Heat Transfer, and Crop

Processing

EMVILLOTA
1. The free convection heat transfer is
influenced by:

a) Bouyant forces only

b) Bouyant and inertia forces only
c) Viscous and bouyant forces only
d) Viscous and inertia forces only
e) Viscous, bouyant and inertia forces

2
4. The amount of foreign materials or
impurities from a sample of paddy,
which is usually expressed as
percentage

a) chaff
b) dockage
c) immature grains
d) purity
e) scalper

3
5. How much kerosene is needed to dry 1 ton
of palay from 30% to 14%? Assume latent
heat of vaporization is 2500 kJ/kg; heating
value of kerosene is 43 MJ/kg; specific
gravity is 0.8; and efficiency of 80%.

a) 11
b) 13
c) 17
d) 21
e) 46

4
12. Nusselt number (Nu) is a non-dimensional
parameter commonly used in convective
heat transfer. Its physical interpretation is:

a) Rate of diffusion of viscous effects/rate of

diffusion of heat
b) Inertia force/viscous force
c) Bouyancy force/viscous force
d) Dissipation/heat transfer rate
e) Convective heat transfer/conduction heat
transfer

5
13. Generally, palay can be stored safely up
to 2-3 months at moisture content of:

a) 28%
b) 24%
c) 18%
d) 14%
e) 10%

6
17. The walls of a cold storage plant are composed of an
insulating material (k=0.2336 kJ/hr-m-°C) 10.16 cm
thick held between two layers of concrete (k=3.7382
kJ/hr-m-°C) each 10.16 cm thick. The film coefficients
are 81.76 kJ/hr-m2-°C on the outside and 40.88 kJ/hr-
m2-°C on the inside. Cold storage temperature is -6.7 °C
and the ambient temperature is 32.2°C . Determine the
heat transmitted through the area of 55.74 m2

a) 1.14 kW
b) 1.25 kW
c) 1.74 kW
d) 1.81 kW
e) 1.95 kW

9
18. The maximum value of the available
power or measure of available energy is
a concept of:

a) Carnot
b) Energy
c) Enthalpy
d) Entropy
e) Exergy

10
22. There are various methods available of
preserving crops or increasing their usable
economic life. The method in which food
contained in a permanently sealed container is
subjected to an elevated temperatures for a
definite period of time and then cooled is called

a) canning
b) chemical treatment
c) chilling
d) controlled atmosphere
e) dehydration

11
25. Glass is:

a) Transparent at short wavelength

b) Opaque for high temperature radiation
c) Opaque for low temperature radiation
d) Transparent at long wavelengths
e) Transparent at both short and long
wavelengths

12
13
 For opaque medium:

Rho (ρ) – REFLECTIVITY

Alpha (α) – ABSORPTIVITY
Tau (τ) – TRANSMISSIVITY
Lambda (λ) – Pertains to single wavelength
radiation, also called spectral or
monochromatic radiation

14
28. Two just saturated air-vapor mixtures
are thoroughly mixed. The final state of
the mixture is:

a) still saturated
b) unsaturated
c) Completely condensed out
d) Partly condensed out
e) No way to tell

15
33. Which is the process of food irradiation
that eliminates harmful bacteria without
the use of heat?

a) Cold pasteurization
b) Electron beam irradiation
c) Ozonation
d) Pressure processing
e) Steam pasteurization

16
34. Consider 100 m3 of moist air at 101.325
kPa, 35°C, and 70% RH. If the saturation
pressure of water is 5.628 kPa at 35°C,
then the partial pressure of dry air is;

a) 3.94 kPa
b) 5.628 kPa
c) 97.4 kPa
d) 101.325 kPa
e) 106.953 kPa

17
35. It is a set of guidelines for food processors
typically addressing plant design and
construction material, water supply, plumbing
and toilet facilities, equipment and utensils, raw
food handling and testing practices, personal
hygiene, pest control, and waste disposal.

a) ISO 9000: Quality Management

b) Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP)
c) HACCP
d) Process Flow Analysis
e) Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP)

18
41. It is the ratio of mass of water vapor in
moist air to mass of water vapor in
saturated air at the same temperature
and pressure.

a) Absolute Humidity
b) Humidity Ratio
c) Moisture content
d) Relative Humidity
e) Specific Humidity

19
42. It is one of the most important gases
produced from animal wastes under
anaerobic environment. It has a distinct
odor of a rotten egg.

a) CO2
b) NO3
c) CH4
d) H2S
e) C2H4

20
46. How much ice is needed to cool a gallon of
punch from 20°C to 4°C. Assume specific
heat of punch is 4.23 kJ/kg-°C , heat of
fusion of ice is 335 kJ/kg, and ice initially at
freezing temperature.

a) 0.4 kg
b) 0.7 kg
c) 1.0 kg
d) 2.5 kg
e) 3.5 kg

21
47. The ratio of the emission rate of a
surface from a blackbody at the same
temperature is:

a) Absorptivity
b) Emissivity
c) Flux density
d) Reflectivity
e) Transmissivity

22
48. Range of wavelength of visible light
based on electromagnetic spectrum.

a) 380 – 760 nanometers

b) 380 – 760 micrometers
c) 380 – 760 picometers
d) 380 – 760 millimeters
e) None of the choices

23
51. Determine the quantity of corn in
kilograms at 30% (db) required to give 1
metric ton at 14% (wb)

a) 260
b) 860
c) 1000
d) 1120
e) 1230

24
55. The ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass
diffusivity is known as;

a) Schmidt number
b) Lewis number
c) Sherwood number
d) Stanton number
e) Darcy number

25
61. An air stream at a specified temperature
and relative humidity undergoes
evaporative cooling by spraying water into it
at about the same temperature. The lowest
temperature the air stream can be cooled to
is:
a) The dry bulb temperature at the given state
b) The wet bulb temperature at the given state
c) The dew point temperature at the given state
d) The saturation temperature corresponding to the
humidity ratio at the given state
e) the triple point temperature of water

26
63. The expression used to indicate the
amount of bran removed in the milling
process is called:

a) bran recovery
b) degree of milling
c) head rice recovery
d) milling percentage
e) milling recovery

27
64. The critical radius of insulation for a
sphere is equal to:

a) k/h
b) 2 kh
c) 2k/h
d) h/2k
e) √2kh

28
29
65. Inside the boundary layer:

a) The effects of viscosity and heat

transfer are important
b) The effects of pressure variation is important
c) The effects of free stream velocity and
temperature are important
d) The flow is effectively inviscid and at uniform
temperature
e) Reynolds number is large

