Data thinking

Data thinking is a product design framework with a particular emphasis on data science. It integrates
elements of computational thinking, statistical thinking, and domain thinking.[1] In the context of product
development, data thinking is a framework to explore, design, develop and validate data-driven solutions.
Data thinking combines data science with design thinking and therefore, the focus of this approach includes
user experience as well as data analytics and data collection.[2][3][4][5]

Data thinking is a mindset that promotes data literacy and encourages both organizations and individuals to
make data-driven decisions. By incorporating data thinking into the product development process,
organizations can create more user-centered products that are informed by data and insights, rather than
intuition. Meanwhile individuals can make data-based conclusions and avoid external bias.

Major Components of Data Thinking

According to Mike et al.[1]:

Data thinking is the understanding that a solution to a real-life problem should not be based
only on data and algorithms, but also on the domain knowledge-driven rules that govern
them.
Data thinking asks whether the data offer a good representation of the real-life situation. It
also addresses how data were collected and asks, “Can the data collection be improved?”.
Data thinking is the understanding that data are not just numbers to be stored in an
adequate data structure, but that these numbers have a meaning that derives from the
domain knowledge.
Data thinking is understanding that any process or calculation performed on the data should
preserve the meaning of the relevant knowledge domain.
Data thinking analyzes the data not only logically but also statistically, using visualizations
and statistical methods to find patterns as well as irregular phenomena.
Data thinking is understanding that problem abstraction is domain-depended, and
generalization is subject to biases and variance in the data.
Data thinking is understanding that lab testing is not enough, and that real-life
implementation will always encounter unexpected data and situations, and so improving the
models and the solution for a given problem is a continuous process that includes, among
other activities, constant and iterative monitoring and data collection.
Data thinking is the creative process of understanding the problem from different levels of
abstraction, which always involves being stack
Data thinking involves understanding that the analysis of data could have multiple meanings
and that it requires proper thinking to have valid representations.
Data thinking is a process of creating the most suitable way to analyze the inputting data
and make conclusions about it.
Data thinking is the creative way to assess the problem, analyzing all available data using
modern technology and get the wanted solution 5 times quicker, than it was before.
 Data thinking is the process of processing available data in a meaningful way while also not
excluding the impact of the missing data.

Major Phases of Data Thinking

Even though no standardized process for data thinking yet exists, the major phases of the process are
similar in many publications and could be summarized as follows:

Clarification of the Strategic Context and definition of data-driven risks

and opportunities focus areas

During this phase, the broader context of digital strategy is analyzed. Before starting with a concrete
project, it is essential to understand how the new data and AI-driven technologies are affecting the business
landscape and the implications this has on the future of an organization. Trend analysis / technology
forecasting and scenario planning/analysis as well as internal data capability assessments are the major
techniques that are typically applied at this stage.[6][4]

Ideation/Exploration

The result of the earlier stage is a definition of the focus areas which are either the most promising or are at
the highest risks for or due to data-driven transformation. At the Ideation/exploration phase, the concrete
use cases are defined for the selected focus areas. For successful Ideation, it is important to combine
information about organizational (business) goals, internal/external use needs, data and infrastructure needs
as well as domain knowledge about the latest data-driven technologies and trends.[7][3]

Design thinking principles in the context of data thinking can be interpreted as follows: when developing
data-driven ideas, it is crucial to consider the intersection of technical feasibility, business impact, and data
availability. Typical instruments of design thinking (e.g. user research, personas, customer journey) are
broadly applied at this stage.[8]

In addition to user needs, customer and strategic needs must also be considered here. Data needs, data
availability analysis, and research on the AI technologies suitable for the solution are essential parts of the
development process.[9]

To scope data and the technological foundation of the solution, practices from cross-industry standard
processes for data mining (CRISP-DM) are typically used at this stage.[10]

Prototyping / Proof of Concept

During the previous stages, the major concept of the data solution was developed. Now, a proof of concept
is conducted to check the solution's feasibility. This stage also includes testing, evaluation, iteration, and
refinement.[11] Prototyping design principles are also combined during this phase with process models that
are applied in data science projects (e.g. CRISP-DM).[6]

