MAI HL

Test on Functions, Transformations

Logarithms and Financial Applications
by Christos Nikolaidis
Date: 2 December 2020
Marks: /80
SOLUTIONS

1. [Maximum mark: 6]
Let f ( x) = x − 1 + 5 , x ≥ 1
−1
(a) Find f in the form ax 2 + bx + c [3]

The value of P is related to the value of Q according to

P = Q 2 − 10Q + 26 , where Q ≥ 5
(b) Express Q in terms of P. [2]
(c) Find the minimum possible value of P. [1]

Solution
(a) x − 1 + 5 = y ⇔ x − 1 = y − 5 ⇔ x − 1 = (y − 5) 2 ⇔ x = (y − 5) 2 + 1
⇔ x = y 2 − 25y + 26
Hence, f −1 (x) = x 2 − 25x + 26
(b) Q= P −1 +5
(c) P≥1

2. [Maximum mark: 8]
Let f ( x) = x 3 + 5 x and g ( x) = 2 x
(a) Find ( f o g )( x) and ( g o f )( x) in the form ax 3 + bx [3]
(b) Find ( f o f )(1) [2]

(c) Find g −1 ( x) [1]

−1
(d) Find f (18) [2]

Solution
(a) (f o g)(x) = (2x) 3 + 5(2x) = 8x 3 + 10x
(g o f)(x) = 2(x 3 + 5x) = 2x 3 + 10x
(b) (f o f)(1) = f(6) = 246
x
(c) g −1 (x) =
2
(d) f −1 (18) = x ⇔ f(x) = 18 so x = 2 (since f(2) = 18 )

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3. [Maximum mark: 10]
It is given that x = ln 7 and y = ln 5 .
Express in terms of x and y the following

(a) ln 35 (b) ln 1.4 (c) ln(25 7 ) (d) ln(5e 2 ) (e) ln 8575

Solution
(a) ln35 = ln(7 ⋅ 5) = ln7 + ln5 = x + y
7
(b) ln1.4 = ln = ln7 − ln5 = x − y
7
1 x
(c) ln(25 7 ) = ln5 27 1/2 = 2ln5 + ln7 = 2y +
2 2
(d) ln(5e 2 ) = ln5 + 2lne = y + 2
(e) ln8575 = ln7 35 2 = 3ln7 + 2ln5 = 3x + 2y

4. [Maximum mark: 9]
The graph of the function f is shown below.

B
E

C D

(a) Find the images of point A under the following transformations

(i) f (2 x)
(ii) f ( x − 2) + 1
(iii) f (2 x − 1) [6]
(b) Describe the sequence of transformations from f (x) to 2 f (3 x) − 1 [3]
Solution
(a) A(-2,-2)
(i) (-2,-2)→ (-1,-2)
(ii) (-2,-2)→(0,-2)→ (0,-1)
(iii) (-2,-2)→(-1,-2)→ (-1/2,-2)
(b) f(x) → 2f(x) vertical stretch by scale factor 2
→ 2f(3x) horizontal stretch by s.f. 1/3 (i.e. shrink)
→ 2f(3x)-1 vertical translation 1 unit down

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5. [Maximum mark: 8]
Solve the following equations (express the solution for x in terms of a )
(a) 4 2 x +1 = 8 a [2]

(b) 4 2 x +1 = a [2]
(c) log(2 x + a) = 2 . [2]

(d) ln(2 x − a + e 2 ) = 2 . [2]

Solution
3a − 2
(a) 4 2x +1 = 8a ⇔ 2 4x + 2 = 2 3a ⇔ 4x + 2 = 3a ⇔ x =
4
log 4 a − 1
(b) 4 2x +1 = a ⇔ 2x + 1 = log 4 a ⇔ x = (you may use ln or log)
2
100 − a
(c) log(2x + a) = 2 ⇔ 2x + a = 100 ⇔ x =
2
a
(d) ln(2x − a + e 2 ) = 2 ⇔ 2x − a + e 2 = e 2 ⇔ 2x = a ⇔ x =
2

6. [Maximum mark: 8]
Let f ( x) = 10 − 2 x .
−1
(a) Find f [2]
(b) Given that ( f o g )( x) = 2 x find g ( x) [3]
(c) Given that ( h o f )( x) = 2 x find h( x) [3]

Solution
10 − y
(a) 10 − 2x = y ⇔ 10 − y = 2x ⇔ x =
2
10 − x
hence f −1 (x) =
2
(b) f(g(x)) = 2x ⇔ 10 − 2g(x) = 2x ⇔ 10 − 2x = 2g(x)
⇔ g(x) = 5 − x
(c) h(f(x)) = 2x ⇔ h(10 − 2x) = 2x
10 − y
let y=10-2x then x =
2
10 - y
hence h(y) = 2 = 10 − y
2
so h(x) = 10 − x

Alternatively for (b) and (c):

10 − 2x
g = f −1 o (f o g) so g(x) = =5 − x
2
10 − x
h = (h o f) o f −1 so h(x) = 2 = 10 − x
2