30
66. At absolute zero temperature, what is
the entropy (kJ/kg.K) of a pure
crystalline substance:

a) -40
b) 0
c) 32
d) 200
e) 212

31
67. An ideal fluid is one that:

a) is very viscous
b) is also a Newtonian flow
c) obeys Newton’s law of viscosity
d) is assumed in problems in conduit flow
e) frictionless and incompressible

32
68. There are many different methods of
drying solids, liquids and gases most of
these methods are used to some extent in
the drying of agricultural products. the
method which removes moisture from
materials using centrifuge or gravity is
called:
a) freeze drying
b) decomposition of water
c) absorption
d) mechanical separation
e) chemical desiccants

33
69. The equalization of moisture or
temperature throughout the products,
bringing a product to a desired moisture
content or temperature for processing
called:
a) modulation
b) recirculation
c) tempering
d) turning
e) ventilation

34
47. What scale is an absolute
thermodynamic temperature scale that
provides a continuous definition of
temperature, valid for all ranges of
temperature.
a) Celsius
b) Centigrade
c) Fahrenheit
d) Kelvin
e) Rankine

37
48. An air-conditioned room is maintained
at 24 ˚C while outside air temperature is
32 ˚C . What is the temperature
difference in degrees Fahrenheit?

a) 4.4
b) 8.0
c) 14.4
d) 32.0
e) 281.2

38
49. A process with no thermal interaction
between the system and its surrounding
is called

a) adiabatic
b) diathermal
c) isentropic
d) isolated
e) isothermal

39
50. The maximum temperature of a pure
substance at which liquid and vapor
phase can co-exist in equilibrium is
called

a) critical temperature
b) equilibrium temperature
c) phase temperature
d) saturation temperature
e) thermodynamic temperature

40
51. Air flows through a 10 mm diameter
pipe at an average velocity of 0.1 m/s.
what is the mass flux in kg/s?

a) 3.2 x E-06
b) 4 x E-06
c) 1.25 x E-05
d) 4 x E-04
e) 1

41
52. Which process has the highest
convection heat transfer coefficient?

a) airflow over plate

b) boiling water
c) forced convection over plate
d) free convection over plate
e) water flow over plate

42
53. Consider turbulent flow through a
smooth pipe. As the Reynolds number
increases the friction factor

a) increases
b) decreases
c) exponentially increases
d) exponentially decreases
e) remains the same

43
54. The temperatures on the faces of a plane wall
15 cm thick are 370 and 93 ˚C . And the wall is
constructed of a special glass with the following
properties : k=0.78W/m.C,
ρ=2700kg/m³,cp=0.84kJ/kg.C.What is the heat
flow through the wall at steady-state
conditions?

a) 277.0 W
b) 1440.4 W
c) 1551.2 W
d) 3240.9 W
e) 747,900 W

44
55.Water at a mean temperature of 150˚F ˚flows
through a steel pipe having an inside diameter
of 1” and an outside diameter of 1-1/4”. The
outer surface of the pipe is expose to air at
7˚F.The heat transfer coefficients on the water
and air sides are 100 Btu/ft² .hr.˚ F and
1Btu/ft² .hr.˚F respectively and k for steel may
be taken as 25 Btu/ft².hr.˚F.the heat transfer
rate per foot of pipe is:
a) 2.2Btu/ft.hr
b) 13.2Btu/ft.hr
c) 19.2Btu/ft.hr
d) 25.9Btu/ft.hr
e) 69.2Btu/ft.hr

45
56. Water at a mean temperature of 120˚F,flows
through a 6.0 inch diameter pipe at a rate of 80
lbm/sec. If the mean temperature of the wall
of the pipe is 180˚F and if the length of the
pipe is 20ft,find the Reynolds number . At 120
F,ρ=61.73 lmb/ft³,μ=1.36lbm/ft.hr,
k=0.372Btu/hr.ft.˚F, cp =0.997 Btu/lmb.˚F
a) 23.76
b) 539.25
c) 1486.32
d) 21570.6
e) 2.03X106

46
59. In radiative heat transfer , which of the
following perfect reflector properties is
equal to the unity?

a) absorptivity
b) emissivity
c) reflectivity
d) resistivity
e) transmissivity

47
62. In refrigeration system ,the equipment
that rejects heat is the
a) Capillary tube
b) Compressor
c) Condenser
d) Evaporator
e) Thermostatic valve

48
63. Condenser 100m³ of moist air at
101.325kPa,35˚C,70% relative humidity.
If saturation pressure of water is
5.628kPa at 35˚C,then partial pressure
of dry air is
a) 3.94kPa
b) 5.628kPa
c) 97.4kPa
d) 101.325kPa
e) 106.953kPa

49
64. Shrimp harvested in a pond situated in Bohol are
packed in insulated sheet metal containers and
mixed with crushed ice while in transit to the shrimp
processing plant in Manila. Initial temperature of
the product is about 25 ˚C and it is desired to cool
the shrimp at approximately 0 ˚C during shipment.
Estimate the product load, in kJ/kg. For shrimp
highest freezing temperature is -2.2 ˚C, cp above
freezing is 3.38 kJ/kg-K, cp below freezing is 1.79
kJ/kg-K and latent heat of fusion is 254 kJ/kg.
a) 44.8
b) 84.5
c) 88.4
d) 91.9
e) 342.4

50
65. Regular milled rice has how many
percent of bran removed?
a) 0
b) 25
c) 50
d) 75
e) 100

51
66. The angle measured from the
horizontal at which product will start to
move downwards over a smooth surface
with gravity discharging is called
a) Angle of discharge
b) Angle of friction
c) Angle of repose
d) Hopper angle
e) Tangent

52
67. The best index for determining the
optimum time of harvest for grains is
a) Color of grains
b) Date of planting
c) Dryness of flag leaf
d) Hardness
e) Moisture content

53
68. Which is the correct conversion
equation from moisture content wet
basis to moisture content dry basis
a) MCdry = MCwet/(100-Mcwet)
b) MCdry = MCwet/(100+Mcwet)
c) MCdry = (100-MCwet)/MCwet
d) MCdry = (100+Mcwet)/ MCwet
e) MCdry = MCwet

54
69. Oven method is a primary method of
moisture determination. If after 3 days
at 105 °C the initial 20g palay sample
yields a final weight of 15g, what is the
moisture content, in percent wet basis?
a) 15
b) 20
c) 25
d) 33.3
e) 75

55
70. When the vapor pressure of water held by the
grain is equal to the vapor pressure of the
surrounding air, no moisture transfer occurs
and there exists moisture equilibrium between
the grain and air. If, however, the vapor
pressure of the water held by the grain is
greater than the vapor pressure of the air,
them what condition exists?
a) Absortion
b) Adsorption
c) Desorption
d) Diffusion
e) Rewetting

