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User’s Guide
TACITE 4.1 The software described in this guide is furnished under a written
User’s Guide agreement and may be used only in accordance with the terms
and conditions of the license agreement under which you
obtained it.. The technical documentation is being delivered to
you AS IS and Invensys Systems, Inc. makes no warranty as to
its accuracy or use. Any use of the technical documentation or
the information contained therein is at the risk of the user. Docu-
mentation may include technical or other inaccuracies or typo-
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the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or
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Trademarks PIPEPHASE, NETOPT, and Invensys SIMSCI-ESSCOR are trade-
marks of Invensys plc, its subsidiaries and affiliates.
TACITE is a trademark of Institut Français du Petrole (IFP).
Windows 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Win-
dows XP, Windows 2003, and MS-DOS are trademarks of
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All other products may be trademarks of their respective owners.
Introduction
About This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
About TACITE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
About SIMSCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .viii
Where to find additional help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Online Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Online Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Technical Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix
Chapter 1 Overview
Main Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Unique Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Application Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Assistance to Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Optimization of Pipeline Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-4
Anticipation of Emergency Actions Consequences . . . . . . . .1-5
Specification of Operating Control Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Training of Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-6
Production Allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-7
iv Contents
List of Available Equipments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6-9
viii Introduction
automation, computers and office equipment. The Controls Divi-
sion supplies motors, sensors, controls and complete building man-
agement systems for the appliance, residential and commercial
building markets. The Automotive Division supplies a broad range
of seals, vibration controls, fluid systems, engineered polymers, and
drive train components.
Online Help
TACITE comes with online Help, a comprehensive online reference
tool that accesses information quickly. In Help, commands, fea-
tures, and data fields are explained in easy steps. Answers are avail-
able instantly, online, while you work. You can access the electronic
contents for Help by selecting Help/Contents from the menu bar.
Context-sensitive help is accessed using the F1 key or the What’s
This? button by placing the cursor in the area in question.
Technical Support
SIMSCI - ESSCOR and its agents around the world provide techni-
cal support and service for TACITE. If you have any questions
regarding the use of the program or the interpretation of output pro-
duced by the program, contact your local SIMSCI- ESSCOR repre-
sentative for advice or consultation.
When calling one of the Technical Support Centers, be prepared to
describe your problem or the type of assistance required. Also, to
expedite your call, complete the following steps before calling
Technical Support:
■ Have the installation CD and all provided documentation avail-
able.
x Introduction
Chapter 1
Overview
Main Features
TACITE is a modular code containing three main modules:
■ An integrated thermodynamic model which computes fluid
physical properties.
■ A sophisticated hydrodynamic model which computes the slip
between the gas and liquid phases.
■ A high performance numerical scheme which computes the
conserved variables at each time step and in each pipeline cell.
Unique Advantages
The TACITE composition tracking approach allows for local
determination of the fluid composition. The main advantages are:
■ A better estimate of the local phase behavior, fluid properties
and local flow.
■ Valuable information describing variations in source composi-
tion over time or within different links (for network simula-
tions) can be taken into account.
Application Areas
The main goal in the oil and gas industry is to cut costs while
increasing production. TACITE can predict the transient conditions
under which any operation will proceed and help optimize
operational efficiency through better safety and control.
Assistance to Operations
TACITE provides:
■ Better knowledge of the pipeline dynamic behavior.
■ Good control perspective of the transient operations.
■ Development of special operating procedures and schedules for
operations, such as increases/decreases in flow, shut-down,
restart, and depressurization.
■ Preventive action to eliminate difficulties in operation and
safety.
TACITE is effective in anticipating the causes and effects of
changes in operation, as exemplified below.
Pipeline Packing/Depacking (or packing/drafting)
1-4 Overview
Sizing of Reception Installations
Transient flow conditions are very often the design conditions for
certain sizing parameters of the pipeline and reception equipment.
TACITE has the capability to predict the:
■ Capacity of the slug-catchers (gas pipeline).
■ Capacity of separator units (oil pipeline).
■ Sizing of inlet/outlet line, nozzles, valves, to avoid bottlenecks
during transient flow situations.
Specification of Design Conditions for Pipeline and Equipment
Training of Operators
Training concerns production operators and operators of
transportation systems. The goal is to more easily control the
interactions between the line and upstream/downstream equipment,
while at the same time, attempting to operate the production/
transportation network in a safer manner. Operators must know
about their pipeline dynamic behavior in a wide range of operating
conditions.
