-
tained by Negreiros et al. [54], since for isotropic strange
quark models the gravitational potential increases as the
charge of the star increases. Nevertheless, the value of the
gravitational potential does not reach the value of 0.5 and
the mass is limited by (30). Anisotropic solutions are more
likely to model a quark stars because they may reproduce
the extreme physical conditions needed for quark deconfine-
ment inside the star. We also show in Fig. 6 the quotient
Q(r) to mg to be less than one, a condition required for the
Fig. 4 The quotient pr +p
ρ
t
as a function of r/R for different values of
the anisotropic factor C and a fixed value of n = 3 (MIT bag model).
Thick solid line corresponds to C = 0, long dashed line to C = 0.25,
small dashed line to C = 0.6 and thin solid line to C = 1.0
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532
Fig. 5 The compactness ratio M/R as a function of the anisotropic
factor C for different values of the parameter n. Thick solid line cor-
responds to n = 1.5, long dashed line to n = 2, small dashed line to
n = 3 and thin solid line to n = 4
space time to be asymptotically predictable [53]. Larger val-
ues of n and stronger anisotropy approach the values of the
total charge to the total gravitational mass corresponding to
the black hole limit. The values of Δ as a function of C, for
different values of n, are shown in Fig. 7, as can be seen,
Δ is always less than one as required for the solution to be
out the RN horizon. For the two families of solutions pre-
sented here, this condition restricts the values of Q0 /a be-
tween (0, 1/2), and the values of M/R to the open interval
(1/3, 1/2).
We have evaluated the effect of considering both, electri-
cal charge and anisotropy under a small radial and adiabatic
perturbation of the equilibrium of the first solution presented
above. This solution was obtained considering the tangen-
tial pressure to be proportional to the radial pressure. This
solution permits us to easily compare the neutral isotropic
solution to the electrical charged anisotropic one by set-
1
Fig. 6 The quotient Q0 /M as a function of the anisotropic factor for
different values of the parameter n. Thick solid line corresponds to
n = 1.5, long dashed line to n = 2, small dashed line to n = 3 and
thin solid line to n = 4
529
Fig. 7 Δ as a function of the anisotropic factor C for different val-
ues of the parameter n. Thick solid line corresponds to n = 1.5, long
dashed line to n = 2, small dashed line to n = 3 and thin solid line to
n=4
ting the values of the parameters n and C. The obtained re-
sults, in agreement with previous works reported before [49,
52] considering independently anisotropic neutral fluids and
isotropic electrically charged fluids, show the role played by
anisotropy and charge enhancing the stability of the solu-
tion compared to isotropic configurations. It is possible, for
C slightly greater than one to have stable configurations for
values of the adiabatic index that ensure instability for neu-
tral and isotropic solutions. Also, the tangential pressure has
to be greater than the radial pressure for the fluid sphere to
be dynamical stable under radial perturbation. It is impor-
tant to notice that the trace condition imposed to the energy
tensor has to be relaxed for the model to be dynamical stable
under radial perturbation, even though, the weak and strong
energy condition hold for the fluid.
Now, let us evaluate the second case, adjusting first the
parameter to model a conformal anisotropic quark star. Set-
ting n = 3 and b = 4B, we have a family of solution for the
MIT bag EOS, depending on the parameters α and M/R.
This family of solutions admitting conformal symmetry
does not reproduce either the Mak and Harko isotropic so-
lution [45] or the solution for n = 0.6 proposed above, even
though for Q0 = 0, the solution for a conformal anisotropic
fluid is obtained. The ratio of the anisotropic conformal
quark star as a function of the bag constant is obtained to
be in this case
1 1 ( 3M − 1)(α − 2) 2
R= √ + R
B 5 8 + 2α
A particular case corresponds to the value α = 2, the ratio
takes the value a = 1/(5B)1/2 , independently of the com-
pactness ratio of the sphere (the same occurs for other values
of n). For other possible values of the parameter α, the ratio
of the sphere besides the constant bag dependence will be
dependent on the gravitational surface potential. For α = 1,
a similar radial dependence for Q(r) as the one obtained in
530
the first case studied, the radius values are
restricted
 by the
admitted values of M/R to the interval ( 12 3 1
For
5B , 5B ).
this particular equation of state, the trace conditions is not
met, Θ > 1 near the center of the sphere. For this family of
solution the strong energy condition holds inside the sphere,
for all values of the parameters α and n suiting acceptable
physical solutions.
In Fig. 8 it is shown that for n = 8 the condition Θ < 1
can be met inside the sphere for values of α near one and a
large value of M/R, which is 0.465 in this case. In Fig. 9, for
the same value of M/R, it is shown the values of Θ inside
the sphere, now for the value of α = 1, and for different val-
ues of n. It is illustrated that the Θ < 1 condition is achieved
for large values of the parameter n. The need for large val-
ues of M/R to meet values of Θ < 1 is illustrated in Fig. 10.