56
Equilibrium Moisture Content
57
71.Grain weevil is one of the most
destructive insects to stored grains.
Ryzopherta dominica is commonly
known as
a) Confused beetle
b) Corn weevil
c) Flour beetle
d) Lesser grain borer
e) Rice weevil

58
72. Roof rat is also known as black or ship
rat. Its scientific name is
a) Rattus domesticus
b) Rattus mindanensis
c) Rattus norvegicus
d) Rattus ratoides
e) Rattus rattus

59
73. The toxin produced by some strain of
the fungi Aspergillus flavus and
Aspergillus parasitium , the most potent
carcinogen yet discovered is called
a) Aflatoxin
b) Hydrophilic toxin
c) Fusarium toxin
d) Mycotoxin
e) Xerophilic toxin

60
74. A chemical compound that acts in
gaseous state to destroy insects and
their larvae and other pests is called
a) Aerosol
b) Fumigant
c) Herbicide
d) Insecticide
e) Steam

61
75. It is defined as natural poisoning of
man or animals through feeds containing
fungi toxins

a) Toxins
b) Toxigenic
c) Carcinogenic
d) Mycotoxicosis

62
76. Paddy grain with 14% MC wet basis has
approximately _____ MC dry basis

a) 16.3
b) 17.6
c) 15
d) 12.87

63
77. _____ are small fissures in the internal
endosperm of maize and rice kernels and
are caused by large moisture content
gradients within the kernels due to rapid
moisture desorption or adsorption

a) Stress cracks
b) Kernel damage
c) Breakage susceptibility
d) Viability

64
79. Two hundred thousand pounds of
shelled corn at 24% MC wet basis are
dried to 14% MC. Determine the weight
of the water removed.

a) 23,256 lb
b) 20,546 lb
c) 2.56 kg
d) 32.65 kg

65
81. One face of a copper plate 3cm thick is
maintained at 400 degrees Celius requires
and the other face is maintained at 100
degrees Celsius. How much heat is
transferred through the plate? Assume
thermal conductivity of copper is 370 W/m2
°C and density is 8,954 kg/m3.

a) 5.4 kW/m2
b) 2.45 kW/m2
c) 4.3 kW/m2
d) 3.7 kW/m2

66
82. Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate 50
by 75 cm maintained at 250°C. The
convection heat transfer coefficient is 25
W/m2-K. The hear transfer is

a) 1.725 kW
b) 2.2 kW
c) 2.5 kW
d) 3.125 kW

67
83. Two infinite black plates 800 and 300
°C exchange heat by radiation. The heat
transfer per unit area (kW/m2) is

a) 69
b) 54
c) 45
d) 74

68
84. Howmuch wet (24%wb) palay does a
trader need to buy if he wants to get 2
tons of dried (14%wb) grain:

a) 2263.2 kg
b) 3428.25 kg
c) 4365.3 kg
d) 1290.5 kg

69
85. How many kilograms of water are lost
from a ton of palay at 20.9% wb, if the
grain moisture content changes to
15.2% wb.

a) 67.2 kg
b) 54.3 kg
c) 24.8 kg
d) 48.4 kg

70
86. How many kilograms of rice hulls are
needed to dry 1 ton of palay from 24%
to 14% wb? Assume latent heat of
vaporization is 2500% kJ/kg and
efficiency of 100%.

a) 20.8
b) 21.9
c) 22.8
d) 23.6

71
24. Thirty pounds of ice at 32°F is placed in
100 lb of water at 100°F. Assume the latent
heat of fusion of water is 144 BTU/lb. If no
heat is lost or added to the mixture, the
temperature when equilibrium is reached is:

a) 49 °F
b) 500 °F
c) 51 °F
d) 52°F
e) 53°F

72
25. An automobile tire is inflated to 32 psig
pressure at 50°F. After being driven, the
temperature rises to 75°F. Assuming
that the volume remains constant, the
final gage pressure is:
a) 34.4 psig
b) 37.4 psig
c) 39.4 psig
d) 43.4 psig
e) 44.3 psig

73
26. What is the temperature of 2 liters of
water at 30°C after 500 cal of heat have
been added to it?

a) 23.50 °C
b) 25.30 °C
c) 30.25 °C
d) 35.20 °C
e) 38.25 °C

74
27. If the density of a gas is 0.003 slugs
per cubic foot, what is the specific
weight of the gas?

a) 9.04 N/m3
b) 15.2 N/m3
c) 30.4 N/m3
d) 76.3 N/m3
e) 98.2 N/m3

75
29. The first law of thermodynamics is
based on which of the following
principles?

a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) The enthalpy-entropy relationship
e) Action-reaction

76
31. Mathematically, a thermodynamic
property is which of the following?

a) A point function
b) Discontinuous
c) A path function
d) Exact differential
e) Linear function

77
32. What is the most efficient cycle?

a) Carnot
b) Diesel
c) Otto
d) Rankine
e) Brayton

78
34. Determine the thermal conductivity of a
wood that is used in a 1.5 meter square test
panel, 25 mm thick. If during a 4-hour test
period there are conducted 190,000 J
through the panel with a temperature
differential of 6°C, between the surfaces.

a) 0.0244 W/m°C
b) 0.0255 W/m°C
c) 0.0322 W/m°C
d) 0.0422 W/m°C
e) 0.0933 W/m°C

79
36. A 12 in. thick furnace wall with a
dimension of 5m by 2m has a temperature
difference of 60°C. The wall has thermal
conductivity of 0.75 BTU/hr-ft-°F. Calculate
the heat transmitted across the wall

a) 2440 W
b) 2445 W
c) 2455 W
d) 2545 W
e) 2554 W

80
37. In sensible cooling process, the
moisture content:

a) Does not change

b) Decreases
c) Increases
d) Can either increase or decrease
e) Cannot be determined

81
38. An ideal fluid is one that:

a) Is very viscous
b) Is also a Newtonian
c) Obeys Newton Law of viscosity
d) Is assumed in problems in conduit flow
e) Frictionless and incompressible

82
39. At critical point the latent enthalpy of
vaporization is

a) Only depends in temperature

b) Zero
c) Minimum
d) Maximum
e) Optimum

83
40. How much heat, in kJ, must be
transferred to 20 kg of air to increase the
temperature from 20°C to 280°C if the
pressure is maintained constant?

a) 2,050
b) 2,500
c) 5,200
d) 5,500
e) 27,000

84
41. At an average temperature of 100°C, hot
air flows through a 2.5 m long tube with an
inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature
of the tube 20°C along its length. Convective
heat transfer coefficient is 20.1 W/m2-K.
Determine the heat transfer from air to tube.
a) 624 W
b) 632 W
c) 900 W
d) 909 W
e) 756 W