1-6 Overview
TACITE can be used as a training tool through the use of
simulations and on-screen animation. It can also be used to study
the sensitivity of the line behavior to various parameters, i.e.,
changes in flow, downstream pressure, inlet temperature, GOR, etc.
Production Allocation
TACITE can handle production allocation problems for multiple
wells with inlet composition changes. TACITE can correctly and
accurately allocate products leaving the pipeline to each producer
using the pipeline to transport the production. This provides a
accurate accounting of line hold-up and packing effect.
Fluid Characterization
TACITE requires you to model fluids on a compositional or
blackoil basis.
For compositional simulations:
■ A detailed composition must be available.
■ Accurate thermodynamic calculations are required. Vapor frac-
tion is a major factor to consider.
■ Clustering or Lumping must be ran prior to transient simula-
tion.
■ TACITE performance is optimal for four-seven components, in
which case, either method can be used to create a reduced com-
ponent slate:
- Clustering may be used if you want to simulate a wide rate
of (T-P) conditions
- Lumping should be used if you require greater accuracy
over a specified T-P range
Default names are provided for the restart and component data files.
You may select another name for the component data files so that
clustering or lumping results may be used by more than one
simulation.
To bring up additional data windows:
Click on... To...
Scenarios... Open the Transient Scenarios window (Figure 2-3)
to specify the transient scenario.
Scenarios Definition
Click on the Scenarios button within the Transient Simulation Data
window (Figure 2-2) to define a transient scenario. Click the Add
button (Figure 2-3). This will bring up the Define Transient
Scenario window (Figure 2-4).
where
α = valve exponent (TREXPO)
Separator
The Separator is a cylindrical vessel with a user defined angle of
inclination (0 degree is horizontal and 90 degree is vertical) and a
separator diameter. Currently, the separator is allowed only as the
last device in the link just before the sink.
Typical Simulation Objectives
PID Controller
The PID Controller is used to control measured conditions along the
pipeline by adjusting operating variable setpoints in the pipeline
equipment.
Typical Simulation Objectives
PID Controllers introduce transients in the pipeline that can be
accurately modeled by TACITE. Transient simulations can be used
to examine the effectiveness of the controller parameters and to
optimize the design of the controller. The PID Controller is also
useful in setting and maintaining boundary conditions anywhere
along the pipeline.
Device Window Interface
The PID Controller is a device placed in the link at the location
where measured data will be sustained at a specified set point. For
example, a control device can be added as the last device in the link
to control conditions at the link outlet.
■ Controller name
Pump
Pumps are equipment devices used to increase the pressure in a
liquid dominated line. TACITE uses the Poseidon multi-phase
pump model developed under the Poseidon Project by IFP, Total,
and Statoil.
Transient thermal models may not be used when pumps are present
in the link.
Typical Simulation Objectives
Pumps actuated transient behavior that can be accurately modeled
by TACITE. Transient simulations can be used to examine the
effectiveness of changing pump speeds to handle various startup
and shutdown scenarios or to determine the transient affect of
modifying pump speeds after a steady state condition has
previously been reached.
Device Window Interface
The Pump is a device placed in a link at the location where pipeline
pressure is to be increased. For example, a pump can be placed at
the beginning of a upward sloping pipeline to ensure the pressures
remain sufficient for complete transfer of fluid to the end of the
pipeline.
TACITE specific data required for the pump is entered in the
TACITE Pump window (Figure 2-12) after clicking the TACITE Data
button from the Pump window:
■ Pump name
The Name of the pump is displayed for information. The name
can only be changed from the main pump window.
■ Number of Stages
The maximum number is 30. Push the Stage Data button to open
the TACITE Pump Stages worksheet and complete the fields
provided: Print, Input ID, Input OD, Output OD, and Angle
Coefficient.
■ Operating Conditions
This includes the Nominal Rotation Velocity, Minimum Rota-
tional Velocity, Maximum Rotational Velocity (not to exceed
150 rotations per second), and Maximum Pressure Drop.
Injection Device
The injection device is a means of introducing a separate stream in
the middle of a link to flow with the main stream. If the injection
flow rate (from the injection device) varies with time, the flow
characteristics in the pipeline will change accordingly. The injector
flow scenario can be modeled as a arbitrary user defined flow rate
schedule or it can be automatically calculated if the you wish to
model a finite volume, compressible fluid injector. If the finite
volume compressible fluid option is activated, the flow rate through
the injector will be controlled by the compressibility of a fluid
contained in the finite volume injector. In this case the user must
specify Injection angle (which affects the momentum transfer), the
injection line length & diameter (to calculate the volume of the
injector), Injector hole diameter and the threshold pressure drop.
