Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments Volume 3 Powerhouses and Related Topics Division II. Design PartC. Powerhouses and Related Topics ‘Approved for pubation by the Energy Division ofthe ‘American Society of Civil Engineers Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers 540 East 47th Siteot Now York New York toT-2986ApstRAcT Civ Engineering Gudelnes for Penning and Designing Hydoeectric Dav ‘rans ws roped Unda tt auapicas no pcropone Comme af he ASCE Enero) Dison The Guanes a chided i We voles. Tho at volume cen care pling and deegirg of dame and rota te, and oneennrtl ‘Seve, Volume 2 Secoscos he design of waioways seg such womens 93 [als tnelanshats pesto aon ar sdgater Vaurne coe te design of powertouses and rete fps Whe te ft tre volumes doa! th omvenonal hyoetecre projec, te four volume corcerned wih tho ar. ‘ing dosgring and conchton ol smaltgea hyenas project ho ety {ins proves ormaton onthe parang, dsigirg operation ane mlnerarce of Semen concerned win pumped srege, Tha wine onas wth dsausson on Alert appecs of Wel power nlvcing design ard contrast consiceraln. ‘ius: he Colds proves compranonse covergo andthe recossar nor Frater ogi Yee ant Sop duos nosed tr avopng era conning foslockie projet “The matorilprosentd In his publication has been propaed in aosoeance with goneraly recognized engineering prcptes and practices and Ie fox general nor fhalon ony. The information shoud nol bo used wou Teel secring competent ax with respec ts sully fr any gonoral or epeciieappicaten. “Tho conten f his publeaion argo intended fo be and should not be consived {obo standard othe American Soctly of Civl Enginoors (ASCE) orto Elects Power Hesgarch intuit (EPA ane aro not interded fr use as arelrencein pur hase Spesticalions, contacts, regulations, sales, or any oer legal document 'No ference mado inthis publication to any spec methos, product, process, ot Serves sone or rvs an endorsement ecormendston, or Wotan fezeot ByASGE or EPRI, sponsors of bo Work [ASCE and EPR mato no representation or waranty cardi, whether expressed Or ole, conarang ho day, corpisrce stabil or ‘alan, eeperais, produ o pratess decussed in tis pubteation, and BSsUmo ho abi thereon ‘Anyone using this information eesumes al abity arising from such use, cud ‘fmatimted to iaflngement tary patent or patents. ‘ nt © 198 by tho American Society of Civ Engineers, ‘Al elghts Reser Litvary of Congress Catalog Card No. 69-045882 Series ISBN 0-67202 1259 Volume ISBN 0:07250-720- Mantiactured in the United Stats of America,FOREWORD Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments was prepared by the Hydropower Committee of the ASCE Energy Division. The committee’s work on the Guidelines received substantial financial support from the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), without which the preparation of these Guidelines would have been impossible, ‘The Guidelines began in response to the formulation of the purpose of the Hydropower Committee at the ‘meeting in Houston, Texas, in October 1983, when the committee was reactivated. The purpose of the committee as restated in 1983, was to “investigate and disseminate information on all phases of hydro- electric power.” At the time there was a noticeable gap between the state of the art and the literature, ‘There was a need for a comprehensive document that pulled together the widely recognized hydro-related design information using appropriate text and references. Because of the small initial membership of the Hydropower Committee, the original intent was merely a civil engineering hydroelectric design symposium involving publication of state-of-the-art papers. Additional papers would be added later to close apparent information gaps. However, as more members joined the committee, the objective and scope of the Guidelines grew. Membership reached almost 40 — the largest ever for the Hydropower Committee and among the highest of all technical committees in the Energy Division, In early 1986, the outline of the Guidelines was finalized, and the work of writing a completely new document began in eamest, The objective of the Guidelines is to provide material that is useful to an engineer having 5 to 10 years experience and basic knowledge of the design of hydroeleciric developments. ‘The Guidelines provide comprehensive coverage and the necessary information on the type and depth of studies needed for developing and designing a successful hydroelectric project, ‘The Guidelines emphasizes the planning and design of the “powertrain,” which includes the intakes, power conduits, powerhouses, and associated elements, The intent was to include the technology and practices that have developed during the past 25 years, but also to recognize precedent designs of cartier periods, especially that after World War 11. ‘The text is arranged so that engineers can add their own notes in the margins. QuarkXPress electronic publishing software was used to lay out all of the pages of the Guidelines. Many of the authors’ original drafts were printed using IBM-compatible computers, and the files were converted to a Macintosh for- ‘mat, Equations were created using a Macintosh software program, ‘The Hydropower Committee intends to publish a revision to the Guidelines early in 1991. To this end, @ form is enclosed that allows readers to order this revision or to offer comments, corrections, or additions. Recognition is due to the Hydropower Committee members, especially those who remained active con- tributors until completion of the Guidelines and dedicated many hours of their personal time to this undertaking. Recognition is also due to the organizations, both public and private, that supported the par- ticipation of the committee members, allowing them to attend meetings and providing the office assis- tance required for the chairmen and control members to administer related committee activities. James Birk and Charles Sullivan of EPRI were instrumental in the successful completion of the work by recognizing the committee's capability to develop the Guidelines and by securing the necessary funding ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989FOREWORD — Continued Douglas Mortis, EPRI Project Manager, monitored and directed the EPRI-related activities of the com- mittee and contributed significantly in the review of the Guidelines. Philip M. Botch, who served as Energy Division Contact Member of the committee until his death in 1986, provided substantial contributions and support for the project. As the new contact member and Executive Committee Chairman during 1984, Don Matchett continued to provide support for the Hydropower Committee's work and for the Guidelines. Special recognition goes to Tom Logan, who under contract with EPRI, spearheaded preparation of the Guidelines with great devotion. By organizing ‘meetings, communicating directly with the authors, and arranging for the review, editing, and typesetting of the Guidelines, ‘Tom contributed greatly to the successful completion of this monumental project. Joe - Carriero assisted Tom in organizing the material and provided valuable expertise in editing and format- ting the Guidelines. Finally, special gratitude is due to Arvids Zagars. Without his dedicated leadership, the Guidelines would not have been written. Arvids established the initial concept and provided the direction that guided the authors. He served as committee chairman for the entire period during which the Guidelines were written, In addition, he authored several major chapters and provided valuable input to many other chapters on which his name does not appear as a contributor. Respectfully submitted, ASCE Hydropower Committee Shoat 7 Hote Edgar‘T. Moore, PE, ‘Hydropower Committee Chairman 1989 | ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989ASCE ENERGY DIVISION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CONTACT MEMBERS Donald Matchett, P.E., Stone & Webster Engineering Corp., Denver, Colorado Philip M. Botch, PE., PM. Botch and Associates, Bellevue, Washington ASCE CONTROL GROUP MEMBERS, 1984-1988 Arvids Zagats, Pd Winois R.A, Corso, PE,, Federal Energy Regulatory Cominittee, Washington, D.C. Garith Grinnell, PE., Stone and Webster Engineering Co., Denver, Colorado Edgar Moore, PE., Harza Engineering Co., Chicago, Illinois Chairman, ASCE Hydropower Development Committee, Harza Engineering Co., Chicago, Sydney Steinbom, PE., Steinbomn Associates, Seattle, Washington EPRI PROGRAM MANAGER Douglas I. Morris, EPRI, Palo Alto, California EDITOR AND TECHNICAL COORDINATOR ‘Thomas H. Logan, PE., Consultant, 1310 Wadsworth Blvd., Suite 100, Lakewood, Colorado 80215 PUBLISHING COORDINATOR Joe Carriero, P-E., Consultant, 2240 Harlan Street, Denver, Colorado 80214 TYPESETTERS John Cruise and A. Celeste Velasquez, 330 East 10th Avenue, #810, Denver, Colorado 80203CONVENTIONAL HYDROPOWER SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERS ‘Thomas H, Logan, Chairman, Consultant, Lakewood, Colorado Divyendu Narayan, Vice Chairman, New York Power Authority, White Plains, New York ‘Thomas Ahi, Chicago Bridge and Iron, Na-Con, Oak Brook, Illinois Bruce Ainsworth, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri Robert Auerbach, Consultant, Lakewood, Colorado George L. Buchanan, Hydro Engineering Projects, TVA, Knoxville, Tennessee Kin Chung, Gilbert Commonwealth, Jackson, Michigan Brian W. Clowes, Corps of Engincers, Portland, Oregon James Conwell, Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, California Luther Davidson, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Jerry Dodd, Consultant, Englewood, Colorado Shou-shan Fan, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Gaithersburg, Maryland Nolan J. Folden, Comps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon John Gulliver, St. Anthony Falls, Minneapolis, Minnesota Peter Ludewig, New York Power Authority, New York, New York Richard Mittelstadt, Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon Edgar Moore, Hatza Engineering Co., Chicago, Iinois Bruce Moyes, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Lucien J, Mrocekiewiez, Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon Clifford A. Pugh, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Paul M. Ruchti, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Janis Straubergs, Ebasco Services, Inc., Bellevue, Washington Richard D. Stutsman, Paci Gas & Electric Co,, San Francisco, Califomia Arvids Zagars, Harza Engineering Co., Chicago, HlinoisORGANIZATIONS THAT PROVIDED CONTINUOUS SUPPORT FOR (COMMITTEE MEMBER PARTICIPATION IN PREPARATION OF THE GUIDELINES Harza Engineering Company (Support for all administrative activities of the Committee Chairman) Chicago Bridge and Iron Company Dames and Moore Blectric Power Research Institute Gebhard Engineers ‘Mead and Hunt, Ine. ‘New York Power Authority Northeast Utilities Service Company Pacific Gas and Blectric Company Steinbom Associates Stone and Webster Engineering Bureau of Reclamation US, Amy Comps of Engineers Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ‘Tennessee Valley Authority ‘Ott Water Engineers OTHER PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS RW, Beck Black and Veatch Duke Power Company Ebasco Services, Inc. Gilbert Commonwealth Richard Hunt and Associates Souther Company Services ‘The SNC Group Ray Toney and Associates University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory University of Wisconsin-MilwaukeeCIVIL ENGINEERING GUIDELINES FOR & PLANNING AND DESIGNING HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS VOLUME 1, PLANNING, DESIGN OF DAMS AND. RELATED TOPICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONVENTIONAL HYDRO DIVISION. PLANNING Chapter 1, Development ofthe Stidy Plan Chprer2. Losd-Resource Anlysis Chapter3. Hyérologic and Geologic Stodies Caper 4, Esinating Powee Potential Chapter 5. Power Pant Sizing Chapter 6, Power Pint Cost Estimates Chapter7. Economic Evaluation of Hydropower Projets Chapter 8. Environmental Impacts and Petinent Legislation Chapter 9. Glossary of Hydropower Planing Terms DIVISION It, DESIGN PART A. DAMS AND RELATED TOPICS Chapter 1. Dams Chspter?. Spillways Chapter. Outlets “Chapter 4, Diversions Chapter. Reservoirs Chapter 6. Geologic Investigations PART'D, ENVIRONMENTAL (Chapter 1. Environmental Issues and Mitigative Approaches YOLUME 2. WATERWAYS ‘CONVENTIONAL HYDRO DIVISION, DESIGN PART B. WATERWAYS Chapter 1. Irakes Chapter 2. Power Canals and Tailraces Qhapter3. Tunnels and Shats Chapter 4, Penstocks Chapter S. Steady Flow in Closed Conduits Chapter 6. Transients and Surge Tanks Chapter. Hydraulic Models Chapter 8. Gates and Vales VOLUME 3. POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOPICS ‘CONVENTIONAL HYDRO DIVISION IL, DESIGN PART C, POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOPICS Chapter 1. Powethouses— Surface and Underground (Chapter 2. Hydraulic Turbines and Related Topics Chapter 3. Blectical Engineering Chapter 4. Transmission Lines and Svichyacds "Not included in 1989 edition. VOLUME 4. SMALL-SCALE