85
42. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6
in. wall of firebrick with a temperature
difference across the wall of 50°C. The
thermal conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65
BTU/hr-ft-°F at the temperature of interest.
a) 112 W/m2
b) 285 W/m2
c) 369 W/m2
d) 429 W/m2
e) 568 W/m2

86
43. The law governing the transfer of
radiation energy from a blackbody is
known as

a) Newton’s law of cooling

b) Stefan-Boltzmann law
c) Kirchoffs law
d) Provost law of exchanges
e) Fourier’s law

87
44. When a system deviates infinitesimally
from equilibrium at every instant of its
state, it is undergoing:

a) Isobaric process
b) Quasi-steady process
c) Isometric process
d) Isentropic process
e) Cyclic process

88
45. Dew point is defined as:

a) The temperature to which the air must be cooled

at constant pressure to produce saturation
b) The point where the pressure and temperature
lines meet
c) The point where dry and wet bulbs
temperature lines meet
d) The temperature which dew is formed in the air
e) The pressure which dew is formed in the air

89
46. A room being air conditioned is being held at
25°C dry bulb and 50% RH. A flow rate of 5 m3/s
of supply air at 15°C dry bulb and 80% RH is
being delivered to the room to maintain that
steady condition. What is sensible heat absorbed
from the room air in kW?

a) 40.5
b) 50.8
c) 60.8
d) 70.9
e) 80.9

90
47. The specific measurement of moisture
content in air is

a) Relative Humidity
b) Percent saturation
c) Degree saturation
d) Moisture ratio
e) Specific Humidity

91
51. Fish weighing 5,000 kg with a temperature of
6°C is brought to a cold storage and which shall
be cooled to -14°C in 24 hours. Find the cooling
load required if the specific heat of the fish is 0.7
kcal per kg per °C above freezing and 0.3 kcal
per kg per °C below freezing which is -2.2°C.
The latent heat of freezing

a) 4.46 ton
b) 5.46 ton
c) 6.44 ton
d) 15.7 ton
e) 19.8 ton

92
52. In an air conditioning unit 3.5 cubic meter per
second of air at 27°C dry bulb and 50% RH (v=0.85
m3/kg, h=55.2 kJ/kg, w=0.0112 kg/kg) and standard
atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving
condition of the air is 13 °C dry bulb and 90% RH
(h=34 kJ/kg, w=0.0083 kg/kg). Calculate the
refrigerating effect in kW and the rate of water
removal

a) 78.3 and 0.102

b) 78.3 and 0.012
c) 73.8 and 0.102
d) 83.7 and 0.021
e) 87.3 and 0.012

93
54. A sample of corn weighing 105 g is heated
in an oven kept at 130°C for 30 h. The
sample when removed from the oven weighs
88.5 g. Assuming that all the moisture has
been removed, the moisture content is

a) 15.7 %
b) 18.6 %
c) 19.2 %
d) 30.0 %
e) 31.9 %

94
55. In a flat bed dryer, as the airflow rate
(m3/s-m2) is increased exponentially, the
pressure drop per meter depth

a) Remains constant
b) Is increased linearly
c) Is decreased linearly
d) Is increased exponentially
e) Is decreased exponentially

95
56. The process of mixing two or more different
products together, such as grains or
supplements, to obtain desired food ratios, or
the process of mixing different quantities of the
same product with different moisture contents to
obtain a final mass with uniform moisture
content is called

a) Aeration
b) Batching
c) Blending
d) Casing
e) Turning

96
57. A sample corn has a moisture content
of 14% wet basis. What is its moisture
content in dry basis?

a) 11.8 %
b) 12.3 %
c) 14.0 %
d) 16.3 %
e) 24.0 %

97
58. Given in a drying experiment:
moisture ratio = 0.20
initial moisture content = 24%
final moisture content = 16%
Estimate the equilibrium moisture content.

a) 12 %
b) 14 %
c) 18 %
d) 24 %
e) 30 %

98
59. The ratio of the weight of water vapor in a
given volume of air at a given temperature to
the maximum quantity of water vapor which
the same volume of air could hold at the
same temperature is called

a) Absolute humidity
b) Equilibrium moisture content
c) Relative Humidity
d) Specific volume
e) Vapor pressure

99
60. If the drying air’s relative humidity is
reduced to zero, then the equilibrium
moisture content of the crop becomes

a) 0%
b) 12 %
c) 14 %
d) 18 %
e) 20 %

100
61. The equalization of moisture or
temperature throughout the product,
bringing a product to desired moisture
content or temperature for processing is
called

a) Modulation
b) Recirculation
c) Tempering
d) Turning
e) Ventilation

101
57. The ideal gas is a model fluid that is useful
because it is described by simple equations
frequently applicable as good approximations fro
actual gases. In an ideal gas where there is no
molecular interaction, the internal energy of a
gas depends on temperature only. The ratio of
PV/RT which is given the symbol Z is called

a) Compressibility factor
b) Ideal gas ratio
c) Universal gas constant
d) Virial coefficient
e) Volume expansivity

102
58. 1 kW-h is equivalent to

a) 1.341 hp-h
b) 3.6 MJ
c) 1000 J
d) 778.16 BTU
e) 778.16 BTU/hr

103
62. Glass wool of thermal conductivity 0.038
W/m-°C is to be used to insulate an ice box.
If the maximum heat loss should not exceed
45 W/m2 for a temperature of 40 °C across
the walls of the ice box, then the thickness of
the insulation is

a) 1.2 cm
b) 2.5 cm
c) 3.4 cm
d) 4.3 cm
e) 6.9 cm

104
63. A 25-cm diameter sphere at 120°C is
suspended in air at 20°C. If the natural
convection heat transfer between the sphere
and the air is 15 W/m2-°C, then the rate of
heat loss from the sphere is

a) 75.0 W
b) 150.0 W
c) 294.5 W
d) 375.2 W
e) 3,000 W

105
64. One surface of a thin plate is exposed to a
uniform heat flux of 500 W/m2, and the other
side dissipates heat by radiation to an
environment at -10°C. Determine the
temperature of the plate. Assume blackbody
conditions for radiation.

a) 35.1 °C
b) 52.8 °C
c) 102.5 °C
d) 341.5 °C
e) 458.2 °C

106
65. A cylindrical insulation for a steam pipe has
an inside radius ri = 6 cm, outside radius ro =
8 cm, and a thermal conductivity k = 0.5
W/m-°C. The inside surface of the insulation
is at temperature Ti=430°C and the outside
at To=30°C. Determine the heat loss per 1-m
length of this insulation.
a) 2,395 W/m
b) 3,459 W/m
c) 4,368 W/m
d) 6,341 W/m
e) 23,800 W/m