Typical Simulation Objectives
➤ To model the effect of gas lift (continuous or intermittent) in a
well.
➤ Helps to model the effect of lateral pipelines flowing into the
main line in a flow network with a user specified flow rate and
flow composition scenario.
➤ The 'finite volume compressible fluid' injector option can be
used to model pressure differential activated injection for
example in intermittent gaslift in risers to reduce severe
slugging effects.
Injection Angle from Pipe Axis This is the angle of the injection from the pipe
axis in the direction of flow. 0 < angle <90o
Injection Line Length This is the injector line length which is used to
calculate the volume of the injector line and is
used to activate the compressible injector
volume option. If set to zero the incompressible
option is used.
➤ Select PI model.
Pigging
A pig is a spherical or cylindrical (neoprene type material) ball
which is dispatched through a pipeline. Typically, pigging is used to
increase the gas flow efficiency in wet gas and gas dominated
multiphase pipelines. This is done by the pig moving through the
pipeline from a given launcher location to a given pig trap and
pushing out the liquid in the form of a slug. The diameter of the pig
is normally very close to the pipe diameter.
Typical simulation objectives
The pigging calculation predicts the quantity of liquids formed as
multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and helps determines the size of
the liquid slug that is pushed out by the pig. This can be helpful in
calculating the required volume of a Slug Catcher Tank.
TACITE will also provide the liquid build up in the pipeline as a
function of time after each pigging cycle. Other useful results
include the time required for the pigging cycle to be completed, the
pressure changes in the system, and estimating operational
parameters.
User Interface
Click the Pigging... button from the Transient TACITE Simulation
Data window (Figure 2-2) to bring up the TACITE Pigging window.
Enable Pigging and enter the corresponding values for the
following parameters (Figure 2-17):
Thermodynamic
For TACITE transient simulations, the user must specify the
TACITE thermodynamic method. This method is comprised of the
following components:
K-Value, Enthalpy and Gas Peng-Robinson (Default) or Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Density
Liquid Density Peneloux
Transport Properties Petroleum with Parachor method for surface
tension
Kij Databank PROCESS (default) or SIMSCI
Transient Output
You can specify the transient output through the Other Data...
window. The Report Frequency option allows transient data to be
stored at a specified frequency or in time intervals (the default is 10
seconds). You should note that if you specify a small time step, this
will produce rather large results files. The Flash Tolerance is an
optional entry for single-phase compositional models. You can
generate complete transient reports at precise times, as specified in
the cells of the Report Times list. You can enter a maximum of 10
report times.
Overview
This chapter describes the steps required to run TACITE transient
simulations after the necessary data has been entered. All program
calculations can be controlled from the Run Simulation window
accessed by the Run button on the toolbar. This brings up the data
window shown below, supporting:
■ Perform Component Lumping or Clustering
■ Check and Run Simulation
■ Link to View Transient Results Access System (TRAS)
■ Stop the simulation with a restart file for future simulations
■ Restart the simulation
Boundary conditions
Before executing the simulation, ensure that you have specified the
following boundary conditions:
■ At the inletcomponent mass flowrates and temperature.
■ At the outletpressure.
Nonstandard boundary conditions may be simulated by using
special equipment models. For instance, a transient shutdown may
be simulated through the closure of a valve located at the pipe exit.
For Component Lumping and Component Clustering
Results Analysis
A TACITE simulation generates several results files which contain
data dependent on space and/or time.
Space-dependent variables are stored as a function of spatial
location on each mesh side at the beginning of the simulation.
These variables are location, absolute elevation, and cross-sectional
area.
INPUT
“name-clustering.inp” Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation.
OUTPUT
“name-clustering.out” Output generated for users examination to see if an error
has occurred.
“name-clustering.tho” Complete thermo module output. Important parts of this
file are reproduced in the “.out” file for users examination.
“name-pseudo.cmp” Original components shown with results from clustering
operation.
“name-pseudo.pvt” Physical property file required for TACITE Transient
calculation.
INPUT
“name-lumping.inp” Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation
setup.
“name-lumping2.inp” Input file generated by the PIPEPHASE thermo module to
drive the TACITE Lumping analysis.
OUTPUT
“name-lumping.out” Output generated for users examination to see if an error
has occurred.