HYDRO DIVISION, PLANNING Chapter 1. Small Seale Hydepower Perspectives Chapter2. Develops of Level and Scope of Sty Plan Chapter, Sie Brauaon Chapied, Hydologie Data ChapierS. Estimating Plant Capaciy and Power Ouput Caper. Power System Use end Connection Requirements Chapiee7. Operation and Maintenance Chapter 8. Environmental Isues . Chapter. Inston sss Chapter 10, Project Scheie (Ghaper 1. Cost Baines Chapter 12 Eeonomic Analysis DIVISION IL. DESIGN Chaplet. Strge, Diversion, and Apponterant Snctues Chapter2. Waterways CChaper3. Power Plants Ghapiee 4. Substation and Transmission Lines DIVISION TH, CONSTRUCTION “Chapter 1. Constution Contacts CCapler2. Acceptance Tests VOLUME 5, PUMPED STORAGE, AND TIDAL POWER PUMPED STORAGE DIVISION. PLANNING Chapter 1. General Concepts (Chapter 2. Eavionmentl Issues and Pole Aceplance CChaper3. Phnning DIVISION. DESIGN PART A, RESERVOIRS Chale. Reservoirs PART'B. WATBRWAYS Chapter 1. Intakes and Outlets *Chepter2: Tunnels, Shai, and Pensocks “chopter3. Hyérales Chaper 4 Transients PART C, POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOPICS Chapter. Poweshoases Chapier2. Pump/Torbines and Plent Operation DIVISION IHL. OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE, Chapter 1. Operation and Maintenance : ‘TIDALPOWER (Chaper 1. Inrodacion CChapter2. Basics of Tidal Power CChapier3. Prtiminary Design Considerations Chapter. Constuetion Consiéradons Chapier. Prjest Desrpion Chnpier6. Sipfican Tia RangesNOTICE TO READERS OF THE GUIDELINES ‘The Hydropower Committee of the Energy Engineering Division of ASCE has prepared these Guidelines in a format that allows casy revision and updating. It is the intention of the committee to provide a revi- sion, in January 1991, The cost of this revision will be that of reproduction and mailing, If you wish to make corrections or additions, or wish to receive the 1991 revision, please fill out the form below and retum it ASCE EY-DIVISION, HYDROPOWER COMMITTEE Attention: E.T, Moore, Jr. Room 1700 150 South Wacker Drive Chicago, Mlinois 60606 DI wish to receive the 1991 revision to the Guidelines. Name Company ‘Mailing Address: Street City State. Zip ‘Tet; ) 1D My comments, corrections, or additions are attached.ac etal, app. avg, AVR, bol B/C BEP cal om ch. 3/min 8/5 CH ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS Alternating current (adj. & noun) Ampere Ampere hour And others, Appendix Average ‘Automatic voltage regulator Barrel Benefit-cost ratio Best efficiency point Calorie Cauchy number Centimeter Chapter Cubic foot per minute (also cfm) Cubic foot per second (also cfs) Conventional hydro Degree Celsius Degree Fahrenheit Direct current (adj. & noun) Dissolved oxygen Dynamic operating benefit Dyne Edition Elevation (SI) Blevation (in-Ib) Euler number Factor of safety Figure Flow Foot Foot-pound For example Froude number Gallon Gram Gravitational constant AS H He hp h Hydro pH in IDF id. J KV KVA kw kWh L max. MEWL. MWS. Mgal/d mi mifh min, min NPSH No. O&M oz. od. Pp. Head Hertz, Horsepower Hour Hydroelectric power Hydrogen-ion concentration Inch Inflow design flood Inside diameter Joule Kilovolt Kilovolt-ampere Kilowatt Kilowatt-hour Liter Maximum Maximum high water level Maximum water surface Megawatt ‘Megawatt-hour Meter Million gallons per day Mite Mile per hour (also mph) ‘Minimum ‘Minute (time) Net positive suction head Newton Number Number (for reinforcing bar sizes) ohm ‘Operation and maintenance Ounce (avoirdupois) Outside diameter Page Pagesppm PVC b Ibt PH PRV PMF PMP PS PSP PSPH rpm. rps SSR. Sp. Bt. ie. kip TBM. UGPH vs. vert. VA Ww we ye Parts per million Percent Polyvinal chloride Pound Pound-force Power Powerhouse Pressure reducing value Probable maximum flood Probable maximum precipitation Pumped storage Pumped storage plant Pumped storage powerhouse Reynolds number Revolution per minute (also rev/min) Revolution per second (also rev/s) Second (time) Sequential streamflow routing Specific gravity Specific speed (turbine) ‘System efficiency ‘That is ‘Thousand pounds Tuming bench mark Underground powerhouse, Versus Vertical Volt Volt ampere ‘Watt Weber number Weight ‘Year (SD) Year (inflb) AS-2 ASCE ASTM ASME AWWA ANL, BPA BLM BOM USBR DOE ‘USDI EEL EPA EPRI FERC HEC ICOLD IEEE ‘NEPA. NWS NERC NRC Pvc PURPA REA scs TVA COE USCOLD FWS American Society of Civil Engineers American Society for’Testing and ‘Materials American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Water Works Association Argonne National Laboratories Bonneville Power Authority Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Mines Bureau of Reclamation (Water and Power Resources Service) Department of Energy Department of the Interior Edison Electric Institute Environmental Protection Agency Electric Power Research Institute Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Hydrologic Engineering Center International Congress on Large Dams Institute of Electrical and Flectronic Engineers National Environmental Policy Act National Weather Service North American Blectric Reliability Councit ‘Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Public Utility Commission (state) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act, Rural Electrification Association Soil Conservation Service ‘Tennessee Valley Authority ‘US. Amy Corps of Engineers U.S. Congress on Large Dams US. Fish and Wildlife Service OMEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS ACCELERATION Unit s/s m/s? 1 Foot per second squared (ft/s?) 1 0.3048 1 Meter per second squared (m/s?) 3.2808 1 AREA Unit 12 m ha Acre mi? 1 Square foot (f12) 1 0.0929 9,2903x10 — 2.2956x105 _3.587x108 1 Square meter (m3) 10.7639 1 ax104 2ATIIXIOS —3.8610x107 1 Hectare (ha) 1.0764x105 10,000 1 2471 3.8610%103 1 Acre 43,560 4046.85 0.4047 1 1.5625x103 1 Square mile (mi2) 2,7878x107 —2.5900x106 259 640 1 ENERGY Unit J feb Btu keal hph kWh 1 Joule 1 0.7376 = -9.481x104 2,389x104 3,725x10-7 2778x107 1 Foot-pound (ft-b) 13561 1.285103 3.239x104 5,051x107 3.766x107 1 British thermal unit (Bru) 1,055 7779 0.252 3.929x104 2.930104 1 Kilocatorie (kcal) 4086 3,087 (3.968 1 1559x103 1.163x103 1 Horsepower-hour (hph) 2.685x106 1.980x105 2,545 641.4 1 0.7457 1 Kilowatt-hour (kWh) 3.610 2,655x105 3,413 860.1 1.341 1 FORCE Unit dyn N Ibe ket kip 1 Dyne (dyn) 1 1,0x105 2.248x10°6 1020x106 — 2.248x10-10 1 Newton (N) 100,000 1 0.2248 0.1020 2.248x104 iPound(lbf) 444,800 4.448, 1 0.04536 0.001 1 Kilogram (kgf) 980,700 9,807 2.205 1 2.205%103 1Kip 4448x109 4,448 1,000 4535 1MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS — Continued & LENGTH Unit in ft m kin mi 1 Inch (in) 1 0.0833 0.0254 2.540x105 — 1,5782x10°5 1 Foot (ft) 12 1 0.3048 3.048x104 —_1,8939x104 1 Meter (m) 39.3710 3.2808 1 0.001 6.2136x104 1 Kilometer (km) 39,370 3,280.84 1,000 1 0.6212 1 Mile (mi) 63,360 5,280 1,609.36 1.6093 1 MASS Unit b kg Metric sug Slug Metricton Long ton 1 Pound (lb) 1 0.4536 0.0462 0.0311 4536x104 —-446.4x10-4 1 Kilogram (kg) 2.205 1 0.1020 0.0685 0.001 9842x104 1Metricslug 21.62 9.807 1 0.6721 0.0098 0.0096 1 Slug 32.17 1459 1.490 1 0.0146 0.0144 1 Metric ton 2,205 1,000 102.0 68.52 1 0.9842 1 Long ton 2,240 1,016 103.7 69.63, 1.016 1 POWER (Rate of Energy Flow) Unit Btw/h ft-lb/s hp kW 1 Btyhour Bru) 1 02161 3929x104 2.920x104 7 1 Foot-pound/second (ft-Ib/s)4.628 1 1818x103 1,356,104 1 Horsepower (hp) 2,545 350 1 0.7457 1 Kilowatt (kW) 3413 BIS 1341 1 1 Watt = 1 Js. 1 KW is generated by [1.81 113/s of water fallirig 1 foot (at 100% efficiency) or by 0.102 m%s falling 1 meter (at 100% efficiency). PRESSURE. Unit Pa H,0 ft Hgin Ibfin? atm 1 Pascal (Pa) 1 33456x104 2,9533x104 1.4504x104 9.8692x10-6 1 Foot of water @39.4 °F (H,0 ft) 2,989 1 0.88275 0.43352 0.0295 1 Inch of Mercury (Hg in) 3,386 1.13282, 1 0.4911 0.03342 1 Pound per square inch (Ityin?) 6,894.757 2.30671 2.03625 1 0.068046 1 Atmosphere (atm) 101,325 33.8945 29.92471 14.69595 1 1 Pa= 1 N/m? = 10 dyne/em?,MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS — Continued RATE OF FLOW Unit gal/min Nis Mgal/d mls 1 USS. gallon per minute (gal/min) 1 0.00223 0.00144 631x105 1 Cubic foot per second (#3/5) 448.8 1 0.6463, 0.02832 1 Million U.S. gallons per day (Mgal/d) 694.4 1.547 1 0.0438 1 Cubic meter per second (m?/s) 15,850 35.31 22.82 1 1 USS, gallon per minute for 1 year = 1,614 acre-ft. 1 9/s = 1,98 acre-fi/d = 724 acre-ftlyr. TEMPERATURE Unit ¥ °c K °K x degrees Fahrenheit (°F) x lo)(oe— 32) Cfoy(x+ 459.67) x +459.67 x degrees Celsius (°C) Cls)x +32 x x+273.15 Cfs)x + 491.67 xKelvins (K) Cis)x 459.67 x-273.15 He Cls)x x degrees Rankine (°R) 4459.67 C(x 491.67) Glo x *TURBINE SPECIFIC SPEED (N,) NUS) N,(Metriehhp) 1, (kW) N, (U.S. customary units) 1 0.225 0.263, N, (Metric hp units) 445 1 1.16 N, (kilowatt units) 3.81 0.86 1 1 Metric horsepower = 75 kg-m/s ppl He N,= Turbine specific speed = where: n = rotational speed, in rpm, P= power output of turbine, and H = hydraulic head on turbine. * Specific speed is a fundamental concept used in correlating turbine characteristics. It now appears in many different forms, though current efforts are directed toward a unified system of units (dimensionless form), In Chapter 2, “Hydraulic Turbines and Related Topics" (Conventional, Division 11, Part C), the various formulations and conversion factors are addressed.MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS — Continued VELOCITY Unit fd km/h fils mifh mis 1 Foot per day (t/a) 1 127K105 1.157105 7891x106 —3,528x10 1 Kilometer per hour (km/h) 78.740 1 09113 0.6214 0.2778 1 Foot per second (fi/s) 86.400 1.097 1 0.6818 0.3048 1 Mile per hour (mi/h) 126.700 1.609 1.467 1 0.447 1 Meter persecond (m/s) 283,500 3.600 3.281 2.237 1 VOLUME Unit L gal 18 m® acre-ft 1 Liter (L) 1 0.264 0.035 0.001 8.11x107 1USS. gallon (gal) 3.785 1 0.134 0.00379 3.07«10°6 1 Cubic foot (ft) 28,317 748 # 0,02832, 2.30x10°5 1 Cubic meter (m3) 1000 264 35.315 1 B.i1x104 1 Acre-ft (acre-ft) 1,233,500 325,851 43,560 1,233.48 1 1USS. gallon = 231 in? = 0.83 Imperial gallons. 1L = 1,000 cm? = 1.05 quarts = 1,000 grams of water. 1 Banel = 42 US. gallons, 113 of water = 62.4 Ib. SI PREFIXES AND SYMBOLS Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol exa peta tera giga 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 1,,000,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 01 0.01 0.001 0,000,001 0.000,000,001 0.000,000,000,001 0,000,000,000,000,001 0.000,000,000000,000,001 = mega kilo eRU EE Bong eReOdTECONVENTIONAL HYDRO GUIDELINES VOLUME 3. POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOPICS PART C. Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3, Chapter 4. CONTENTS DIVISION Il. DESIGN POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOPICS Powerhouses — Surface and Underground A. Introduction B. Powerhouse types C. Powerhouse (turbine) setting D. Powerhouse monolith sizing E, Surface powerhouse substructure F. Superstructure G. Interior space requirements H, Underground powerhouses 1. References Hydraulic Turbines and Related Topics Electrical Engineering A. General B. Planning C. Design D. Construction E, Electrical fundamentals, F. Electric machines G. Bibliography ‘Transmission Lines and Switchyards A. Transmission lines B. Switchyards and substations C. References ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989CHAPTER 1. POWERHOUSES — SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND CONTENTS Section Page A Introduction. 1. Conceptual studi B, Powerhouse types .. 1, Powerhouse type descriptions jar caste a. Type A, subtype 1: integral intake, indoor powerhouses... . Type A, subtype 2: integral intake, semi-indoor powerhouses wn.ma ©. Type A, subtype 3: pier powerhouses... 4. Type A, subtype 4: horizontal unit powerhouses. ©. Type A, subtype 5: surface powerhouses at dams: f. Type A, subtype 6: detached surface powerhouses... g. Type B, subtype 1: underground pit powerhouses... h, Type B, subtype 2: underground cavem powerhouses. 2. Powerhouse type selection 2, Powerhouse type related 1 conduit length, head developed, and proximity 10 the dam nan b. Powerhouse type affected by topographic constrains... ©. Geologic constraints 4d, Constraints dictated by high tailwaters. ¢, Selection of underground concepts .. £. Selection of pit type concepts & Climatic constraints 1, Other constraints.. C. Powerhouse (turbine) setting 1. Vertical axis unit 2, Horizontal (bulb) axis units 3, Underground powerhouse units D, Powerhouse monolith sizing... 1, Powerhouse unit monolith, sub-bays — defi 2, Powerhouse sub-bay functions... a. Intake (integral with powerhouse) b. Upstream service bay... : , Generating bay and erection bay... 4, Downstream service bay ¢, Draft tube piers, draft tube deck. 3, Powerhouse unit monolith size .. a, Unit monolith width — general b. Unit monolith width determination .. , Unit monolith length... 4. Generating bay width determi ©. Generating bay height determination. 4. Erection bay size a. Unloading area ». Temporary erection sheds, unloading areas ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989CONTENTS — Continued Section Page 5, Integral intake geometry (low-head Plans) a. Permissible velocities «uuu b. Inlet geometry E, Surface powerhouse substructure. 