107
66. In a laminar flow, as the surface
roughness is increased, the friction

a) Remains the same

b) Decreases
c) Increases
d) May increase or decrease
e) Cannot be determined

108
69. The fan laws are a group of relationships that
predict the effect on fan performance of
changing such quantities as the conditions of the
air, operating speed, and size of the fan.
Consider Law 3, where variation in air density,
constant static pressure, which of the following
statements is wrong?

a) Q~1/√ρ
b) V~1/√ρ
c) P~1/√ρ
d) ω~1/√ρ
e) SP = constant

109
70. In an air handling system,
enlargements, contractions, elbows,
branches, dampers, and filters are
collectively known as

a) Coils
b) Ducts
c) Fans
d) Fittings
e) Pipes

110
71. Many of the procedures for the control of
microorganisms are managed by HACCP system food
safety. Developed in the food industry since the
1960’s, HACCP is now accepted by food
manufacturers and regulators. It is a preventive
system that builds safety control features into the
food products design and the process by which it is
produced. HACCP stands for

a) Hazard Analysis and Chemical Corrective Point

b) Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point
c) Hazard Advisory for Critical Corrective Program
d) Health Analysis for Critical Corrective Program
e) Health Awareness and Critical Criteria Program

111
9. The continuity equation is applicable to

a) Conservation of mass
b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of energy
d) Fourier’s law
e) Newton’s law on cooling

112
14. LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference)
for a heat exchanger is given by

a)

b)

c)

d)

113
16. The units mass diffusion coefficient or
diffusivity are

a) m2/s
b) kg-m/s2
c) s/m2
d) kg-s/m2
e) dimensionless

114
1. Absolute zero is

a) the same as zero on the Centigrade scale

b) the same as the zero on the Rankine
scale
c) 144° below zero on the Fahrenheit scale
d) 460° below zero on the Fahrenheit scale
e) 970° below zero on the Fahrenheit scale

115
2. Heat normally flowing from high
temperature body to a low temperature body
wherein it is impossible to convert heat
without other effects is referred to as the

a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics

b) First law of thermodynamics
c) Second law of thermodynamics
d) Third law of thermodynamics
e) Fourth law of thermodynamics

116
3. It is the proportionality constant which when
multiplied by heat transfer area and the
mean temperature difference between the
fluids that produce the rate of heat transfer

a) Conductivity of the tube metal

b) Heat transfer coefficient
c) Refrigerating capacity
d) Heat capacity
e) Reynolds number

117
4. What is another term for heat transfer
coefficient?

a) Thermal conductivity
b) Thermal diffusivity
c) Film coefficient
d) Molecular diffusivity
e) Thermal efficiency

118
5. Water flows inside the tubes (8mm ID) of an
evaporator at 10°C at a velocity of 2 m/s.
Calculate Reynolds number. The properties of
water at 10°C are μ=0.00131 Pa-s, ρ=1000
kg/m3, k=0.573 W/m-K, cp=4190 J/kg-K

a) 12.21
b) 6,106
c) 12,214
d) 6,106,870
e) 12,213,740

119
6. The wall of a furnace consists of a 9” thick layer firebrick
(k=0.8 BTU/ft-hr-°F), a ½ steel frame (k= 25 BTU/ft-hr-
°F) and an outer 2” thick layer of insulation (k=0.05
BTU/ft-hr-°F). The outer surface of the insulation is
exposed to air at 100 °F and the heat transfer coefficients
is estimated to 9.1 BTU/ft-hr-°F. If the temperature of the
steel must not exceed about 500 °F, what is the maximum
temperature that the inner surface of the firebrick can be
allowed to reach?

a) 500 °F
b) 527 °F
c) 587 °F
d) 875 °F
e) 937 °F

120
7. The temperatures on the faces of a plane wall
15 cm thick are 370 and 93 °C. The wall is
constructed of a special glass with the following
properties: k=0.78 W/m- °C, ρ=2700 kg/m3,
cp=0.84 kJ/kg- °C. What is the heat flow
through the wall at steady-state conditions?

a) 277.0 W/m2
b) 1440.4 W/m2
c) 1551.2 W/m2
d) 3240.9 W/m2
e) 747,900 W/m2

121
8. What is the enthalpy of the air-vapor
mixture at 65% relative humidity and 34
°C when the barometric pressure is
101.325 kPa.

a) 34.0 kJ/kg
b) 86.7 kJ/kg
c) 87.3 kJ/kg
d) 90.4 kJ/kg
e) 95.5 kJ/kg

122
9. The highest pressure drop in the
refrigeration cycle occurs at the

a) Compressor
b) Condenser
c) Expansion valve
d) Evaporator
e) Liquid receiver

123
10. The drinking water needs of an office are
met by cooling tap water in a refrigerated
water fountain from 22 °C to 8 °C at an
average rate of 8 kg/hr. If the EER of this
refrigerator is 11.2, the required power input
to this refrigerator is

a) 28 W
b) 42 W
c) 88 W
d) 130 W
e) 403 W

124
11. A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to
have a refrigerating capacity of 60kW. The
evaporating temperature is -10 °C and the
condensing temperature is 42 °C. Determine the
power required by the compressor. Enthalpy
condenser entrance = 440 kJ/kg, condenser exit =
252.4 kJ/kg, evaporator exit = 401.6 kJ/kg,
evaporator entrance = 252.4 kJ/kg.

a) 12.34 W
b) 15.44 W
c) 17.35 W
d) 19.85 W
e) 21.42 W

125
12. A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of
water from 29 °C to 18 °C in 5 hours. The refrigerant is
ammonia and the operating conditions are 616 kPa
evaporating pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure.
Determine the quantity of cooling water in the condenser
for an increase in temperature of 7 °C. Enthalpy at
condenser entrance = 1650 kJ/kg, condenser exit = 410.4
kJ/kg, evaporator entrance = 410.4 kJ/kg, evaporator exit
= 1471.6 kJ/kg.

a) 3.02 kg/s
b) 4.59 kg/s
c) 5.94 kg/s
d) 6.32 kg/s
e) 8/45 kg/s

126
13. The halocarbon group includes refrigerants
which contain one or more of the three
halogen chlorine, flourine, and bromine.
Monochlorodiflouromethane, CHClF2 , has a
numerical designation

a) R-11
b) R-12
c) R-22
d) R-134a
e) R-501

127
14. The specific measurement of moisture
content in air:

a) Degree of saturation
b) Relative humidity
c) Percent saturation
d) Specific humidity
e) Water activity

128
16. At which temperature would air be able
to hold the most water vapor?