Fig. 8 Θ as a function of r/R, for a fixed value of the parameter n and
the compactness ratio, n = 8 and M/R = 0.465, for different values of
the parameter α. The thick solid line corresponds to α = 1, dashed line
corresponds to α = 1.5 and the thin solid line corresponds to α = 2
Fig. 9 Θ as a function of r/R, for a fixed value of the parameter α and
the compactness ratio, α = 1 and M/R = 0.465, for different values of
the parameter n. The thick solid line corresponds to n = 9, dashed line
corresponds to n = 6 and the thin solid line corresponds to n = 3
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532
In Fig. 11, we show as an example the condition Δ < 1 is
met inside the sphere, ensuring there being no naked singu-
larities, for a surface gravitational potential M/R = 0.454,
a value of α = 1 and for different values of the parameter
n. The case corresponding to the MIT bag EOS, n = 3, cor-
responds to the thin solid line in Fig. 11. Thus, this family
of solutions also meets the required conditions to be phys-
Q2
ically acceptable. If we choose R 20 = 0.45, α = 1.75, from
√
(39) and (49) we get for this model R = 0.165c/(2 GB) =
10.28 km and M = 3.26M , and from (37) the surface den-
sity is ρsurf = 4.033 × 1014 g cm−3 . This result is compatible
with different theoretical models of compact stars and the
observational data obtained by Li et al. [55, 56] for the radius
of the compact star of the transient X-ray source and Low
Fig. 10 Θ as a function of r/R, for a fixed value of the parameters
α and n, α = 1 and n = 8, for different values of the compactness
ratio M/R. The thick solid line corresponds to M/R = 465, dashed
line corresponds to M/R = 0.435 and the thin solid line corresponds
to M/R = 0.408
Fig. 11 Δ as a function of r/R for different values of the parameter
n and fixed values of the surface gravitational potential, M/R = 0.454
and the parameter α = 1. Thick solid line corresponds to n = 9, dashed
line corresponds to n = 6, and thin solid line to n = 3
Eur. Phys. J. C (2010) 67: 521–532
Fig. 12 Pr and Pt as a function
of r/R for different values of
charge and for α = 1.75 and
n = 1.6. The thick solid line
corresponds to Q0 = 0.25, thin
solid corresponds to Q0 = 0.35
and the dashed line corresponds
to Q0 = 0.45
Mass X-ray Binary (LMXB) SAX J1808.4-3658, discovered
in 1996. They found that, at the limit of R = 10 km, the mass
of the SAX J1808.4-3658 is about 2.6M . From the analy-
sis of the light curves of SAX J1808.4-3658, Leahy et al.
[57] found that the radius for this compact star is 6.9 km ≤
R ≤ 11.9 km. Besides, the compact star in the pulsar I of the
globular cluster Terzan 5 (Ter 5 I) has a mass greater than
1.68M , which corresponds to the behavior of a neutron
star, so that our model could be a hybrid star [55] containing
quark core within a neutron star. The presence of a charge
distribution in the core creates electric fields that could lead
to separation of charges and issuance of e+ e− pairs with the
subsequent X-ray emission and luminosity. Finally, Figs. 12
show the effect of the factor anisotropy and the charge over
the radial and tangential pressures, both radial and tangen-
tial pressures increase with increasing charge. This result is
consistent with the results obtained by Thirukkanesh et al.,
[58] that the presence of electric fields in the core has a re-
pulsive effect against gravity enhancing the stability of the
star.
We have obtained two new families of solutions for
charged anisotropic fluid sphere, also admitting a one pa-
rameter group of conformal motions. The solutions de-
pend on adjustable parameters, making it possible to fit
suitable physical conditions. The solutions are joined to
the Reissner–Nordstrom exterior metric through a null sur-
face pressure. The first family of solution, obtained in
Sect. 3, contains the Mak and Harko [45] solution, when
the isotropic case is recovered setting the anisotropy fac-
tor C = 1. These solutions, even though the pressure and
the energy density diverge at the origin, have finite charge
and mass. We have shown that the presence of anisotropy
and electric charge together enhances the stability of a con-
figuration under radial adiabatic perturbations compared to
an isotropic distribution of matter. These same effects of
anisotropy and electrical charge upon stability had been
studied separately. Considering these results, even though
we have only proved the stability of the first solution, one
would expect a similar behavior for the second solution,
with a similar distribution of matter and electric charge. The
maximum gravitational potential admitted for the solutions
531
is M/R = 1/2, also the values of the total charge has to
be less than 1/2, for this value we would have the extreme
condition M = Q, to have a RN black hole. These solutions
we propose here may be useful to model a final stage of a
strange quark stars or other astrophysical compact objects.
The singularity at the origin as stated by Herrera et al. [40],
if needed, could be overcome, matching this solution to a
core of ratio r < R.
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