“name-lumping.tho” Complete thermo module output. Important parts of this
file are reproduced in the “.out” file for users
examination.
“name-lumping.err” Output from the TACITE Lumping module - showing
errors if any occurred otherwise showing results of
lumping operation.
“name-lumping.mas” Lumping results file used in TACITE Transient
calculations.
“name-pseudo.cmp” Original components shown with results from clustering
operation.
“name-pseudo.pvt” Physical property file required for TACITE Transient
calculation.
INPUT
“name-pseudo.pvt” Physical property file generated by lumping or
clustering step.
“name-tacite.inp” Input file generated by the GUI to drive the simulation.
Overview
The Transient Results Access System (TRAS) is a post-processing
feature in TACITE that allows you to configure and view tables and
plots of transient results data. TRAS provides multiple formats to
display the data in an effort to satisfy the range of available
software to all users.
To access this system, click on the Transient Results Access System
button within the Run Simulation and View Results window (see
Figure 3-1), after you run TACITE simulation successfully. This
brings up the SIMSCI PIPEPHASE TRAS window (Figure 4-1).
TRAS graphical interface is divided into tree view, chart view, and
table view. Tree view is used to select process variables, while chart
view presents transient data plots and table view presents transient
data in spreadsheet format.
Problem Description
This is a platform-to-shore gas pipeline configuration. The
topography of the pipe is shown in Figure 5-1. We would like to be
able to predict liquid outlet (slugs) after an increase in flowrate.
This can be achieved using TACITE by allowing stabilization at the
initial flowrate, then increasing the flowrate in x seconds, and
finally allowing stabilization again. Some plots of interest may
include the behavior of pressure and liquid holdup versus time after
the flow increase, which depends heavily on the line profile,
variation of flowrate, and its ramp.
GUI Input
Building the Network
To select the nodes:
➤ Click the icon of the desired node from the toolbar.
For the source, click on the button.
For the sink, click on the button.
➤ Move the cursor to the location on the main window where the
node is to be located and click again. The node will appear in
the main flowsheet area of the screen.
To connect two nodes:
➤ Click the source with the left mouse button. A red square will
appear on the node, and the border of the node will turn green
to indicate that the node has been selected.
➤ Next, click inside the square with the left mouse button and,
while holding the mouse button down, drag the cursor to the
sink. The completed flow diagram is shown in Figure 5-2.
The completed Pipe window for device E001 (the vertical section)
should appear as in Figure 5-3.
Similarly for the remaining sections of the pipeline, which lie on the
seabed, heat transfer data is entered as shown in Figure 5-5.
➤ Click the Scenarios... button and enter the remaining data. You
will need to click the More Data... button to open the
spreadsheet to enter the complete set of data.
Component Lumping
The lumping procedure is used to characterize the fluid, and will
select the appropriate number of lumped components. To do this, a
test grid is chosen, composed of the experimental points obtained
by couples of pressure and temperature, as given in Table 5-5.
➤ From the main Transient Simulation Data window, click the
Source Data... button.
➤ Click the Pressure and Temperature Points... button and enter the
experimental points in Table 5-5.
GUI Output
For this transient application, where there is a step change in the
source flowrate, we are interested in the resultant pressure and
liquid holdup profiles over time.
We are interested in viewing the behavior of the pressure as a
function of both time and space. The plot of pressure versus length
can be generated by selecting the "profile" radio button in the upper
right corner of the screen. This provides a plot of pressure at
multiple time slices, with the default being the start and end times.
Select the Configure menu and choose Time. The time selection
box at the bottom of the screen will appear. Select 220 seconds, 241
seconds and 272 seconds for display. The plot will appear as shown
in Figure 5-8. Alternately, pressure as a function of time can be
viewed by selecting the "trend" radio button in the upper right
corner as shown in Figure 5-9. Both of these plots provide much of
the same information but from different perspectives.
The trend plot shows that the maximum oil flowrate of 23 kg/s
occurs at 272 seconds and approximate 300 meters from the inlet.
The time slices chosen may not represent the maximum oil flow.
However, by switching to a profile plot, we see that the maximum
oil flow of 32.5 kg/s occurs at 1142 m and 650 seconds.
Problem Description
TACITE simulates severe or terrain slugging phenomena due to a
riser or to a hilly pipeline topography. This example illustrates
terrain slugging in a hilly terrain system. For the conditions listed
below, develop a oil flow profile as a function of time. A sink
pressure of 200 psig is desired. The topography of the pipe being
studied is shown in Figure 5-12.