a) 0 °C
b) 10 °C
c) 25 °C
d) 30 °C
e) 40 °C

129
18. The most abundant constituent in fresh
and vegetables is water, which exists as a
continuous liquid phase within the fruit or
vegetable. The process by which fresh fruits
and vegetable lose some of this water is
called:

a) Latent heat loss

b) Transpiration heat loss
c) Refrigeration heat loss
d) Respiration heat loss
e) Sensible heat loss

130
19. What is air chamber maintained under pressure
(positive or negative) usually connected to one or
more distributing ducts in a drying or aeration system
called? The term is also used to designate the air
chamber under perforated floor in a grain bin and the
pressure chamber between grain bin and the pressure
chamber between the grain bin and the columns in
some type of batch or continuous dryer.

a) Plenum
b) Orifice
c) Valve
d) Ventilation front
e) Void space

131
20. One bushel is equal to

a) 1.25 ft3
b) 1.25 ft3/min
c) 1.25 lb
d) 1.25 lb/min
e) 1.25 m3

132
21. If 2,200 lb of palay at 23% moisture
content wet basis is loaded in the dryer
and dried to 14%, calculate the amount of
moisture removed, in kg.

a) 100 kg
b) 105 kg
c) 220 kg
d) 230 kg
e) 895 kg

133
22. A farmer-trader pays Php 9.00 per kilogram for a palay
with moisture content of 24% wet basis and purity 80%.
After passing it through the cleaner, the purity became
95%. Moreover, the farmer used open sundrying to dry the
palay to 14% wet basis. Determine how much should the
farmer-trader sell her clean dried palay if she wants to
have a profit of Php 0.40 per kilogram clean paddy.
Assume a processing fee of Php 0.30 per kilogram clean
dried paddy.

a) Php 10.80 /kg

b) Php 10.50 /kg
c) Php 11.50 /kg
d) Php 12.50 /kg
e) Php 12.80 /kg

134
23. How many cubic meter of 1.045%
tomato puree can be made from one cubic
meter 30% tomato paste?

a) 28.2 m3
b) 28.7 m3
c) 29.2 m3
d) 29.7 m3
e) 30.0 m3

135
24. Shelled corn is to be stored at a depth of 16 ft
in a 36 ft diameter bin. An airflow rate of 0.5
cfm/bu is required to aerate the grain, requiring
a 3 hp fan. The grain is stored for 32 weeks and
the aeration fan is to be operated 24h every 2
weeks. The cost of electricity is Php 9.60/kWh.

a) Php 515.65
b) Php 1,031.30
c) Php 8,246.85
d) Php 79,407.85
e) Php 115,502.30

136
25. Bucket elevators are one of the commonly used
conveyors of grain. The typical bucket elevator conveys
grain vertically using buckets attached along a belt. The
grain exits the bucket elevator by centrifugal force as the
bucket begin their downward movement. Determine the
power requirement of a 80 percent efficient bucket elevator
to transport shelled corn (56 lb/bu) to a height of 30 ft at a
rate of 1000 bu/h.

a) 92 hp
b) 96 hp
c) 100 hp
d) 106 hp
e) 116 hp

137
26. Belt conveyors are very efficient but relatively
expensive means of transporting grains. Grain
damage is low so this type of conveyor is often
used in seed processing and conditioning
systems. Determine the capacity of a belt
conveyor given a cross sectional area of 0.1 ft2
and belt speed of 100 ft/min/
a) 10 bu/h
b) 48 bu/h
c) 100 bu/h
d) 106 bu/h
e) 116 bu/h

138
1. At what temperature are Celsius and
Fahrenheit equal?

a) -273.15
b) -40
c) 0
d) 40
e) 100

139
2. What Kelvin temperature is equal to
170°F?

a) 76.7
b) 611.2
c) 349.8
d) 443.2
e) 443.2

140
3. In a closed system undergoing a
constant-pressure process, the entropy
change:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

141
4. The entropy change for any closed
system which under goes an adiabatic
process:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

142
5. The entropy change for any closed
system which undergoes an irreversible
adiabatic process

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

143
6. A fluid expands irreversibly in an
uninsulated cylinder. The entropy change
for the fluid:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

144
7. A fluid is compressed with friction in an
uninsulated cylinder. The entropy change
of the fluid:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

145
8. An insulated resistor has an electric
current flowing through it. The entropy
change of the resistor:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

146
9. A system with paddle-work is
irreversible. Therefore the change in its
entropy:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

147
10. The entropy change of an idealized
work reservoir:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

148
11. A system undergoes an irreversible
cycle. The entropy change of the system:

a) Must be positive
b) Must be zero
c) Must be negative
d) May be positive, negative, or zero
e) May be positive or zero but not negative

149
13. What is the density (kg/m3) of dry air
at 101 kPa and 25 °C? Gas constant =
287 J/kg-K for air and 462 J/kg-K for
water.

a) 0.014
b) 1.0
c) 1.18
d) 1.28
e) 14.1

150
14. What is the mass of air contained in a
room of dimensions 6 by 6 by 3 m if the
density of air is 1.20 kg/m3?

a) 0.9 kg
b) 43.2 kg
c) 90.0 kg
d) 108.0 kg
e) 129.6 kg

151
15. “It is impossible to construct an engine
that, when operated over a complete cycle,
has the sole effect of extracting heat from a
reservoir and delivering an equivalent
amount of work” is a statement by:

a) Clasius
b) Kelvin-Planck
c) Fourier
d) Newton
e) Stefan-Boltzman

152
16. A process in which the gas is assumed to
change its condition (i.e. pressure, volume
and temperature of the gas vary) without the
transfer of heat to or from the surrounding is
called:

a) Adiabatic process
b) Diathermal process
c) Isothermal process
d) Isentropic process
e) Polytropic process

153
17. An ideal gas is throttled through an
insulated valve. The exit pressure is lower
than the inlet pressure. The exit temperature
is:

a) Higher than
b) Equal to
c) Less than
d) Sometimes higher, sometimes lower than
e) Not determined by,

the inlet temperature.