1. Powerhouses on soft foundations. 8, General ne b. Intake and draft tube foundation Slab summonses 2. Powerhouses on competent rock foundations a, Intake foundation slabs . », Draft tube elbow encasement c. Unwatering pipe embedment 4. Draft tube foundation stab 3, Foundation slab outlines a. Grouting and drainage galleries 4, Walls and piers of integral intakes and draft tubes, a, Integral intake walls and piers. ». Intermediate pier downstream nose loca ¢. Draft tube outline — walls and piers. 5. Semi-spiral case... a. Ser 6, Steel spiral case a, Concrete cover over the spiral case.. 7, Draft tube roof. 9, Draft tube deck .. a. Funetion ». Thickness F. Superstructure.. 1. General en 2. Generator barrel a. Generator barrel outlines... nasser », Access provisions in generator barrl.. 3. Generator floor. 4, Other interior floors. 5. Generating bay wall a. Upstream wall of generating bay b, Downstream wall of generating bay... c. End walls, 4, Wall type construction... 6. Superstracture roofs a, General. . Roofs for indoor powerhouses. G. Interior space requirement 1. General . ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989 it ©CONTENTS — Continued Section Page 2. Unit service equipment and provisions... Station service equipment and provision: 4, Sizes of individual equipment room: H, Underground powerhouses... 1, Introduction,, 2, General locatio: a, Upstream (Swedish concept) smn b, Intermediate location wns c, Downstream location. 3, UGPH advantages am 4, UGPH disadvantages... 5. Types of UGPHs 6, Pit powerhouses evan a, General discussion .... b. Applicable head ranges, location, connection to water conduits, ©, Pit geometry consideration: 4, Turbine setting e. Unit bay sizing... £, Substructure outline. , Superstructure arrangement h, Pit powerhouse erection bay.. i, Other underground aspects 7. Cavern powerhouses... 5 a, General. ', Primary considerations for location and orientation. c. Underground features, 4, Appurtenant underground features ©, Cavers for powerhouses, 1. References TABLES Table Crane clearance data. Minimum wall thicknesses for major plants... Room sizes for three power plants. Underground powerhouses with cavems 21 meters or wider... Comparison of stresses for various projects... ‘Modulus of deformation for rock types «0. Comparison of modulus of deformation for selected projects i CEELELL 4 iit ASCEVEPRI Guides 1989Figure whaoabs ebas fL HS 112 113 1-14 1-15 1-16 117 1-18 149 120 1-21 12 123 1-24 125 1-26 127 1-28 129 1-30 131 1-32 1-33, Wi 1-35 1-36 137 1-38 139 40 141 1-42 CONTENTS — Continued FIGURES L.GI, La Grande, James Bay, Canada Jochenstein, Danube, Austria. ‘Wanapum, Columbia R, Washington, ‘Sam Rayburn, Angelina, Texas.. Iron Gate, Danube, Rumania/ Yugoslavia . John Day Dam, Columbia, Washington/Oregon., Gezhouba, Changjiang, PR, China, Dnestt, Dnestt River, USSR ‘Volga 22nd CPSU Congress, Volga, USSR... Plavinas, Dangara, Latvia Box Canyon, Pend Oreille, Washington... Simbach—Braunau, inn, W, Germany... Baygorria, Rio Negro, Uraguay.. Sounders-Moses, St, Lawrence, United States/Canada.... Lavamiind, Drat, AUSta.osnsnsene ‘Wells, Columbia, Washington. Rock Island, Columbia, Washington Main Canal, South Columbia Basin Irigation District, Washington ‘Sauveierre/Avignon, Rhone, France... Paldang, Han, S. Korea. Kiev, USSR. LaRance Tidal Power Plant, Franct Comparison of civil features for Francis, Kaplan, and straight-flow units Gusi, Caroni, Venezuela. Uba-Solteira, Parana, Brazil taipu, Parana, Brazil. Norris Dam, Clinch, Tennessee Libby Dam, Kootenai, Montana Agua Vermetha, Grande, Brazil. Dworshak, Clearwater, Idaho ... Funil, Paraiba du Sol, Brazil Xingo, Sao Francisco, Brazil. Monteynard, Drac, France... Hartwell, Savannah, Georgia.. Chirkey, Sulak, US.S.R. Grand Coulee 111, Columbia, Washington ‘Robert Moses, Niagara, New York Hoover Dam, Colorado R., Arizona/Nevada... Chief Joseph, Columbia, Washington..... Mossyrock, Cowlitz, Washington Karun, Karin R,, Wat srs Krasnoyarsk, Yenisey, U.S.S.] ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 ivFigure 1-43 14 1-45 1-46 147 1-48 1-49 1-50 1-51 1482 1-53 1S4 1-55 1-56 1-57 1-58 CONTENTS — Continued High Aswan Dam powerhouse, Nile, Egypt. G3, LaGrande, James Bay, Canada sna Rio Lindo, Lindo, Honduras.. Marimbondo, Rio Grande, Bi Uribante-San Ageton, Agaton, Venezuela ‘Swedish pit powerhouse. USSR. stud Partial pit powerhouse Boundary, Pend Oreille, Washington... Stomorrfors, Ume, Sweden Churchill Fells, Churchill, Canada, ‘Nathpa Shakti, Sule, India. Rogun, Vakhsh, U.S.S.R. Ambuklao, Agno, Philippines Bersimis No, 1, Bersimis, Quebec, Canada.. ‘Tamut 1, Tumut, Australia Montpezat, Loire/Rhone, France ‘Cabora Bassa, Zambezi, Mozambique... Recommended total draft head... Horizontal turbine runner setting... Powerhouse monolith sub-bay’ Draft hube intermediate pier thickness... Spiral case embediment.... Water passage and generator outlines superimposed to determine monolith widi Semi-spiral case and draft tube setting in monolith. ‘Undesirable monolith outline. Steps 1, 2, 3,4, and 5 in substructure layout Steps 5, 6, and 7 in substructure layout ‘Minimum unloading and erection space... Intake pier nose: Staning, Enns, Austria Pierre—Benite, Rhone, France Grouting and drainage gallery location Francis units runner and spiral case outines Francis units draft tube dimensions. Draft tube dimensions.. Pelton unit casing dimensions... Pelton unit spiral case dimensions. Semi-spiral case roof support Generating and downstream service bays. Downstream service bay wall v ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Figure 1-87 1-88 1-89 1-90 191 1-92 1-93 1-94 1-95 1-96 1.97 1-98 1-99 1-100 1101 1-402 1-103 1-104 1-105 1-106 1-107 1-108 1-109 1-110 iit 1-112 1-413 1414 1s 1-116 17 1-118 14119 14120 1421 1-122 1-123 1-124 1-125 1-126 1127 1-128 1-129 1-130 CONTENTS — Continued Draft tube deck framing, Generator barrel arrangement. Headwall support. Headwall-semi-spiral case and roof joint... Hrauneyafoss powerhouse, Iceland. Grand Coulee Third Powerhouse Angat, Philippines, auxiliary powerhouse... Finchaa powerhouse, Ethiopia... Mossyrock, Cowlitz, Washington. ene Kinaua pumped storage powerhouse (conventional unit), Allegheny, Pennsylvania. Roof design with prestressed concrete guiders and cast-in-place slab, Bath County. Roof guider wall seat detail..nm Underground powerhouse locations Pit powerhouse with tailrace tunnel bypassing rapids... Pit powerhouse with tailrace tunnel short-cutting a loop in the stream. Pit excavation geometry Showing minimum excavation outline for substructure Principal elements in pit powerhouse exterior rock walls. Pit walls lined with concrete...um Pit wall stability requirements, Angat (Philippines) original design.. Vilyui, Vilyui River, U.S.SR. a Pit powerhouse erection and unloading baYS .s.nmmnmnneninnnnsnnsns Cabora Bassa Powerplant, Zambezi River, Mozambique ‘Mica underground powerhouse, Columbia, Canada L.G2 underground power plant arrangement, James Bay, Canada. James Bay LG2 underground powerhouse complex Cabora Bassa underground powerhouse, Zambezi, Mozambique .. Churchill Falls powerhouse, Churchill, Quebec, Canada.. Katue powerhouse, Katue River, Zambi Mica powerhouse, Columbia River, British Columbia, Canada ‘Guatape powerhouse, Columbi Alternative transformer locations, ‘Tunnel 2, Australia, underground powerhouse arrangement. Cross sections of a bus-bar gall Agus TV, Agus, Philippines... Revin pumped storage powerhouse, France... ‘Access tunnel cross section, Beat Swamp pumped storage plant... Elevator arrangement and size. : High-voliage cable shaft High-voltage cable shaft combined with elevator shaft Low-voltage bus shafts, Borisoglebsk Project, Paz River, U.S.S.R. Porjus Project (480 MW), Lule, Sweden... ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 viFigure 1-131 1-132 1-133 1-134 1435 1-136 14137 1-138 1-139 1-440 1-141 1-142 1-143 1-144 1-145 1-146 1-147 1-148 1149 14150 1-451 1-152 1-153 1-154 1-155 1-156 1-157 1-158 1-159 1-160 1-161 1-162 1-163 1-164 1165 CONTENTS — Continued Kiambere powerhouse (140 MW), Tana, Kenya. Kotmule powerhouse (201 MW), Sti Lanka... Montezic pumped storage powerhouse, France . Shintoyone pumped storage powerhouse, Japan. Draft tube gate pier concept. Borsimis Lac Cassé draft tube and talrace tunnel, Bersimis, Quebec. Concept of modified tailrace tunel un. 1-154 Minimum rock cover for cavers... 1-156 Strengthestress ratios for different shapes of cavem walls 1-159 Influence of cavem shape and applied stresses upon maximum boundary stresses... Joints between small unit bays... James Bay L62 powerhouse cavern with rock ledges for support El Cajon, Hunuya, Honduras, 4-91.25 MVA units... Kemano, Kemano River, British Columbia, Canada... Northfield Mountain Cavern, New Hampshire, with transformer niches Draft tube shape for underground powerhouse draft tubes Churchill Falls cavern excavation . a Auxiliary crane in a pumped storage powethouse caver. Churchill Falls powerhouse, Quebec — longitudinal section. Altemative access tunnel connections to erection bay... Kerckhoff powerhouse, San Joaquin, California, Kisenyama powerhouse, Japan.. Saussaz powerhouse, Ate River, France .. Internal support pressures for caves. Waldeck II powerhouse, Germany Bolt lengths for caverns : Cirata powerhouse cavern, Citarum River, Tava, Indonesia Northfield Mountain pumped storage powerhouse caver, Massachusetts Vanderkloof powerhouse cavern, South Africa... Churchill Falls underground powerhouse complex. ‘Turlough Hill pumped storage powerhouse caver, Ireland ‘Modulus reduction ratio correlated with RQD. Relationship between radial deformations, ra I stresses, and reduction in support requirements 1-199 Rock support zone with confining support system. 1-200 ‘Mohr’s circle for determination of shear steps in rock support zone 1-201 CREDITS The “Powerhouses — Surface and Underground” chapter was written by: Arvids Zagars, PE, ‘Vice President and Chief Staff Engineer, Harza Engineering Company 150 S. Wacker Drive Chicago, Minois 60606-4175 Chairman, ASCE Hydropower Committee vil ASCEVEPRI Guides 1989CHAPTER 1. POWERHOUSES — SURFACE AND UNDERGROUND A. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this part of the Guidelines is to first introduce the reader to the various types of powerhouses that have found application in hydroelectric developments. With this, the intent is to illustrate, for the benefit of an inexperienced designer or the pos- sibly uninformed owner of a future hydroelectric plant, what kind of powerhouse design could be well suited for potential hydroelectric sites under consideration, Thus, the intent is, to first present something like a powerhouse type catalogue to expedite the powerhouse type selection process, To expedite is the key phrase that describes the purpose of these Guidelines, which have been prepared primarily to assist the hydroelectric designers during conceptual studies when the project design is defined, Existing designs represent invaluable experience of the entire profession, which cannot be gained by a single design organization. By using the overall experience of the profession, there is assurance that the designs developed for a new project will be safe and economical and will greatly reduce duplicating efforts in the development of a hydroelectric concept. Even for the experienced designer the powerhouse type catalogue is expected to enhance their experience by the illustrated experience of others. After discussion of the powerhouse types, the presentation deals with the turbine setting, which may influence the selection of the powerhouse type, such as surface versus under- ground, Sizing of the powerhouse monoliths for the generating units and erection bay, which aspect is similar for the most prevalent powerhouse types, follows presentations of the preceding aspect. ‘Subsequently, the various components of the surface and underground powerhouses are discussed in some detail, ‘These presentations are intended to assist the designer to obtain safe and economical powerhouse design concepts which is the primary purpose of these design guidelines, 1, Conceptual Studies ‘To incorporate the powerhouse into an overall project concept, the following powerhouse information must be developed: + Number and capacity of generating units + Monolith size including erection bay + Powerhouse (turbine) setting with respect to tailwater «Types of powerhouse suitable for the site Introduction Purpose Intent Expedite engineering efforts Experience of profession! Safe and econonomical designs Further discussions et ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989‘Powerhouse types Powerhouse type deserip- tions For many preliminary studies, such information can be quickly determined on the basis of similar existing projects. Such information is sufficiently accurate when transferred to the small-scale topographic maps used for conceptual studies. Further steps of the studies are the following: + Zero-in on the powerhouse type + Firm up setting with respect to tailwater + Develop powerhouse outline + Incorporate the above into overall project concept studies, Selection of powerhouse type is governed by the following considerations: + Water conduit length + Head developed at the project + Powerhouse proximity to the dam + Topographic and access constraints + Geologic constraints + Exposure to elements + Other project-specific constraints ‘The following sections present guidelines in the areas outlined above. B, POWERHOUSE TYPES Powerhouses for hydroelectric projects can be of the following types: ‘Type A — Conventional surface: indoor, outdoor, semi-indoor, pier type, with vertical orhorizontal (or inclined) axis units ‘Type B — Underground pits and caverns: upstream, intermediate, downstream location ‘Type C— Silos or shatis (in the chapter on pumped storage powerhouses in volume 5) The surface-type powerhouses may be divided into several subtypes depending on their location with respect to the reservoir, stream (in-stream, off-stream), and the dam, which will be discussed in the subsequent sections. Representative examples of the above types are illustrated by figures 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, et al. 1. Powerhouse Type Descriptions 4a, Type A, Subtype 1: Integral Intake, Indoor Powerhouses. — This powerhouse subtype is used for run-of-river plants; the intake forms a part of the dam and is constructed inte- grally with the generating bay to make up the powerhouse, This powerhouse subtype, mostly designed with reinforced concrete semi-spiral cases, was considered (in the period up to 1960s, and by some designers even later) suitable for maxi- mum heads of approximately 100 feet (30 m). However, the illustrated examples (figs. I~ 1-7, 1-8, and 1-10) indicate substantial move above that maximum limit, ASCEVEPRI Guides 1989 12 >)The Plavinas powerhouse (fig. 1-10) operates under a maximum head of 40 meters (131.2 ft), Itis understood that the soffit of the spiral case roof is clad with a steel plate, Information on the design of the spiral case for the Dnestr (fig, 1-8) powerhouse with a head of 53 meters (173.8 ft) is unknown, ‘The substantial increase in the design heads on concrete semi-spiral cases can be attributed to improved concrete technology (control of cement content by use of pozzolans or fly ash, precooling of aggregate) and availability of large-size reinforcing bars (#14 and #18). For indoor type powerhouse, equipment access is at the draft tube deck level and an indoor bridge crane serves for equipment unloading and installation. In general, the powerhouses are founded on competent rock. However, there are a number powerhouses in operation that are founded on dense sand foundations, Figure 1-4, 1-21 and many on moraine interbeds with other materials (sand, gravel, clay) in the U.S.S.R. (fig. 1-10), Figure 1-1.— LG1, LaGrande, James Bay, Canada, Units: 10@ 114 MW; H = 28.20 m (92.5 ft). (Ludewig and Olive, 1980}, 13 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989sero Pra s00st) 90 torts = et piesa a =i eiTheO 20054 ead 22180 2300 lemen 2 U Figure 1-2. — Jochenstein, Danube, Austria. [Mosonyi, 1957]. ston nae mba pou, o nave deck £579, 2280.49 Mos oss suchas wane amt ands si Min Wt e598 | ee croertin ali it i Sie ar (Willey, 1960}. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 4 sBon date ae case Be uecwensas 7 ae cts 2 owen WEL 493 Ze Mn TW ASL Wanapum, Columbia R., Washington. Units: 10@ 78.9 MW; Hf =77 ft (23.5 m).ma Stem EM rey Mm ae = i, gran Figure 1-4, — Sam Rayburn, Angelina, Texas. Units: 2@ 26 MW; H = 83 ft (25.3 m). (Courtesy of Harza Engineering Co, aa onaet Sao Rumastan rate pone boast Yafcs oer Boe) 6 318 0 1A: n= 71.3 tp, Pm UV Be et eign Oy Lege ‘Bea worts (MZ 5 oc manahtied by Rea Woks, Rumania Oeaogeoutoy Rea ‘Works, Runal Figure 1-5, — Iron Gate, Danube, Rumania/Yugoslovia. Units: 12@ 178 MW; H = 35.46 m (116.3 ft); 9.Semédiameter turbine runners, (Raabe, 1985]. Ls ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989aasiv zoss "Reta? Sten Reco Figure 1-6. — John Day Dam, Columbia, Washington/Oregon. Units: 17@ 135 MW; H = 335 m (110 f). (Mackintosh, 1964). e622 yseo 870 93 Figure 1-7. — Gezhouba, Changjiang, PR, China, Units: 2@ 176 MW, 9@ 125 MW; Hingy = 24m (78,7 ft); 11.3-m-diameter turbine runners. [YVPO]. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989ia Figure 1-8, — Dnestr, Dnestr River, U.S.S.R. Units: 6@ 117 MW3 H = 53 m (173.8 ft). Figure 1-9, — Volga 22nd CPSU Congress, Volga, USS.R. Units: 20@ 126.8 MW; Hina = 26.3 m (86.3 ft); 93-m-diameter turbine runner. (Mikhailov, 1967]. WwW ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989[SERRE ‘Figure 1-10. — Plavinas, Daugara, Latvia, Units: 10@ 82.5 MW; Hmqx = 40 m (1312 ft). [Mikhailoy, 1967]. te pees (edd) Moser gata: “22060 ae coer 8.200. - = citespritmnccos0 £ourioarr sac, { : ghee Jessvete! a0" Figure I-11. — Box Canyon, Pend Oreille, Washington. Units: 4@ 15,000 MW; Hmax= 46 m (150.9 ft). ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-8b. Type A, Subtype 2: Integral Intake, Semi-Indoor Powerhouses, — This powerhouse type is used when the tailwateris high dictating a commensurately high indoor type power- house. Semi-indoor type surface powerhouses are similar to subtype 1 powerhouses except that the powerhouse crane is located on the powerhouse roof. The access is at the roof level and a gantry crane is provided to unload the equipment and install it through removable hatches or removable roof sections, for each unit, As evident from figure 1-13, some of these powerhouses are also provided with indoor cranes to enable work on the equipment with the roof hatches closed, Figure 1-12, —Simbach-Braunau, Inn, W. Germany. Units: 4@ 24 MW; Hina 12.2. m (40 N}). [Mosonyi, 1957}. cre ier se 8 Figure 1-13. — Baygorria, Rio Negro, Uruguay. Units: 3@ 34 MW Hqy = 15.7 m G15). 19 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Figure 1-14, — Sounders-Moses, St. Lawrence, United States/Canada. Units: 32@ 57 MW; H = 87 ft (26.5 mm). (Courtesy of Corps of Engineers). An integral-intake outdoor type powerhouse would be just an extension of the semi-indoor subtype with the superstructure enclosure removed. ‘There are relatively few of that type of powerhouses in existence. The reason for this may be that most owners prefer the units housed indoors to obtain protection against weather during installation and maintenance. ¢. Type A, Subtype 3: Pier Powerhouses, — ‘This subtype is basically an integral-intake design except that the units are housed in individual piers rather than in adjacent power- house monoliths, ‘The piers serve also as an integral part of a spillway (weir) and are wider than conventional spillway piers to house the generating units. Only 2 few of these installations are in exis- tence. Lavamind (fig. 1-15) was constructed during World War Hl. A similar plant, Maribor, on the same river in Yugoslavia, was constructed during the same period. Subsequently, three other pier-type plants have been constructed on the Drau River, The Wells (fig. 1-16) pier type powerhousc (referred to also as a “hydro combine”) incorporates a superstructure over the picrs and spillway. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-10Sahin et ao Hoe eye + sok nah abd EG f b. Sections. Figure 1-15. — Lavamiind, Drau, Austria. Units: 3@ 7.67 MW; H = 9.00 m (29.5 ft), i ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Figure 1-16, — Wells, Columbia, Washington. Units: 10@ 77.4 MW; H = 71 ft (21.6 m). (Patrick, 1971). ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-124. Type A, Subtype 4: Horizontal Unit Powerhouses. — Powethouses with horizontal units have been increasing in the last decades for the lower head ranges of run-of-river type projects. Currently, the maximum size of horizontal units in operation are $3 MW (Rock Island), A 65-MW bulb unit is scheduled for operation in August 1989 at the Tadami Project in Japan. When compared with the civil works requirements for vertical units, the horizontal units require less excavation and concrete because there is no deep-seating elbow draft tube. Also, the monolith width may be narrower than for vertical units. Also, in pplan, the horizontal units require narrow monoliths, but somewhat longer in the flow direc- tion (fig. 1-23). Mechanically, the bulb units require a smaller runner diameter (15%), improved efficiency, and reduced cavitation allowing higher setting than vertical units with same speed {Cotillon, 1977]. Figures 1-17 through 1-23 illustrate some projects in existence. A siti fod (eee 2 ‘Figure 1-17. Rock Istand, Columbia, Washington, Units: 8@ 53 MW H = 40.9 ft (12.5 m). [Stone and Webster, 1982}. Horizontal unit powerhouse 113 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Figure 1-18. — Main Canal, South Columbia Basin Irrigation District, Washington. Units: 1@ 26 MW; Hmmax = 52.5 ft (16.0 m). [Moore et al. 1985). o Figure 1-19, — Sauveierre/Avignon, Rhone, France, Units: 2@ 30 MW H max = 9.4 m (30.8 ft). ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-14uo sienatdoweavens | ine tty gne Figure 1-20, —Paldang, Han, S. Korea. Units: 4@ 21.2 MW; H = 39 ft (11.9 m). (Engineering News-Record, June 1970). Figure 1-21. —Kiev, U.S.S.R. Units: 1@ 128 MW, 21@ 115 MW; Hyyqy = U.S m (37.7 f1). [Mikhailoy, 1967; ENR, 1962). 115 ASCEV/EPRI Guides 1989Figure 1-22, — LaRance Tidal Power Plant, France. Units: 24@ 10 MW3 H may = 11.0 m (6.0m as pump), [Cotillon, 1977}, Dimas compan ofthe, towing franc, whereas (wou we} Rasen, wr 99-708 (wunott wet}: ane (ee sean fom, where 770 (wth wer) Figure 1-23. — Comparison of civil features for Francis, Kaplan, and straight-flow units. [Water Power, 1977). | ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-16e. Type A, Subtype 5: Surface Powerhouses at Dams. — This subtype of powerhouse is Surface used when the head becomes too high for integral-intake powerhouses; ie, formedium and powerhouses high-head projects and when the river channel is wide enough to accommodate the length at dams of the powerhouse, Subtype 5 powerhouses, constructed at the toe of the dam, or within the dam proper, result in short water conduits (with high hydraulic efficiency) and thus savings in overall con- struction. For these reasons there are numerous powerhouses of this type in existence, This type of powerhouse can be either indoor, semi-indoor, or outdoor. However, suitable powerhouse foundation in a deep river gorge, when located at the toe of the dam, may offset the savings in conduit length, and other powerhouse locations may be more economical, | i eae 7 ae A nt — tere = wool Figure 1-24. — Gurl, Caroni, Venezuela. Units: 3@ 218.4 MW, 3@ 270 MW, 1@ 340 MW, 3@ 400 MW, 10@ 730 MW; H = 146 m (478.9 ft). (Courtesy of Harza). 17 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 L. i fe [ id PE iUae as HORIZONTAL SECTION 8-8 Figure 1-25, — Iha-Solteira, Parana, Brazil. Units: 20@ 160 MW; H = 46 m (150.9 f). [Budweg, 1974}. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-18 Oa ra chee g Figure 1-26. —Itaipu, Parana, Brazil, Units: 18@ 700 MW; Hayg = 120 m (393.6 ft). [Raabe, 1985]. tery entre fine fpr A2-£11059.0 ‘intersection downstream foce ‘of cam and axis Biase Mae hW £10360 ia controled AW ELIOS4O Power penstocks- Teashrack structure, e EDS head Pn eoesatna nee Sanne 9500 eds fox Ty aie e400) su.eet0-y, “Ton crone resaencssotoKva_f Genegtir mame eee 6 To eis oF dom Figure 1-27. — Norris Dam, Clinch, Tennessee. Units: 2@ 50.4 MW, Hyygx = 215.5 ft (65.7 m). (rval. 119 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Poee eDae: onze, rae 2118 oF oo Babee ented ronan cpenstocn gare owt senvice eutene Bites LORMMAGE GALLERY Figure 1-28. —Libby Dam, Kootenal, Montana. Units: 8@ 105 MW; H = 335 ft (102.1 m). [Samuelson]. Figure 1-29, — Agua Vermelha, Grande, Brazil. Units: 6@ 250 MW; Hf = 57 m (187 ft). [BCLD, 1982}. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-20: a) } Ei Figure 1-30. — Dworshak, Clearwater, Idaho. Units: 1@ 200 MW, 2@ 90 MW; H = 485 ft (147.9 m), (Courtesy of Corps of Engineers). 1-21 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Figure 1-31. — Funil, Paraiba du Sol, Brazil. Units: 3@ 72 MW H = 62 m (203.4 ft). (BCLD, 1982]. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1.22fa anchor block foe ato tris wes ‘Section through unit no. 3, where: 1 = gallery for handling stop fogs and tr 2 sir itaue and Inspection shaft 3 rad 8 groove for etoplogs, 8 oe ait intake and duct, 9 = prefabricated slomonta, 10. = bropased plant for tha manstecture of hydrogen, 17 = able-duct’ end communication galeries, 12% skJUmp spillway, 12 = overhead cranes, 14 = St¢ substation, 1 exhaust and aeration to jatctream, 16 = rails for moving Dlatforms and stopiogs for intakes’ 1 and 2. 17 = electrics! ‘equipment and cabte-icor, 18'= granite, 19 mechanical ‘equipment and vaive-houso, 20 ~ translormerallery, 21 = control, 22 powerhouse, 23 = 400 MW generator, 24 = turbine, 26 — grouting and inspection gallgry, 26 = stoptogs for rver closing, 27 sorerre oii, 28 fa puma rock, Zo 2 ainege gale fo gelery for unit 1, 22 intoke gelon fof 2'= sheet plot SHH" groviedzon. 