GUI Input
Property Set Definition
➤ Begin a new compositional simulation.
➤ Click on the 'component library' option under ' General' in the
menu bar.
➤ Enter the component data as indicated in the table below.
Composition Mole %
H2O 0.269
C1 0.479
C2 0.067
PSEUDO-00 0.172
PSEUDO-00 0.013
3000
2400
Scenario data:
➤ Click on 'Scenarios' and choose 'Add'.
➤ Then choose Node and Source name. Under parameter choose
Total weight rate. Specify 3268 lb/hr (equivalent to 300 bbl/day
LV rate) as shown in the Figure 5-16.
➤ Save and exit back to the 'Transient TACITE Simulation Data'
window.
➤ Click the Device Data... button and specify the segment length
as 200 ft within this window.
➤ Click the Source Data button and specify 5 clustered
components (same number as the number of components).
GUI Output
We are interested in viewing the behavior of the liquid flow rate as a
function of time at the various points in the pipeline (Figure 5-17).
You will notice that the flow rate at the outlet has a periodic
behavior even though the inlet flow rate is constant.
Other plots that may be of interest are flow pattern and holdup as a
function of time or length.
PVT DATA
FILE CMPFILE=BET-EXAM2-PSEUDO
$ Structure Data Section
$
STRUCTURE DATA
$
SOURCE NAME=S001, PRIORITY=0, PRES(ESTI)=500, *
TEMP=70, RATE(LV)=300, XCORD=25, *
YCORD=-100, *
COMP(M)=1, 0.269 / 2, 0.47855 / 3, 0.06719 / *
4, 0.17201 / 5, 0.0131
SINK NAME=D002, PRES=200, RATE(ESTI)=300, *
XCORD=1958, YCORD=296
$
LINK NAME=L003, FROM=S001, TO=D002, *
PRINT
PIPE NAME=P005, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, *
ECHG=-200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
PIPE NAME=P006, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, *
ECHG=200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
PIPE NAME=P007, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, *
ECHG=-200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
PIPE NAME=P008, LENGTH=1000, TRSEG=10, *
ECHG=200, NOMD=3, SCHED= 40, *
AIR, TAMB=70
$
$ TACITE Data Section
$
TACITE DATA
$
TRANSIENT RESTART=BT1-tacite, THER=STEADY, STOP=2400, *
STAB=3000
$
STORAGE TIMEPERIOD=10, ASCII
$
END
Modules Organization
The resolution algorithm involves three main modules:
■ The thermodynamic module
■ The hydrodynamic module
■ The numerical scheme module
Transport Equations
The mass conservation equation for the ith component is written as
follows:
p p
∂ i ∂
ρ k R k x k V k =
i i
----
∑ ρ k R k x k
+ -----
∑
0
∂t ∂x
k = 1 k = 1
The mass transfer between phases is taken into account through the
assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium.
The momentum transport equation is written for the mixture:
p p
∂ ∂
---- ∑ ρ k R k V k + ----- ∑ ρ k R k V k + P = τ w – ρg sin θ
2
∂t ∂x
k = 1 k = 1
The energy equation for the mixture is written as:
UM = ∑ Rk Vk
k=1
ρ = ∑ ρk Rk
k=1
∑ ρk Rk Vk
VM = k=1
----------------------------
-
ρ
Relations
In the mixture composed of N components and P phases, the
following relations are verified.
P N
∑ ∑ xk
i
R k = 1 and = 1 ∀k ∈ [ 1, P ]
k=1 i=1
To close the system, two sets of physical closure laws are used: the
first one is related to the thermodynamic model, the second one is
related to the hydrodynamic model.
Thermodynamic Model
The thermodynamic closure law computes the equilibrium state of
the mixture, and determines the transport properties such as
viscosity, surface tension and heat transfer properties such as
conductivity, heat capacity and enthalpy per unit mass for each
phase.
It is represented by the following equation:
i = 1, N – 2 i = 1, N – 1
Γ ( P, T, c , x k = 1, P , ρ k, ν k, σ k, λ k, c pk, H ) = 0
where
Lumping Procedure
In this version of TACITE, a specific module running as a
preprocessor of TACITE does the lumping of the initial
composition into the lumped components that will be fed into the
TACITE flash algorithm. The lumping technique is briefly
described in the next section.