154
18. At critical point, the quality is:

a) Zero
b) Unity
c) One-third
d) Two-third
e) Indeterminate

155
19. Heat transferred directly from a hot
reservoir to a colder reservoir. The
process is

a) Is reversible
b) Is irreversible
c) Could be either
d) Both reversible and irreversible
e) Is indeterminate

156
20. A system undergoes an irreversible
cycle (just like your refrigerator). The
entropy of the system

a) Increases
b) Remain the same
c) Decreases
d) Cannot be determined
e) Increases then decreases

157
21. The amount of heat required to change a
unit mass of pure substance from the solid
state to the liquid state, the pressure (or
temperature) remaining constant is called

a) Entropy change
b) Latent heat of vaporization
c) Latent heat of fusion
d) Latent heat of sublimation
e) Specific heat

158
22. Quality of two-phase (liquid-vapor)
mixture is defined as the fraction

a) By mass of vapor over the liquid of the

mixture
b) By mass of vapor over the mixture
c) By mass of liquid over the mixture
d) By volume of vapor over the mixture
e) By volume of vapor over the liquid of the
mixture

159
1.Two cubic meters per hour of water are
cooled from 30 to 4°C. What is the rate
of heat transfer in kilowatts?

a) 0.06
b) 14.4
c) 60.5
d) 144.4
e) 217,880

160
2. A value of 9.37 W/(m2-K) for fi and fo is
frequently used for still air. If the outer
surface is exposed to about 24 km/h
wind, then fo

a) Will still be 9.37 W/(m2-K)

b) Is increased
c) Is decreased
d) Can either increase or decrease
e) Cannot be determined

161
3. Thermal conductance for a 1 in.
thickness of plywood (k=0.115 W/m-K) is

a) 0.115 W/m2-K
b) 0.222 W/m2-K
c) 0.453 W/m2-K
d) 46.1 W/m2-K
e) 8.7 W/m2-K

162
4. What is the rate of heat input to a water
heater if 0.4 kg/s of water enters at 82°C
and leaves at 93°C? Water has an
approximate specific heat 0f 4.19 kJ/kg-K.

a) 1.7 kJ/kg
b) 4.4 kJ/kg
c) 18.4 kJ/kg
d) 46.1 kJ/kg
e) 389.9 kJ/kg

163
5. A flow rate of 0.06 kg/s of water enters a
boiler at 90°C, at which temperature the
enthalpy is 376.9 kJ/kg. The water leaves as
steam at 100°C (2676 kJ/kg). What is the
rate of heat added by this boiler?

a) 22.6 kW
b) 137.9 kW
c) 1379.5 kW
d) 2299.1 kW
e) 2653.4 kW

164
6. Water is pumped from a chiller in the
basement, where z1=0m, to a cooling coil
located on the top floor of a building, where
z2=80m. What is the minimum pressure
rise the pump must be capable of providing
if the temperature of the water is 4°C? the
density of water is 1000 kg/m3
a) 0.78 kPa
b) 9.81 kPa
c) 80 kPa
d) 785 kPa
e) 2576 kPa

165
7. Air flowing at the rate of 2.5 kg/s is
heated in a heat exchanger from -10 to
30°C. What is the rate of heat transfer?

a) 50 kW
b) 100 kW
c) 50 kJ
d) 100 kJ
e) 2.5 kg

166
8. The first law of thermodynamics is also
called

a) Conservation of energy
b) Conservation of entropy
c) Conservation of heat
d) Conservation of mass
e) Conservation of material

167
9. Select the material with the lowest
thermal conductivity.

a) Air
b) Copper
c) Glass wool
d) Silver
e) Water

168
10. Select the material with the highest
thermal conductivity.

a) Air
b) Copper
c) Glass wool
d) Silver
e) Water

169
11 – 12) The outer-facing of a room is
constructed from 25 cm thick brick, 2.5
cm mortar, 10 cm limestone (k=0.186
W/m-K) and 1.2 cm of plaster (k=0.096
W/m-K). Thermal conductivities of mortar
and brick are both 0.52 W/m-K. assume
that the heat transfer coefficients on the
inside (plaster side) and outside (brick
side) surfaces of the wall to be 6 and 12
W/m-K, respectively

170
11. Calculate the overall coefficient of heat
transfer (W/m-K)

a) 0.0197
b) 0.6937
c) 0.8393
d) 1.44
e) 50.74

171
12. Calculate the rate of heat transfer (W)
per 10 m2 of the wall surface from the
room at 18°C to the outside air at 36°C.

a) 3.5
b) 124.9
c) 151.1
d) 259.2
e) 9133.2

172
13. In thermal radiation, which of the
following black body properties is equal to
unity?

a) Absorptivity
b) Conductivity
c) Reflectivity
d) Resistivity
e) Transmissivity

173
14. Two infinite black plates at 800 and 300
°C exchange heat by radiation. The heat
transfer rate per unit area (kW/m2) is

a) 2.85 x 10-5
b) 12.1
c) 60.0
d) 69.0
e) 121.0

174
1. During a heating process, the
temperature of an object rises 10°C. this
temperature rise is equivalent to a
temperature rise of

a) 10 °F
b) 42 °F
c) 18 K
d) 18 R
e) 283 K

175
2. The specific heat of a material is given in
a strange unit to be Cp=3.60 kJ/kg-°F,
The specific heat of this material in the SI
units of kJ/kg °C is

a) 200 kJ/kg °C
b) 3.20 kJ/kg °C
c) 3.60 kJ/kg °C
d) 4.80 kJ/kg °C
e) 6.48 kJ/kg °C

176
3. A 2-kW electric resistance heater in a
laboratory dryer turned on and kept on
for 30 min. The amount of energy
transferred to the dryer by the heater is

a) 1 kJ
b) 60 kJ
c) 1,800 kJ
d) 3,600 kJ
e) 7,200 kJ

177
4. A well-sealed room contains 80 kg of air at 200
kPa and 25 °C. Now solar energy enters the
room at an average rate of 1 kJ/s while a 100-W
fan is turned on to circulate the air in the room.
If transfer through the walls is negligible, the air
temperature in the room in 30 min will be

a) 28.3 °C
b) 49.8 °C
c) 52.5 °C
d) 56.0 °C
e) 59.5 °C

178
5. A 6-pack canned drink is to be cooled from 25
°C to 3 °C. The mass of each canned drink is
0.355 kg. The drinks can be treated as water,
and the energy stored in the aluminum can
itself be negligible. The amount of heat transfer
from the 6 canned drinks is

a) 33 kJ
b) 37 kJ
c) 47 kJ
d) 196 kJ
e) 223 kJ

179
6. An ordinary egg with mass of 0.1 kg and
specific heat of 3.32 kJ/kg °C is dropped into
boiling water at 95 °C. If the initial
temperature of the egg is 5 °C , the
maximum amount of heat transfer to the egg
is

a) 12 kJ
b) 30 kJ
c) 24 kJ
d) 18 kJ
e) infinity

180
7. Thermal conductivity is a thermo-physical
property and units of this property are W/m-K in
the SI system of units, kcal/hr-°C in the metric
system and BTU/hf-ft-°F in British thermal units.
If the thermal conductivity has directional
variation, the medium (such as wood) is said to
be

a) Anisotropic
b) Heterogenous
c) Homogenous
d) Isotropic
e) Pure

181
8. Thermal conductivity of a substance is a
thermo-physical property of that substance.
If depends on the material’s chemical
composition, physical structure, and state of
it. Which one of the following has the largest
thermal conductivity

a) Conductors
b) Gases
c) Insulators
d) Porous materials

182
9. Heat is transferred steadily through a 0.2 m
thick 9m by 4m wall at a rate of 1.6 kW. The
inner and outer surface temperatures of the
wall are measured to be 15 °C to 5 °C. The
average thermal conductivity of the wall is

a) 0.001 W/m-°C
b) 0.5 W/m-°C
c) 1.0 W/m-°C
d) 2.0 W/m-°C
e) 5.0 W/m-°C

183
10. Consider a 10 cm wall made of
polyurethane board (k=0.0260 W/m-K)
which is exposed to still air (h=9.37W/m2-K).
Determine the overall coefficient of heat
transfer (W/m2-K).