3
7. [Maximum mark: 4]
(a) Solve the equation ln(2 x − 1) = e x −3 [2]

(b) Solve the inequality ln(2 x − 1) ≤ e x −3 [2]

Solution
We sketch the graphs of y = ln(2x − 1) and y = e x −3

OR
ln(2x − 1) = e x −3 ⇔ ln(2x − 1) − e x −3 = 0
ln(2x − 1) ≤ e x −3 ⇔ ln(2x − 1) − e x −3 ≤ 0
so we sketch only one graph, y = ln(2x − 1) − e x −3

Then
(a) Roots: x = 1.08 and x = 3.60
(b) (0.5 < x) x ≤ 1.08 or x≥ 3.60

4
8. [Maximum mark: 8]
An amount of $ 10 000 is invested at an annual interest rate of 10%.
(a) Find the value of the investment after 5 years
(i) if the interest rate is compounded yearly;
(ii) if the interest rate is compounded quarterly. [4]
(b) The value of the investment will exceed $ 20 000 after n full years.
Calculate the minimum value of n
(i) if the interest rate is compounded yearly;
(ii) if the interest rate is compounded quarterly. [4]

Solution
I% = 10
PV = -10 000
PMT = 0
P/Y = 1
(a) n = 5
(i) C/Y = 1
then FV = 16 105.10
(ii) C/Y = 4
then FV = 16 386.16
(b) FV = 20 000
(i) C/Y = 1,
then n = 7.27 so n = 8
(ii) C/Y = 4,
then n = 7.02 so n = 8

Alternatively: by using formula for FV

5
 10 
(a) (i) FV = 10000  1 +  = 16105.10 (k=1)
 100 
5 ×4
 10 
(ii) FV = 10000  1 +  = 16386.16 (k=4)
 100 × 4 
n
 10 
(b) (i) 20000 = 10000  1 +  (k=1)
 100 
SolveN gives n=7.27, so n = 8
4n
 10 
(ii) 20000 = 10000  1 +  (k=4)
 100 × 4 
SolveN gives n=7.02, so n = 8

5
9. [Maximum mark: 10]
Mark deposits an amount of $ 10 000 into a savings account at an annual interest
rate of 6% (compounded yearly).
(a) Find the value of the interest after 1st year. [1]

(b) Find the amount remained in Mark’s account after 10 years

(i) if an amount of $ 600 is withdrawn at the end of each year;
(ii) if an amount of $ 500 is withdrawn at the end of each year;
(iii) if an amount of $ 1 000 is withdrawn at the end of each year. [4]

(c) Write a comment for the results you found in the three scenarios of question (b)
in relation to the initial deposit. [2]

Mark decides to follow the scenario (b) (iii). The last withdrawal L will be made after
n years (L is the amount remaining in his account).

(d) Find the values of n and of L. [3]

Solution
I% = 6 P/Y = 1
PV = -10 000 C/Y = 1
(a) 10000×6% = 600 OR
n = 1, PMT = 0, then FV = 10 600. So the interest is 600
(b) n = 10
(i) PMT = 600, then FV = 10 000
(ii) PMT = 500, then FV = 11318.08
(iii) PMT = 1 000, then FV = 4727.68
(c) In scenario (i) the amount remains constant as each withdrawal
is equal to the interest 600 received during a year.
In (ii) the amount increases as he withdraws less than 600
in (iii) the amount decreases, as he withdraws more than 600.
(d) PMT = 1 000, FV = 0
then n = 15.72
hence the last withdrawal will be made after 16 years
For n = 16, FV = -269.01
so L = 1000 – 269 = 731 euros

Notice: You may also use the formula for FV

 6 
n

n
 1 +  −1
 6   100  
FV = 10000  1 +  − PMT  
 100  6
 
 100 
 

6
10. [Maximum mark: 9]
At some moment
the population of bacteria A is 100
the population of bacteria B is 80

The population PA of bacteria A after t minutes is given by PA = Ne

0.03t
.
The population PB of bacteria B is growing at the rate of 4.3% per minute.
(a) Write down the value of N . [1]
(b) Express PB in terms of time t (in minutes). [2]
(c) Find the populations of bacteria A and B after 1 hour. [2]
(d) How long will it take for the size of the population PA to double? [2]
(e) How long will it take for the population of bacteria B to exceed the population of
bacteria A? [2]

Solution
(a) N = 100 [the initial value] so PA = 100e 0.03t
(b) PB = 80×1.043t
(c) for t = 60 (1 hour = 60 minutes)
PA = 100e60×0.03 = 604.96 ≅ 605
PB = 80×1.04360 = 1000.34 ≅ 1000
(d) 200 = 100e0.03t ⇔ t = 23.10 minutes [by SolveN]
(e) 100e0.03t = 80×1.043t ⇔ t = 18.44 minutes [by SolveN]

Notice
All answers above may be obtained by the graphs of the two functions
PA = 100e 0.03t
PB = 80×1.04360