98 SAE ples, 30% sandy deposits. Figure 1-32. — Xingo, Sao Francisco, Brazil, Units: 10@ 400 MW; Hyiqy = 105 m (344.4 ft). {(Soos, 1982). 1-23 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Oo Figure 1-33. — Monteynard, Drac, France. (Engineering News-Record, October 25, 1962). nine teroe ene ine TE peominene aaeo eens Figure 1-34, — Hartwell, Savannah, Georgia. Units: 4@ 65 MW; H = 170 ft (51.8). (Courtesy of Harza). ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 124\S . A E Plag of yroctectete Pig. 1. Tranwverse tection theough dae and poverhouse: 1) channel plugs 2) arch int 8) foxodatton destnaget 6) spec hes 9) penstorky 10) powerhouse, Hie. 3. pater 3) longieedinal eaviey! 4) grou Hien galleries; 7) deaioet 8) eorsine 19 Figure 1-35. — Chirkey, Sulak, U.S.S.R. [Mitrushkin and Shnyroy, 1974). 125 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989S. Type A, Subtype 6: Detached Surface Powerhouses. — It is not always technically fea- sible, as discussed in more detail in Section B.2, “Powerhouse Type Selection,” that the powerhouse can form a part of the reservoir retaining structure (integral-intake powerhous- es) or be located at the toc of the dam, or in the dam itself, to reduce water conduit length, In that case, the surface powerhouses are detached from the main dam and located either in-stream or on river banks downstream of the dam. Free-standing steel penstocks or steel/concrete lined underground conduits provide for connection between the intakes and the detached type powerhouses, Hoover Dam has two such powerhouses (fig. 1-37), one ‘on each bank of the river, Figures 1~36 through 1-47 show detached powerhouses. 88 Radway EL a Hox. ws. L290 SY, ried vhost Trash bors gate siot Win ws. £11208 FOREBAY OAM Tox noToR => lias ean Toabock = 2-278 TON CRANES raw Rock surface Longit Units 40’ Dia quo: as. foc j 0125 14 transronmer SS C SOOMW GENERATOR (72 A 2 38 Oio- e946 40 m or about 130 ft), integral intake designs prove to be struc- turally difficult and the intake is incorporated in the dam, or provided as a separate struc- ture nearby, with the powerhouse becoming a separate structure located as close to the dam as is feasible to obtain the shortest conduit length possible. ‘The powerhouse may also be located within the dam if the dam is of the gravity or hollow gravity type. ‘The powerhouse may be located at the surface for practically all head ranges, or under ground (as cavern, pit, or shaft types) for higher intermediate and high-head ranges depending on the prevailing topography and economic considerations, with related con- straints for water conduit arrangement and connection to the powerhouse. 4, Powerhouse Type Affected by Topographic Constraints, — Preferably, the powerhouse should be set normal to and in the stream utilized for power development to obtain best flow cont ‘Narrow valleys, with high and steep banks may dictate other setting arrangements or differ- ‘ent powerhouse types than in streambed, Large surface powerhouses, with several units, may have to be located along the river banks dictating longer conduits, ‘The Hoover Dam powerplants (one on each bank) represent such an arrangement (fig. 1-37), ‘There ate numerous plants with powerhouses located along the river banks. High, steep banks may result in expensive excavations, with high cut slopes which may present stabili- ty problems with commensurate increase in construction and maintenance costs. Powerhouse type selection Water conduit length Maximum, head for integral intake powerhouses Powerhouse type selection ‘Topographic constraints 141 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Geologic constraints, High tailwater constrai Underground concepts It is questionable whether the Hoover Dam powerhouses today would be designed as sur- face type powerhouses. With present-day advances in underground design, it is quite con- ceivable that they could be located underground which has been a preferred solution for numerous powerhouses. ¢. Geologic Constraints. — lt is generally accepted practice to found powerhouses on Tock or at least soft rock types. All powerhouses of the Tennessee Valley Authority have been built on rock foundations. However, there are some exceptions in that a number of powerhouses have been built on sand or other types of soft foundations. The Sam Raybum Power Plant (fig.1-4) on the Angelina River in Texas has been built on dense sand foundation, There ate a few more. One of the earliest was the Swirsk powerplant in western Russia, The Plavinas (fig-1-10) with maximum head of 40 meters (131 ff) is constructed on moraine loam and sandy loam. ‘Many other powerhouses in the U.S.S.R, are constructed on similar foundations. Good rock conditions are of greater concern for underground or pit type construction The rock should be of such quality (with support provisions if required) that underground cav- ‘ems, or the walls for pit powerhouses, can be safely excavated and maintained for the life of the project. Any kind of powerhouse should clear geologic faults by a safe margin established on appropriate investigations. 4. Constraints Dictated by High Tailwaters. — High tailwater conditions may rule out indoor surface type powerhouses because the access to such powerhouses would be at a commensurately higher level, thus requiring a higher overall powerhouse structure, The semi-indoor type powerhouses, with access at the roof level and the superstructure, designed to retain the higher tailwater levels, will resull in a more economical design than the indoor types. Underground powerhouses are set at substantial depth below the tailwater (their beneficial attributes for pumped storage installations) without affecting the overall height of the pow- erhouse. €, Selection of Underground Concepts. — The geological conditions must be suitable for provision of underground water conveyance conduits, and underground spaces to house all electrical and hydromechanical equipment. Watertightness and structural competency of the surrounding rock are basic prerequisites for safe and economical underground installa- tions. Under the assumption that the prevailing geological conditions are suitable for undes- ‘ground installations, the designer usually has greater freedom in selection of the location for an underground powerhouse than for a surface powerhouse and this aspect is one of the advantages of the type B powerhouses, ASCEVEPRI Guides 1989 1-42With type B powerhouses located at the dams (reservoirs), the first decision that usually has to be made is to determine in which abutment it should be located. While economical considerations regarding conduit length should, of course, be one of the primary concems, nevertheless, quite frequently geologic conditions may become the obvious governing fac- tors. Likewise, location and arrangement of diversion tunnels around the damsite shall be con- sidered in selection of the type B powerhouse location, because the downstream portions of the diversion tunnels are quite frequently utilized as tail tunnels for discharges from the ‘underground powerhouses. Hydro devolopments, where the head is not developed immediately downstream of the dam but rather via long conduits to take advantage of available steep gradient of a natural » stream between the reservoir and the point of tailrace discharge, are most suitable condi- tions for underground powerhouse applications, ‘The underground powerhouses can be located either at the upstream end of the conduits — short power tunnels (penstocks) with long tailrace tunnels, or at some intermediate or downstream location — with increased power tunnel-penstock length and decreasing tail tunnel length, ‘The costs of the water conduit system can vary greatly with the powerhouse location, Normally, the power tunnel-penstock design is more costly than tail tunnel design which ‘may be unlined or only partially lined. Should, however, the tailrace tunnel require rein- forced conerete lining, the economic advantages may swing into favor of the smaller-size. (higher velocities) power tunnels-penstocks and, thus intermediate locations for the under~ ground powerhouses. f. Selection of Pit Type Concepts. — Pit powerhouses, excavated in rock from the surface, Pit type “ ‘may find application for intermediate head developments where the setting of the units is at concepts shallow depth below the ground surface, yet deep enough to require tatirace tunnels for unit discharges. ‘As for the cavem powerhouses, pit powerhouses can be located near the intake (reservoir) oF at an intermediate or even downstream location depending on the prevailing geology and topography, Arrangements with shortest possible penstocks, in general, are expected to offer the most economical and hydraulically efficient solutions. Convenient and economi- cal access provisions may play a role in selection of the pit powerhouse location. To obtain free surface drainage and for ease in construction, the roof of pit powerhouses may preferably be at or somewhat above the natural ground level, ‘The geologic conditions shall be such that they are suitable for tunneling for the penstocks and tailrace tunnel and result in stable walls for the powerhouse pit. Access is usually from the roof level via stairs and elevator. Equipment access is provided through appropriate shafis. 1.43 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Climate constraints Other constraints & Climatte Constraints, — Surface type powerhouses and their equipment, if well con- structed, are not markedly sensitive to exposure to harsh seasonal climate changes, ‘The surface-type powerhouses of the James Bay Complex in Canada, along the St. Lawrence Seaway, and others in Canada and the northem regions of the United States, as well in Europe, have withstood frigid winter climate regimes remarkably well. However, spectal provisions must be considered to ensure good work quality during winter construction, if such is needed because of tight schedules. On the other hand, underground construction can proceed uninterrupted and with practically no provisions against cold weather effects, Although underground installations would appear preferable where deep snow is expected, the numerous existing surface type powerhouses exposed to severe snow conditions dispell such justification in favor of underground powerhouses. It is clearly the owner’s choice and preference based on economic considerations — the possibly substatially lower investment versus the increased maintenance costs for the surface powerhouse types. h, Other Constraints, — Other possible constraints in the selection of powerhouse type. may be, but not necessarily limited to, the following: ficult and expensive surface access in narrow canyons with steep walls + Eneroachment on railroad or highway right-of-way + Archacologic aspects + Environmental aspects + Socio-demographic and possible other aspects. ‘The last three constraints in the above list would most likely be treated in the overall pro- Ject siting studies and, therefore, may not affect the selection of the powerhouse type. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-44POWERHOUSE (TURBINE) SETTING ‘Turbine set 1. Vertical Axis Units Vertical axis units ‘Simultaneously with the studies for powerhouse location and selection of its type, the set- ting of the powerhouse, actually the setting of the turbines with respect to the minimum. tailweter elevation must be determined. For initial studies, however, the centerline of the distributor can be set at the minimum tail- water elevation, This setting will allow preparation of reasonably realistic study sketches to determine preliminary excavation outlines and to assess foundation requirements, In general, the turbine setting shall be the responsibility of the hydraulic machinery design- er of the design organization with input from the turbine manufacturer, Bureau of Reclamation Engineering Monograph No. 20, Selecting Hydraulic Reaction Turbines, [USBR, 1976] contains useful data for turbine setting, which is illustrated on figure 1-61 (ee also fig. 1-81). According to figure 1-61, the recommended draft head is: ZaH+b static draft head, and vertical distance from distributor to the location of the minimum manner diameter (meters or feet). Hy=Hy~Hy, where: Hy = atmospheric pressure minus vapor pressure (meters or feet), o = cavitation factor, and Hey maximum head (meters of feet) at which turbines can operate at full gate. ‘The above relationships are illustrated on figure 1-61 [USBR, 1976: fig. 17). 145 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989‘arwaspnenle preesune lo > i va Se turste a ar aaPERTIES grantee pressure fe ote Ua gence eetre of alr use Ngan expected temperate. Hak ys Atenphere premier apr preset || | : : Py EEN? Let et Neat 7 all nS lle ep vo suena He = Ditnce trem y 1 nom fellate (ne Decire heen Spuetng fl ote 4 yt trig = Laat amet hrm hen My wteseter 09 yrrht Pee ft cergt ee rT, ] = & Suter fe inom iowelee=t +b orcas ate ft ana cpacateast Figure 1-61. — Recommended total draft head. [USBR, 1976]. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-462, Horizontal (Bulb) Axis Units ‘This discussion is limited to installations with bulb units which type is in predominant use for conventional hydto developments that are not classified as small hydro, ‘The setting of the horizontal axis units is based on the same governing parameters as given for the vertical units (fig. 1-61). For horizontal units, the static draft head, #7, is measured to the centerline of the runner as indicated on figure 1-62. According to Khanna and Bansal [1979], the setting is calculated by taking the upper tip of the blade as reference for cavitation calculation purposes. Based on studies of various plants, the depth of the lowest bulb turbine draft tube point below minimum tailwater can be set at: Hpp=(0.6D to 1D) + Hy where: Hpg = depth of draft tube invert below D = runner diameter, and Hg = static draft head, water for bulb turbine, ‘The required static draft head, H,, can be determined from the equation H.,= Hy — OH gy by using the appropriate sigma coefficient, 0, which will be lower than for the vertical Kaplan units, The lower o will result in smaller submergence requirements, Tn most cases, however, it may suffice to ensure that the top of the draft tube is submerged. below the minimum tailwater, By comparison, the lower point of the draft tube for vertical Kaplan unit is (see reference above): Hpx= (1.8D 10 2.5D) + He Consequently, the setting of the vertical Kaplan unit is at least 0.8D to 1.9D deeper than for the bulb unit. 3. Underground Powerhouse Units ‘As discussed in Section H,, “Underground Powerhouses,” one of the advantages of these units is that they can be set deeper with respect to the tailwater than surface powerhouses without an increase in excavation depth and, thus, an increase in the overall height of the powerhouse structure, ‘The greater submergence below tailwater permits higher operational speeds of the turbines and, thus, the physical size ofurbines and generators. Moreover, the cavem size can be reduced correspondingly which should always be attempted because of the high excavation costs. : Horizontal axis units Units in underground powerhouses 147 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989For large units, in the range of 200 MW and up, the speed will seldom exceed 375 rpm, however, it may go up to 500 rpm and more for smaller units. ‘The 382.5-MW Raccoon Mountain reversible pump/turbines would have required 225 rpm with a submergence of 75 feet for a design with a conventional surface powerhouse. A sub- mergence of 127 feet and unit speed of 300 rpm was possible with the adopted under- ground powerhouse design. ‘The large 475-MW Churchill Falls units operate with 200 rpm in the underground power- house and have a rather shallow submergence of about 40 feet. ‘stein Figure 1-62. ~ Horizontal turbine runner setting. (Kanna and Bansal, 1979). ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-48D, POWERHOUSE MONOLITH SIZING 1. Powerhouse Unit Mont oo ( © units A Jy i i yA #7 ¢. zt K ry : “Caza = 7 age? Y & uni’ | AA INT USB GB ose J Figure 1-63. — Powerhouse monolith sub-bays. ‘The text that follows uses what is thought to be a widely accepted terminology for designa- tion of the various components or principal parameters of a powerhouse structure. Nevertheless, for clarity, the designations used are defined below. Powerhouse Sub-Bays INT Intake, if built integrally with powerhouse USB Upstream service bay GB Generating bay, houses generating units adjoins longitudinally to erection bay DSB Downstream service bay L_ Unit monotith (bay) length W Unit monolith (bay) width Walls and Piers A Intake End Pier, structural member forming upstream part of the dam, separates adjoining intakes, supports gate loads and hydrostatic pressures on transverse walls. B Intake intermediate pier provided for large inlet openings, forming the upstream part of the dam, supports gate loads and hydrostatic pressures on transverse walls, C Intake curtain wall, forms the upstream face of the intake above the inlet openings. Some designs (figs. 1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-9, I-11, 1-17, 1-18, ete.) omit such wall. Retains trash and ice, 1-49 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989D Bulkhead wall, serves as a fixed bulkhead or headwall when bulkheads are provided upstream of service gates. E _ Intake headwall retains the hydrostatic pressure for integral intake powerhouses, F Generating bay upstream wall when upstream service bay is provided, Supporis slabs, roof, and powerhouse crane. May also become water-bearing, headwall if built integrally with intake, G Generating bay downstream wall. Supporis walls, roof, and powerhouse crané, May become powerhouse downstream wall (possibly water bearing) if downstream service bay is not needed, H_ Powerhouse downstream wall. May be a water bearing wall (downstream head- wall) for high tailwaters, constructed integrally with draft tube piers, J Draft tube end pier. Separates draft tubes of individual units, Supports downstream wall, draft tube roof and deck, Also acts integrally with the wall to support hydrostatic pressure from tailwater, Supports gate loads, Along with intermediate pier, carries substructure load to foundation (pier portion below the draft tube 1008). K Draft tube intermediate pier. Provided for wide draft tubes principally to reduce gate (stoplog) spans, to support draft tube roof, downstream wall and deck loads, Along with end piers, carries sub-structure to foundation, Supports gate loads, 2. Powerhouse Sub-Bay Functions a. Intake (Integral with Powerhouse) + Serves as upstream inlet to the water passages and forms, integrally with the power- house sub-structure, the dam to retain the reservoir, + Service gates are provided to close the water passages. In most cases bulkheads are provided upstream of the service gates to (1) enable maintenance of the latter and (2) to enable closure of the water passages in case the service gates are inoperable. +The inlet to water passages is provided with trashracks to keep trash out of the water passages and to prevent damage to the hydraulic equipment, Upstream b. Upstream Service Bay service bay + Provided and located over the water passages, if they are long. + Provided for large installations to house electrical and/or mechanical station service equipment. If the transformers are located on the deck of the upstream service bay, most of the electrical equipment is located in the upstream service bay, at the higher levels. ‘The lower levels may be occupied by mechanical station service equipment, + Control room, battery room, spaces for operating and maintenance personnel may be located in the upstream service bay. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-50D, POWERHOUSE MONOLITH SIZING 1. Powerhouse Unit Monolith, Sub-Bays — Definitions cow yo & Units Ag i 45 I RZ a c. be sa K . “Cra = bch. © unis | AZLNN. wr | usp [oe oss | % L Figure 1-63. — Powerhouse monolith sub-bays. ‘The text that follows uses what is thought to be a widely accepted terminology for designa- tion of the various components or principal parameters of a powerhouse structure. ‘Nevertheless, for clarity, the designations used are defined below. Powerhouse Sub-Bays INT Intake, if built integrally with powerhouse USB Upstream service bay GB_ Generating bay, houses gencrating units adjoins longitudinally to erection bay DSB Downstream service bay L w Unit monolith (bay) length Unit monolith (bay) width ‘Walls and Piers Intake End Pier, structural member forming upstream part of the dam, separates adjoining intakes, supports gate loads and hydrostatic pressures on transverse walls. Intake intermediate pier provided for large inlet openings, forming the upstream part of the dam, supports gate loads and hydrostatic pressures on transverse walls, Intake curtain wall, forms the upstream face of the intake above the inlet openings. Some designs (figs, 1-1, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, 1-9, 1-11, 1-17, 1-18, ete.) ‘omit such wall, Retains trash and ice. 1-49 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989D Bulkhead wail, serves as a fixed bulkhead or headwall when bulkheads are provided upstream of service gates E Intake headwall retains the hydrostatic pressure for integral intake powerhouses. F Generating bay upstream wall when upstream service bay is provided. Supports slabs, roof, and powerhouse crane, May also become water-bearing headwall if built integrally with intake, G Generating bay downstream wall. Supports walls, roof, and powerhouse rang, May become powerhouse downstream wall (possibly water bearing) if downstream service bay is not needed. H_ Powerhouse downstream wall. May be a water bearing wall (downstream head- wall) for high tailwaters, constructed integrally with draft tube piers. J Draft tube end pier. Separates draft tubes of individual units. Supports downstream wall, draft tube roof and deck. Also acts integrally with the wall to support hydrostatic pressure from tailwater, Supports gate loads. Along with intermediate pier, carries substructure load to foundation (pier portion below the draft tube roof). K Draft tube intermediate pier. Provided for wide draft tubes principally to reduce gate (stoplog) spans, 1o support draft tube roof, downstream wall and deck loads, Along with end piers, carries sub-structure to foundation. Supports gate loads. 2, Powerhouse Sub-Bay Functions a, Intake (Integrat with Powerhouse) + Serves as upstream inlet to the water passages and forms, integrally with the power- house sub-structure, the dam to retain the reservoir. + Service gates are provided to close the water passages. In most cases bulkheads are provided upstream of the service gates to (1) enable maintenance of the latter and (2) to enable closure of the water passages in case the service gates are inoperable. + The inlet to water passages is provided with trashracks to Keep trash out of the water passages and to prevent damage to the hydraulic equipment, Upstream b. Upstream Service Bay service bay + Provided and located over the water passages, if they are long. + Provided for large installations to house electrical and/or mechanical station service equipment. If the transformers are located on the deck of the upstream service bay, most of the electrical equipment is located in the upstream service bay, at the higher levels. The lower levels may be occupied by mechanical station service equipment, + Control room, battery room, spaces for operating and maintenance personnel may be located in the upstream service bay. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 150 wi«+ All levels should be served by at least two stairs and elevator (two or more for multi- unit installations). «+ Width of this bay is approximately 30 feet or slightly more for simplicity in structural framing as discussed under Subsection d, “Downstream Service Bay” below. c. Generating Bay and Erection Bay + Principal function of the generating bay is to house the generating units (turbine and generators) with the connecting water passages (semi-spiral or spiral cases, draft tube {inlet cone and elbow) and the surrounding sub-structure conerete, « Erection bay is aligned with the generating bay, in most cases located at one end of the latter or, sometimes, in the center portion of the generating bay, or at both ends, + Powerhouses crane(s) spans between the upstream and downstream walls fo serve for equipment unloading and assembly in erection bay, and installation and maintenance of the individual units, + For large installations, cranes at two levels are recommended, The heavy, slow-speed crane needed for turbine runner and rotor-shaft installation is set at bigher level because of the greater clearance requirements, + One or two small-capacity, high-speed cranes are sct below the large crane and are used for handling of most of the equipment installed, except for the heavy turbine runners and rotors. d, Downstream Service Bay + This bay is developed above downstream part of the draft tube to house either electri- cal (upper levels) and/or mechanical (lower levels) equipment. It may not be provided for small installations. + If the transformers are located in this bay (instead of upstream service bay), they are usually located on the draft tube deck which is set above maximum powerhouse design flood level (not necessarily the probable maximum flood). + Spiral case access is provided from this bay or from a level slightly above the spiral case floor level. + Depending on the draft tube length, the width of this bay may reach approximately 30 feet or somewhat more, Spans in this range enable floor design without beams to sim- plify design, provide more usable headroom and simplify construction, Larger spaces may also be susceptible to vibrations. e. Draft Tube Piers, Draft Tube Deck + Draft tube piers are extended to the draft tube deck level to receive the draft tube gates, + These piers serve as an integral strucural support of the downstream wall and the draft tube deck which supports the draft tube gantry crane (if such is provided) and may also support the transformers, In that case, the deck width is expanded to suit. + Gate slots are provided in the draft tube deck between the piers to receive the gates. + The size of the gate slots is governed by the gate size and operating clearance require- ments. Average gate slot size is in the range of approximately 36 inches wide and 20 Generating and erection bay Downstream service bay Draft tube piers and deck 151 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989inches deep overall including blockouts for embedded welding pads), which suffices‘) for preliminary layouts, + Intermediate piers receive two gate slots cach, Minimum distance between the slots should be governed principally by construction clearance requirements. With reinforce- ‘ment in place, the clear distance between reinforcement should be about 2 feet. 24" clear. 