a) 0.25
b) 1.92
c) 3.98
d) 5.73
e) 13.24

184
11. The heat transfer coefficient is a complicated
function of the flow conditions, transport and
thermo-physical properties (viscosity, thermal
conductivity, specific heat, density) of the fluid,
and geometry of the surface. Which one has the
lowest heat transfer coefficient.

a) Forced convection, water

b) Forced convection, boiling water
c) Free convection, water
d) Free convection, boiling water
e) Free convection, condensing water

185
12. Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate 50
by 75 cm maintained at 250°C. the
convection heat transfer coefficient is 25
W/m2-°C. The heat transfer is

a) 2.2 kW
b) 22.0 kW
c) 220 kW
d) 2.2 MW
e) 22 MW

186
13. A 12-cm high and 18-cm wide circuit board houses on its
surface 100 closely spaced chips, each generating heat at
rate of 0.07 W and transferring if by convection to the
surrounding air at 40 °C. Heat transfer from the back
surface of the board is negligible. If the convection heat
transfer coefficient on the surface of the board is 10 W/m2-
°C and the radiation heat transfer is negligible, the average
surface temperature of the chips is

a) 7.6 °C
b) 40.7 °C
c) 47.0 °C
d) 68.2 °C
e) 72.4 °C

187
14. A 3-m2 hot black surface at 80°C is losing
heat to the surrounding air at 25°C by
convection with a convection heat coefficient
of 12 W/m2-°C and by radiation to the
surrounding surfaces at 15°C. The total rate
of heat loss from the surface is
a) 1987 W
b) 2239 W
c) 2348 W
d) 3451 W
e) 3811 W

188
15. When radiation impinges on a surface, the
fraction reflected is called reflectivity ρ, the
fraction absorbed as absorptivity α, and the
fraction transmitted as transmissivity τ. For
an opaque material,

a) τ=1
b) ρ=1
c) α=1
d) ρ+α=1
e) ρ+α+τ=1

189
16. The total emission of radiation per unit surface
area per unit time from a blackbody is related to
the fourth power of the absolute temperature
according to Stefan-Boltzmann’s Law of
radiation. In the British thermal units, the Stefan
Boltzmann constant has a value 0.1714 x 10-8
BTU/hr-ft2-R4. In the SI system of units, it has
the value
a) 9.3 x 10-8 W/m-K
b) 5.7 x 10-8 W/m2-K4
c) 5.7 x 10-8 W/m2-K
d) 6.5 x 10-8 W/m2-K4
e) 6.5 x 10-8 W/m2-K

190
18. The general heat conduction equation for
heterogeneous isotropic solid is

For homogeneous isotropic substance k is

constant and the general heat conduction
equation reduces to

Which is also called the

a) Fourier equation
b) Fourier-Biot equation
c) Heat diffusion equation
d) Laplace Equation
e) Poisson Equation
191
19. Adding insulation to the outside of small
pipes does not always reduce heat transfer.
Calculate the critical thickness of asbestos
insulation (k=0.151 W/m-K) added to a 2-
inch outer diameter pipe with a surface heat
transfer coefficient of h=5 W/m-K

a) 0.66 cm
b) 2 cm
c) 2.54 cm
d) 3.2 cm
e) 5.08 cm

192
20. A Cr-Ni steel wire, 2.5 mm in diameter and
30 cm in length, has a voltage of 10 volts
applied to it, while its surface is maintained
at 90°C. Assuming that the electrical
resistance of the wire is 4.27 x 10-2 ohm and
the thermal conductivity is 17.3 W/m-K,
calculate internal heat generation in W/m3
a) 3.88 x 10-3
b) 7.81 x 10-3
c) 2.89 x 10-3
d) 3.78 x 10-3
e) 1.59 x 10-3

193
21. A fin which is highly efficient when used
with a gas coolant will usually be found
hopelessly inefficient when used with water.
For a fin of given material and shape, as the
convective heat transfer coefficient is
increased, the efficiency will

a) Decrease
b) Increase
c) Remains the same
d) Can increase or decrease
e) Cannot be defined

194
22-23. A wall of 25 cm thickness and 10 m2
surface area is to be constructed from a material
which has an average thermal conductivity of 0.5
W/m-K. The average inner and outer fluid
temperature are 20°C and -20°C, and the
corresponding heat transfer coefficients are 8 W/
m2 –K and 23 W/ m2 –K, respectively.

(22.) Calculate the rate of heat loss through the

wall.

a) 12.1 W
b) 59.8 W
c) 598.4 W
d) 1,316 W
e) 13,160 W

195
23. Calculate the temperature of the inner
surface of the wall.

a) -17.4 °C
b) 3.6 °C
c) 12.5 °C
d) 19.2 °C
e) 20.0 °C

196
24. Heat conduction is the term applied to the transfer
of heat from one body to another or from one part of
a body to another part of the same body by the
exchange of kinetic energy on molecular scale
without any bulk motion. Heat conduction occurs in
solids, liquids, and gases, but as a distinct mode of
heat transfer, it is usually of most importance in the
case of heat transfer through

a) Gases
b) Liquids
c) Newtonian fluids
d) Non-Newtonian fluids
e) Solids

197
25. Heat transfer involving a change of
phase from liquid to gas i.e. heat transfer
when boiling or condensing occurs, is
classified as

a) Conductive heat transfer

b) Convective heat transfer
c) Radiative heat transfer
d) Sensible heat transfer
e) Latent heat transfer

198
26. The value of thermal conductivity for a given
material depends to some extent on the local
temperature and, in some materials, on the
direction of heat flow although for most
engineering problems it is usually adequate to
ignore this latter effect i.e. to assume that the
material involved is

a) Anisotropic
b) Heterogenous
c) Homogeneous
d) Isotropic
e) pure

199
27. Among the terms commonly used to
describe h are “convective heat transfer
coefficient”, “unit thermal convective
conductance”, “film coefficient” or simply
“heat transfer coefficient”. The units of h
are:

200