Lumping method
Hydrodynamic Model
The hydrodynamic closure law computes the flow regime, the slip
velocity between the phases and the friction terms. It is represented
by the following equation:
Φ ( V M, x k, dV jk, Γ ) = 0
Numerical Scheme
In TACITE the numerical scheme4 ensures a good front tracking
with an optimized CPU simulation time. The TACITE numerical
scheme is:
■ Based on a finite volume discretization in space to be conserva-
tive.
■ Explicit in time on void fraction waves to ensure good front
tracking.
■ Implicit in time on pressure waves to reduce the time computa-
tion.
The scheme is conservative, so it provides excellent mass and
energy balance along the pipeline cells and along the iteration
loops. It is an approximate Riemann solver algorithm similar to the
well-known Roe5 scheme, and its' modifications have been based
on the ideas described by Gallouët6. It is accurate to second order in
space and time, implicit in time for the pressure waves and explicit
for the description of void waves. This insures a good
representation of steep void fronts with a reduced computing time.
The emphasis of the numerical scheme implemented in TACITE is
to obtain a fast and robust front tracking algorithm, in order to be
able to detect large liquid slugs transported in the pipeline system
and to predict correctly the amplitude of these slugs.
A mixed implicit/explicit scheme is used to optimize the computing
speed and front tracking capability. This is particularly important in
the case of a terrain or severe slugging when void fraction waves
travel in both directions.
The time advancing scheme gives the mass per unit volume of each
component and the total energy of the mixture, from which the
pressure, the volumetric fraction of each phase and the temperature
can be calculated by an internal flash algorithm.
The time-advancing scheme also gives the total mass flowrate, from
which the phase velocities and the frictional pressure gradient are
computed using the hydrodynamic module. By knowing the phase
velocities, the pressure, the temperature and the frictional pressure
drop, the fluxes for the next time step as well as the source terms
included in the momentum and energy transport equations can be
determined. Thus the conservative variables can be computed for
the next time step.
■ Pipe inlet.
● Source with given component mass flow-rates
● Reservoir productivity index
■ Pipe outlet.
● Sink with given pressure
■ Separator with controlled gas pressure and liquid level (two
phase separator).
■ Valve which can be located anywhere on the pipe except at the
inlet.
■ Lateral injector which can be located anywhere on the pipe
except at the inlet and the outlet:
● Injector with given fluid mass flow-rate
● Injector with compressible option using an injection vol-
ume to regulate the fluid mass flow-rate
■ Relief valve which can be located anywhere on the pipe except
at the inlet and the outlet. It opens up when pressure in pipe
exceeds the relief valve set point pressure.
■ Pump7 with a two phase flow model.
■ Pig8 which is moving all along the pipe from a given pig
launcher to a given pig trap.
■ PID controller9 which can operate on the main variables of the
system.
■ PI Model (IPR) which models the pressure drop in a reservoir.
References
Non-library Components
Components not found in the SIMSCI library may be entered as
NONLIBRARY components. The format for entering user
components is straight forward, however SIMSCI users who do this
regularly or need help in estimating unknown required properties
should use SIMSCI’s Property Data Management functionality
present in SIMSCI to assist the user in determining all necessary
component properties and develop a keyword file segment in
SIMSCI ready form.
Petroleum Components
SIMSCI handles petroleum components using industry standard
characterization techniques. SIMSCI estimates all required
component data given two out of three of molecular weight, boiling
point, or gravity.
Refer to the SIMSCI Component and Thermodynamic Data Input
Manual for instructions on how to enter basic PETROLEUM data,
how to change the default characterization procedures, and entering
stream assay data.
Petroleum Component Characterizations (optional - Section 1.6)
MW i, value/...
SPGR i, value/...
API i, value/...
NBP (unit) i, value/...
ACENTRIC i, value/...
VC (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
TC (unit) i, value/...
PC (unit) i, value/...
ZC i, value/...
RACKETT i, value/...
CNUM i, value/...
ZNUM i, value/...
DIPOLE (unit) i, value/...
RADIUS (unit) i, value/...
SOLUPARA i, value/...
MOLVOL (unit) i, value/...
STDDENSITY (unit) i, value/...
HCOMBUST (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
HVAPORIZE (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
HFUSION (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
NMP (unit) i, value/...
PTP (unit) i, value/...
TTP (unit) i, value/...
GHV (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
LHV (unit, M or WT) i, value/...
SVTB i, value/...
SLTB i, value/...
SLTM i, value/...