20" for gate stots and . ‘ambedment concrete T Figure 1-64. — Draft tube intermediate pier thickness. ‘Total pier thickness: Gate slots: 2 x 20 in = 40in Reinforcement cover: 2x2in = 4in 2.x layers (vert. & hotiz,) reinforcing 2x2inesch(min) = din Clearance bet. reinf. in each face for erection = feet (minimum) Generally, draft tube intermediate piers are about 6.5 feet thick, or somewhat more. + End piers receive only one gate slot and can be approximately 4 feet — 8 inches mini- mum, which may be structurally too thin for large powerhouses. Overall unit bay width, govemed either by spiral case or draft tube dimensions, may dictate thicker end piers. Monolith size Powerhouse Unit Monolith Size Width, 4, Unit Monolith Width — General. — Unit monolith width is govemed by: general + Geometry (size) of the hydraulic passages + Minimum clearances for concrete embedment around the passages and generator size + Minimum clearances around the generators for ease of access and equipment handling. Basically, either the first two or the last requirement govems the width of the unit monolith in the direction normal to the flow. For low-head, low-speed units, the semispiral case or the draft tube width will most likely determine the width of the monolith, but the generator size and the required clearances could also be the controlling parameters. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-52In high-head plants, with higher speed units and steel spiral cases, the unit monolith width is usually govemed by the overall widih of the spiral case (subsection E.5) and the mini- mum thickness for concrete embedment, Jp Sontration joint ocontaeton Jot \—-- - Monolith width Monolith width TN shear walleye. Width caved, typ. a, With shear walls. b. Without shear walls. Figure 1-65. — Spiral case embedment. Shear walls are required for powerhouse structures on soft foundations to maintain during, construction reasonably uniform dead load distribution on the foundation in the upstream/downstream direction. Experience shows that shear walls generally are not required for powerhouses on rock foundations and substantial savings in the overall unit block width (and thus concrete) can be achieved, especially when there are several units, As a rule, shear walls are not needed in underground powerhouses because such are con- structed only in competent rock. Minimum thickness of the shear walls should be govemed by shear requirements on any plane normal to the flow and by slendemess limitations under consideration of flexural com- pression, The minimum thickness of shear walls should be in the range of 18 to 24 inches to avoid congestion of reinforcement and allow for ease of concrete placement, Larger power- house structures will require thicker shear walls, up to 3 to 5 feet, possibly more. b, Unit Monolith Width Determination ‘The following considerations should be made to determine the width of the unit monolith. For economical reasons, especially for multi-unit installations, it is important thet this width is kept to a minimum, ‘To determine the width, first the geometry of the spiral (or semi-spiral) case (subsections B.S and E.6), the draft tube (subsection E.4.c.7) and the generator must be determined and drawn as outlined under paragraphs d and ¢ in this subsection. Next, for powerhouses with concrete scmispiral cases, the thickness of the side walls at the centerline of the units and must be determined. Shear walls Shear wall thickness Width determination 1-53 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Intemal hydrostatic pressures against the walls and roof, and the corresponding reactions must be considered, ‘The latter may be tensile forces acting in addition to the flexural ten- sion, Preliminary shear and moment calculations (assuming partial fixity) should be prepared to ascertain adequate yet economical wall thickness. Thickness requiring shear reinforcement and more than two layers of flexural reinforcement would indicate that the walls are under- designed, On the other hand, very light reinforcement requirements would indicate over-designed condition leading to uneconomical concepts for multi-unit plans, For concepts with stecl-lined spiral cases, the unit bay width is obtained from the overall ‘width of the spiral case plus the necessary concrete embedment thickness and, if required, the shear wall thickness as discussed under the preceding paragraph. ‘The overall monolith width thus determined should be compared graphically with the gen- erator housing dimensions — by drawing the generator outline on the plan for the spiral case and the draft tube (fig, 1-65). For single-unit installations, the clear distance between monolith bay end walls (running parallel to the flow) and the generator housing should be about 10 feet minimum to allow free passage and instalation of auxiliary equipment, 50 10 feet |_ Generator X C7 AA. 810.54 ~3.730 13.38, gefo 3.80 min. ‘ee Fig. 1-8 ‘See Figures 1-76 through 1-80 and related expressions for dimensions A, 8, C, D, E and others. Figure 1-66. — Water passage and generator outlines superimposed to determine monolith width, On figure 1-66 the draft tube or the generator appears to govem the width. ‘The centerline of the draft tube should always coincide with the centerline of the unit ‘monolith, as should the centerline of the integral intake. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-54: ‘The centerline of the unit (parallel to the flow) housed in a semi-spiral case will be offset with respect to intake and draft tube centerlines, In that case the outline of the draft tube elbow in plan becomes unsymmetrical at the end of the elbow and its centerline is skewed ‘and not parallel to the flow (fig. 1-67): eum, BD. ‘ ZG intake ivi Co draft tube ond piers accordingly. {~ € Draft tube and [T- Monotitn Figure 1-67. — Semi-spiral ease and draft tube setting in monolith. ‘The centerlines of units housed in steel spiral cases may, depending on their size, also be offset from the centerline of the draft tube or they may coincide, For simplicity in construction, it is preferable to maintain 3, unbroken outlines for the unit monolith side walls as shown above. Zigzag geometry of the contraction joints - between the unit bays result if the centerline of draft tube is not offset and if minimum ‘embedment clearance for the spiral casc is maintained. Draft tube and Unit + Poorer Avoid offsets in joints when © unit and draft tube coincide Figure 1-68. — Undesirable monolith outline. ‘The offset resulting from the arrangement indicated on fig. 1-68 complicates forming, rein- forcement arrangement (with projecting, intersecting reinforcement), all contributing to complications during construction and, therfore, should be avoided. 1-55 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Monotith ¢. Unit Monolith Length. — The nit bay length may be comprised of the following sub- Jength bays (fig. 1-63): + Integral Intake — for low-head plants only (head < 130 feet (40 meters)) + Upstream Service Bay —- for low-head plants with somewhat longer water passages (fig. 1-4) or for powerhouses (surface type and underground) separated from intakes + Generating Bay — all types of powerhouses + Downstream Service Bay — mostly for surfaci underground plants have such a bay in the cavern + Draft Tube Piers and Deck — integral with generating bay for surface powerhouses, separated from powerhouse for underground installations stallations, although numerous ‘The width of each sub-bay is determined separately by starting out with the generating bay and then working in upstream and downstream direction to determine: +The length of water passages: © Conduit to the turbine (spiral case, semi-spiral case with inlet) « Intake (for low-head plants) © Draft tube © Tail tunnels (for underground powerhouses only) + The usable space above the water passages and framing of the service bays For economic reasons, water passages are made as short as possible (with suppliers’ input) and the space for service bays should be arranged to suit the geometry of the water pas- sages and not the other way around, Generating a. Generating Bay Width Determination. — Generating Bay width is determined by suc- bay width cessive layout steps in the following sequence: Step 1: + Determine semi-spiral or spiral case geometry or from turbine manufacturers informa- tion, Draw plan and transverse (parallel to flow) section Step 2:. + Prepare the same information for the draft tube and combine both in one sketch, Step 3: + Draw substructure concrete around draft tube and spiral case, Determine needs for lower galleries to connect with draft tube accesses for turbine runner inspection and maintenance. + Study turbine guard valve needs. For small installations, guard valves may be located in the generating bay; large installations will require separate valve galleries (with separate crane). + Guard valves located in the generating bay must clear the generator barrel (generator housing) and should be sufficiently downstream of the upstream wall to enable lift by the powerhouse crane, ASCEYEPRI Guides 1989 1-56Step 4: + Determine generator outline and setting by providing adequate access clearances to the turbine pit and adequate structural concrete thickness for embedment and support of thrust bearing and stator sole plates and their anchorages. + Establish generator barrel (pedestal) outline and clearances with upstream and down- stream walls. A minimum of 10 feet is required for passage of personnel and installa- tion of piping, etc., 12 to 15 feet, at least on one side of the barrel, is required for larger installations — all subject to appropriate clearance studies by electrical and mechanical engineering. Depending on the layout, passages can be eliminated on one side of the barrel, which then adjoins one of the walls. Step 5: + Establish location of inside faces of upstream and downstream walls with respect to the ‘guard valve (if used), lower galleries, and generator barrel, Step 6: + Determine crane capacity and governing lift height (turbine runner with shaft and rotor with shaft), + Draw crane geometry in required location above the unit and determine clearances required between the walls and equipment, The well location may have to be readjusted to provide the clearances needed. ‘The above steps will lead to the preliminary width of the generating bay (in flow direction). 1-57 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989tiem) oe raft tbe a. Steps Land 2. Erection el 2100 Penstock make-up Draft tube piers rer coe b. Step 3. poenrssr ‘envoy aces —festogenay | (Sellec2 pg on 5} cotta : ek ¢. Steps 4 and 5, Figure 1-69. — Steps 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 in substructure layout, [Wolf, 1961]. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-58¢. Generating Bay Height Determination. — The generating bay height is determined in Generating the following steps — in extension of the sizing of the generating bay width described in bay height steps 1 through 6 in the preceding subsection, jenerator voltoge bus Transformer bonk Generotor protective equipment Transtornies 1 trensfer Gee 1 Gallery space a. Step 5 — continued. Superstructure ubstruclyee b, Steps 6 and 7. sure 1-70. — Steps 5, 6, and 7 in substructure layout. 