Measuring business impact

Solution feasibility and profitability are proven during the data thinking process. Cost benefits analysis and
business case calculation are commonly applied during this step.[12]

Implementation and Improvement

If the developed solution proves its feasibility and profitability during this phase, it will be implemented and
operationalized.[2][4]

References
1. Mike, Koby; Ragonis, Noa; Rosenberg-Kima, Rinat B.; Hazzan, Orit (2022-07-21).
"Computational thinking in the era of data science" (https://doi.org/10.1145/3545109).
Communications of the ACM. 65 (8): 33–35. doi:10.1145/3545109 (https://doi.org/10.1145%
2F3545109). ISSN 0001-0782 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-0782).
S2CID 250926599 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:250926599).
2. "Why do companies need Data Thinking?" (https://detecon.com/en/knowledge/why-do-comp
anies-need-data-thinking). 2020-07-02.
3. "Data Thinking - Mit neuer Innovationsmethode zum datengetriebenen Unternehmen" (http
s://www.etventure.de/data-thinking/) [With new innovation methods to the data-driven
company] (in German).
4. "Data Thinking: A guide to success in the digital age" (https://www.unbelievable-machine.co
m/en/data-thinking/).
5. Herrera, Sara (2019-02-21). "Data-Thinking als Werkzeug für KI-Innovation" (https://www.ha
ndelskraft.de/data-thinking-als-werkzeug-fuer-ki-innovation/2019/02/) [Data Thinking as a
tool for KI-innovation]. Handelskraft (in German).
6. Schnakenburg, Igor; Kuhn, Steffen. "Data Thinking: Daten schnell produktiv nutzen können".
LÜNENDONK-Magazin "Künstliche Intelligenz" (in German). 05/2020: 42–46.
7. Nalchigar, Soroosh; Yu, Eric (2018-09-01). "Business-driven data analytics: A conceptual
modeling framework" (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169023X1830169
1). Data & Knowledge Engineering. 117: 359–372. doi:10.1016/j.datak.2018.04.006 (https://
doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.datak.2018.04.006). ISSN 0169-023X (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0
169-023X). S2CID 53096729 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53096729).
8. Woods, Rachel (2019-03-22). "A Design Thinking Mindset for Data Science" (https://towards
datascience.com/a-design-thinking-mindset-for-data-science-f94f1e27f90). Medium.
Retrieved 2020-07-08.
9. Fomenko, Elena; Mattgey, Annette (2020-05-12). "Was macht eigentlich … ein Data
Thinker?" (https://www.wuv.de/karriere/was_macht_eigentlich_ein_data_thinker). W & V.
German.
10. Marbán, Óscar; Mariscal, Gonzalo; Menasalvas, Ernestina; Segovia, Javier (2007). Yin,
Hujun; Tino, Peter; Corchado, Emilio; Byrne, Will; Yao, Xin (eds.). "An Engineering
Approach to Data Mining Projects" (https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-
77226-2_59). Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning - IDEAL 2007. Lecture
Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. 4881: 578–588. doi:10.1007/978-
3-540-77226-2_59 (https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-77226-2_59). ISBN 978-3-540-
77226-2.
11. Brown, Tim Wyatt, Jocelyn (2010-07-01). "Design Thinking for Social Innovation" (https://elib
rary.worldbank.org/doi/abs/10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29). Development Outreach. 12 (1):
29–43. doi:10.1596/1020-797X_12_1_29 (https://doi.org/10.1596%2F1020-797X_12_1_29).
hdl:10986/6068 (https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F6068). ISSN 1020-797X (https://www.worl
dcat.org/issn/1020-797X).
12. "Data-Thinking – das Potenzial von Daten richtig nutzen" (https://t3n.de/news/data-thinking-
potenzial-daten-1107857/). t3n Magazin (in German). 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2020-07-08.

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