Multi-property entries
FORMATION(V or L or S, i, enthalpy, Gibbs/...
unit, M or WT)
VANDERWAALS i, area, volume/...
Overview
Previous versions of PIPEPHASE included support for entry of all
TACITE related data through keyword. These keyword files con-
tinue to be supported in this release, but the functionality remains
available through keywords which represent a subset of total func-
tionality.
The PIPEPHASE keyword-driven input processor allows you to
enter TACITE-specific data. As a single-link multiphase simulation
tool, the input requirements for TACITE are, for the most part, sim-
ilar to those for PIPEPHASE. The modifications to PIPEPHASE
keyword input to support TACITE are listed below in Table A-1.
Table A-1: Keyword Modifications to support TACITE
Modification Statement
Definition of type of transient simulation CALCULATION
Definition of output reports PRINT
Definition of compositional fluids for binary COMPONENT DATA
characterization THERMODYNAMIC DATA
LUMPING UNIT
Definition of .CMP file for binary component definition PVT DATA
Specification of simulation control parameters TRANSIENT
Definition of time-dependent transient scenario CHANGE
Simulation output definition STORAGE
Mesh definition for pipeline segmentation PIPE TUBING
TACITE valve model specification VALVE
Keyword Input
CALCULATION TACITE, NETWORK, or COMPOSITIONAL or
COMP(GAS) or COMP(LIQUID)
TACITE Activates TACITE simulation.
NETWORK Network algorithm, limited to a single link for
transient simulations.
COMPOSITIONAL Compositional model.
COMP(GAS) or Single-phase compositional models.
COMP(LIQUID)
Note: Compositional models require the CMPTAB
keyword to indicate that an existing binary
component data table is being used in combination
with the TACITE Peng-Robinson flash algorithm.
Examples:
CALC TACITE, NETWORK, COMP, CMPTAB
Keyword Input
PRINT TIME = value, value
TIME = value, value Generate reports for specified transient times. Default
is time = 0 (steady-state stabilization solution).
Example
PRINT TIME=0,100
Component Data
Compositional simulations require that library and non-library com-
ponents are specified as outlined in the SIMSCI Component and
Thermodynamic Data Input Manual (refer to the summary pre-
sented in Chapter 9 of this manual).
Example - Library Components
COMPONENT DATA
LIBID1, C2 / 2, C3 / 3, IC4 / 4, NC4
Unit Operation
The component lumping unit is used to prepare compositional data
for transient simulations. The lumping unit is entered in the UNIT
OPERATION data category which is normally given after the
STRUCTURE data category.
Keyword Input
LUMP LUMP UID = name, FEED = name
CLUSTER NPS = value
or or
IDENTIFY TEMP() = value, PRES() = value
LUMP UID = name eight character unit name. Optional.
FEED = name twelve character feed stream name. Required.
CLUSTER Used to request the generation of the .CMP file for
two components.
NPS = value Specifies the number of lumped pseudocomponents.
Required for binary component systems.
IDENTIFY Requests the characterization of a multicomponent
fluid using binary components. Up to 100 IDENTIFY
statements can be used to specify the conditions for
the characterization. At least seven points are
required within the two phase region.
Keyword Input
TRANSIENT THERMAL = NONE, or STEADY, or
CHANGE TRANSIENT, STABILIZE = X, STOPTIME =X,
CHANGE RESTART = filename, FTOL = value
CHANGE SOURCE = name, AUXS = name
SINK = name, PRESSURE() = X,Y/Z,...
DEVICE = name, TIME = X,Y/Z,...,
TEMPERATURE() = X,Y/Z,...,
RATE() = X,Y/Z,..., COMPOSITION = S1,S1/S2,
STORAGE FREQ = N or TIMEPERIOD = X,
THERMAL = Required. Thermal calculations performed by
TACITE:
NONE or
● fixed fluid temperature profile
STEADY or
TRANSIENT ● steady-state fluid temperature
profile
● transient fluid temperature pro-
file
STABILIZE = value Stabilization time, in seconds, for the steady-state
solution (allows composition to vary). Default is a
negative value to allow TACITE to calculate the
stabilization time.
STOPTIME = value Required. Maximum time, in seconds, for transient
calculations.
RESTART = filename Starts where previous run ended. Keyword file
contains original keyword file, along with restart
request, extended transient simulation time and
additional changes. Data contained in filename.RST
Boundary Conditions
Sources and sinks are defined as outlined in the PIPEPHASE Key-
word Manual. TACITE has some restrictions on the boundary con-
ditions, requiring fixed source flowrate and sink pressure. These
may be specified as time-dependent boundary conditions. Sources
may also have assay data.
Example - Time-Independent
SOURCENAME=COMP, TEMP=190, PRES(ESTI)=100, RATE(M)=1000.00, *
COMP=1,10/2,30/3,60
Pipeline Configuration
Transient simulations allow for a single link consisting of pipes and
simple valves. Multiple sources may feed the link. Complete
PIPEPHASE functionality for the pipe, tubing, annulus and riser are
supported within TACITE keyword. However in addition, you have
expanded options for the segment length. Up to 10 valves may be
used, as long as they are not adjacent to the source. The TACITE
model for pressure drop over the valve is used.
Physical Constants
The gravity constant 9.81 m/s2,
The constant π 3.14159265358979312 rad.
Overview
List of all the error messages that the code can send before stopping
the ongoing simulation:
code 2014 / Pipe outlet defined as sink and separator code code
2015 / Impossible equipment type for equip. <>
code 2016 / Equipment abscissa < pipe origin for equip. <>
code 2102 / Equip. item number > equip. number for source <>
The equipment item number of source is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2103 / Impossible abscissa for source <> The source has to be
located at the pipe inlet.
code 2202 / Equip. item number > equip. number for sink <>
The equipment item number of sink is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2203 / Impossible abscissa for sink <> The sink has to be
located at the pipe outlet.
code 2301 / Valve number > valve array dimension The number of
valves is greater than the maximum valve number.
code 2302 / Equip. item number > equip. number for valve <>
code 2304 / Impossible coefficient for valve <> The valve coeffi-
cient is negative.
code 2305 / Impossible exponent for valve <> The valve exponent
is negative.
code 2402 / Equip. item number > equip. number for injector <>
The equipment item number of injector is greater than the equip-
ment number.
code 2405 / Impossible diameter for injector line <> The injector
line diameter is less than 0.
code 2501 / Relief valve number > relief valve array dimension
The number of relief valves is greater than the maximum relief
valve number.
code 2502 / Equip. item number > equip. number for relief valve <>
The equipment item number of relief valve is greater than the
equipment number.
code 2602 / Equip. item number > equip. number for pump <>
The equipment item number of pump is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2702 / Equip. item number > equip. number for pig <>
The equipment item number of pig is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2706 / Impossible pig inlet side <> for pig <>
The pig inlet has to be on a mesh side but after the second global
mesh side.
code 2707 / Impossible pig diameter at side <> for pig <>
The pig diameter has to be less or equal to the pipe diameter.
code 2708 / Impossible pig length for cell <> for pig <>
The pig length has to be less or equal than the length of the shorter
cell over 5.
code 2710 / Impossible initial pig data value for pig <>
A pig data different from 0 has been specified in the steady state
step (at time equal 0).
code 2802 / Equip. item number > equip. number for PI <>
The equipment item number of PI is greater than the equipment
number.
code 2805 / Impossible volumetric fraction data for PI <> The sum
of phase volumetric fractions has to be equal to 1.
code 2807 / Impossible viscosity data for PI <> The phase viscosity
has to be greater than 0.
code 2902 / Equip. item number > equip. number for PID <>
The equipment item number of PID controller is greater than the
equipment number.
code 3102 / Equip. item number > equip. number for separator <>
The equipment item number of separator is greater than the equip-
ment number.
code 3103 / Impossible abscissa for separator <> The separator has
to be located at the pipe outlet.
code 3104 / Impossible oil levels data for separator <> Data on oil
levels are incompatible with respect to one another.
code 3107 / Impossible gas pressure set point for separator <>
A pressure less than 0.00 1. 11Y Pa or greater than 10000. 10' Pa
has been specified.
code 3108 / Impossible oil level set point for separator <>
An oil level less than minimum oil level data or greater than maxi-
mum oil level data has been specified.
code 3109 / Impossible water level set point for separator <>
A water level less than minimum water level data or greater than
maximum water level data has been specified.
code 5001 / Beware ... all messages were not printed out
Too many error messages were identified, all of them could not be
printed out.
F
C
Fluid Characterization 2-1
Component Definition 7-1
Component Lumping Features A-3
H
D Help, online ix
Hydrodynamic Model 6-6
Defining Transient Reports A-3
Defining Transient Simulations A-6
I
Documentation ix
N S
I-2 Index