1-59 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Step 7: (continued from subsection d above) + Determine elevation of centerline of distributor (horizontal centerline of ur tical section) based on turbine setting with respect to minimum tailwater Step 8: + Provide a minimum of 4 feet, up to 10 feet for large units, of concrete above a steel spiral case to provide mass as a measure to control vibrations, For concrete semi-spiral cases the roof thickness is governed by structural considerations to control bursting from internal pressures and the 4 feet minimum thickness may be insuf- ficient except for small semi-spiral cases. Step 9: + Provide 6.5- to 7-foot-high access clearance to the turbine pit and about 4- to S-foot thickness above the access opening for lower generator bearing bracket anchor bolts. Step 10: + Draw a diagram of the rotor with shaft (simple outlines) and place it above and off the center of the generator, in the widest space available, on the cross section as devel- ‘oped above, with ample clearances (12 in) with equipment, Check clearances with the ‘closest wall (or set the wall line to suit), Step 11: + Locate the bottom of the crane gitder about 2 feet above the rotor shaft on the above diagram to allow for hoisting connections. Draw crane outline based on published ‘manufacturer's information and provide at least 6 inches of clearance between the wolleys and roof framing, Repeat the same with the turbine runner and shaft to deter- mine the governing condition for crane setting. Step 12: + Size superstructure framing and enclosure to complete the cross section, Erection 4. Brection Bay Size bay size ‘The erection bay size is governed by its intended functions, i¢., to provide the following: + Unloading area for plant equipment received + Erection area, principally for the turbine runner and the generator rotor — for stacking of the poles; the stator may be erected in the machine pit (atest approach is that the. stator is also completely assembied in the erection bay) + Erection and laydown space for periodic equipment overhaul 4, Unloading Area, — The unloading area should be wide enough to receive low-bed vehi- cles with heavy equipment parts such as turbine runners, guard valves, transformers, rotor spider parts, generator bearing bracket, etc, At least 25 fect of width should be provided, preferably at the outer end or one side of the erection bay, depending on the access door location, ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-60Generator and Erection Bay width © pees door, _ (FEE | 26 ft. wide untoading area seat eeeere ele O-8 F Turtine canner Establish erane hook travel limits to check equipment coverage Laydown and erection area Figure 1-71, Minimum unloading and erection space. ‘On some plants, transformer rails may extend into the unloading area for initial assembly ‘and for maintenance after commissioning of the plant. + Where high tailwaters prevail, access to the erection bay unloading area may be at a higher level than the erection and laydown area, + For semi-outdoor type installations, with access at the powerhouse roof level and gantry cranes on the foof, the unloading area in most cases will be located in an area immediately next to and in extension of the erection bay (outside the erection bay structure) with gantry crane rails extended accordingly. Based on recommendations by the generator manufacturers, stators that cannot be shipped shop-assembled are shipped in segments and completely assembled on the erection floor with overlapping laminations at joints between the individual segments, This procedure requires an additional space in the erection bay. For multi-unit installations, space for simultaneous assembly of a pait of stators and rotors may have to be provided (depending on the installation schedule), In addition, there should ‘be enough space for the assembly of at least one turbine runner of rotor spider. The avail- able space between the generaors of the first units may be used for runner assembly. ‘The 3-600 MW and 3-700 MW unit Grand Coulee IT Power Plant has two erection bays —one at each end of the structure. One serves for the assembly of the turbine parts and the other for the generators. In addition, the large Churchill Falls and Itaipu plants have sepa- rate erection bays at each end of the structure, ‘Nonnaily, an erection bay length of about 1.5 times the unit monolith width sufficies. 1-61 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989velocities Intake roof shape b, Temporary Erection Sheds, Unloading Areas, — On some multi-unit projects tempo- rary erection sheds have been utilized to expedite rotor and runner assembly in an area in extension of the erection bay, either at the erection bay floor level, of at the roof level, pro- vided there is sufficient free space for that purpose. For indoor plants, the end wall of the superstructure must have provisions for crane girded extension and passage of the crane, 5, Integral Intake Geometry (Low-Head Plants) For integral intake plants, once the powerhouse setting is determined, the integral intake. setting below the minimum pool level and its connection to the generating bay can be developed. The inside geometry of the integral intake is based on hydraulic considerations 10 obiain uniform accelerated flow conditions with minimum losses. 4a, Permissible Velocities. — The following maximum velocities have been usad to deter- mine integral intake geometry: m/s fils Gross velocity through trashracks: 09-12 30-40 Maximum velocity at gate slots (= head at center of cross section): 0.124/2gh — 0,12./2¢h O.1/2gh 0. 14/2 gh Minimum velocity at downstream end of intake (inlet of semi-spiral case), but at least [USBR, 1976]: 1s 50 ‘Maximum velocity at the downstream end of intake (to prevent air-entraining vortices): 3.0 <10.0 The velocity curve through the above control sections should have a shape free of abrupt changes. See the information on figure 1-76, ‘Whenever the overall geometry of the intake inlet is governed by the permissible velocities at the inlet, the width is dictated by the width of the semi-spirat case (fig. 1-76 and related data). b, Inlet Geometry. — Because of the low velocities in the low-head integeal intakes, the inlet shape can be of much simpler geometry than for intakes with deep submergence pro- vided for high-head plants (see Chapter 1, “Intakes”). (1) Roof Profile. — ‘The roof soffit intersection with the curtain wall face at the inlet is cither a wide-angle imtersection between two flat planes (figs. 1-3, 1-4, 1-7, 1-14, and 1-18), or the soffit may be curved to various degrees (figs. I-1, 1-2, 1-5, 1-6, 1-8, I-11, 1-12, and 1-17), The need for curvature is dictated by the length of the intake. Longer intake roof soffits can be formed with straight line segments with only small roundings at the inlet (R = 12 to 24 in), For curved soffits, a transition radius is needed to connect with the face of the curtain wall, In general, curved forming should be kept to a minimum because of the high cost, ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-62(2) Pier Shape— Unlike for spillway and outlet works intake with well-curved (rounded) ‘Pier shape upstream pier noses, the shape of the power intake noses is incised by the trashrack slots (Gig. 1-72). To overcome the disruption in the pler shape by the trashracks, the trashrack bars that Hie within the pier limits are located and stanted such that they are continuous with the pier face through the trashracks. Pier nose may be extended upstream and shaped to suit a, Detail A. Tr [ee Detail A E © Intake Trathvsck cae Flow _— b. Plan. Figure 1-72, — Intake pier noses. ‘To obtain the desired flow distribution to the stay ring, the downstream noses of the intake piers are asymmetrical (fig. 1-72). The noses themselves are cylindrical with a minimum radius of 12 inches (30 cm) for structural reasons to avoid stress concentrations. ‘On the side of the main spiral entrance (either left or right) the 12-inch radius in most cases is tangent to a straight pier face. The other side of the pier curves towards the pier nose to guide the flow into the spiral, 1-63 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989E, SURFACE POWERHOUSE SUBSTRUCTURE Oo Substructure ‘The substructure of surface (type A) powerhouses (all six subtypes illustrated in subsection B.1), basically comprises the part of the structure that lies below the turbine floor and the Jowest floors of the sub-bays, i.c., the structure below the top of the water conduit roof line, For powerhouses with vertical axis units, the substructure houses the draft tube elbow, the draft tube structure and the semi-spiral or spiral case, which ever is used, es SUPzRSTRUCTULE + 4a 20000 ? 27 ure Figure 1-73. — Staning, Enns, Austria, Units: 3@ 11 MW; Hmay = 14m (45.9 10. (Ennskraftwerke, 1946). For horizontal axis units, part of the inlet and the draft tube are housed in the substructure. — 1000-¥r. Flood 4 Hin. Taliwater Elev. Sot Figure 1-74, — Pierre-Benile, Rhone, France, Units: 4@ 20 MW; H = 7.95 m (26.1 1). (Campagnie Nationale Du Rhone, 1963). ASCEYEPRI Guides 1989 1-64Integral intakes for vertical axis units and intakes for horizontal axis units form, with the substructure, the structure that retains the reservoir, The hydrostatic, plus seismic loads if applicable, are transmitted through intake walls and piers, and draft tube walls and piers, info the continuous intake and draft tube foundation slab and, through it, into the foundation, ‘Thus the intake and draft tube walls and piers are the principal buttresses that resist the lat- eral and vertical loads and carry them into the foundation, 1. Powerhouses on Soft Foundations a General, —The substructures on soft foundations, such as sand, gravel, various moraine. deposits, or soft rock, must be designed for low allowable foundation pressures to control differential settlements (figs. 1-4, 1-10, and 1-21), Consequently, the foundation slabs should be thick enough to provide the necessary stiffness for acceptable load distribution, ‘The structure should be proportioned to obtain foundation pressures as uniform as possible, b. Intake and Draft Tube Foundation Stab. — ‘The intake and draft tube foundation slabs for the Sam Raybum plant (fig. 1-4) were for instance, 13 and 9 feet (5.8 and 2.7 m) thick, respectively, and heavily reinforced. During conceptual studies, the above aspects should be recognized to preclude substantial changes in excavation and concrete quantities when final design is made, (1) Preliminary Slab Foundation Thicknesses. — Preliminary slab thicknesses can be quickly determined based on rough stability calculations. Approximate shear and moment depth requirements should be assessed for the foundation slabs at the wall and pier faces (based on conservative shear strength or design stress assumptions). (2)Reinforcement Layers. — For moment requirements it is not considered advisable, in interest of acceptable concrete placement, to use more than three layers of reinforcement, For the same reasons, bar spacing should not be less than 8 inches (20 cm) 0.¢, ‘To avoid surprises, these requirements should be assessed during conceptual studies. 2. Powerhouses on Competent Rock Foundations ‘When powerhouses are founded on competent rock, as most powerhouses are, the loads are transmitted to the foundations through the rigid walls and piers of the intake, where such are integral with the powerhouse, and the draft tube piers, 4. Intake Foundation Slabs. — ‘The intake foundation slabs must be thick enough to resist uplift pressures that vary between the reservoir and tailwater pressures, with appropriate reductions when drains ate provided as discussed elsewhere in the Guidelines. Depending on the head, the intake foundation slab thickness can vary from 4 10 20 feet (1.2 to 6 m), or even more, Therefore, the thickness requirements should be quickly checked as briefly outlined for slabs on soft foundations. b, Draft Tube Elbow Encasement, — ‘The draft tube elbow encasement should be of con- servative concrete thicknesses to receive the thrust acting through the stay ring, Powerhouses on soft foundations Reinforcement layers Powerhouses on competent rock foundations Draft tube elbow encasement 1-65 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Unwatering pipe embed- ment Weep holes At least 3 feet (0.9 m), better, perhaps 4 feet (1.2 m) clearance is needed around the draft tube steel liner for erection of same, The surrounding space is backfilled after erection of the liner as second-stage concrete, ‘The first stage concrete should not be less than 3 feet thick at the narrowest section to pro- vide sufficient space for reinforcement and ease in conerete placement. ‘Thus, the total minimum elbow concrete thickness adds to about 5 feet (1.5 m) for strue- tures of medium size founded on competent rock, ‘The draft tube elbow foundation thickness is greatly affected by the configuration and thickness of the intake foundation slab (figs. 1-4 and 1-8). ¢. Unwatering Pipe Embedment. — At the downstream end of the draft tube elbow, the foundation slab is usually thickened to provide for embedment of the draft tube unwatering pipes, These connect to each draft tube and run under the draft tubes either to the unwater- ing sump located, generally, in the erection bay, or also between units in multi-unit power- houses. ‘The size of the unwatering pipes, depending on the draft tube volume, may vary between 12 to 18 inches. With a clearance of at least one pipe size diameter provided at the top and bottom for embedment, the minimum slab thickness may vary between 3 feet, for smaller powerhouses, to 6 feet or more, for medium and larger powerhouses. Structural requirements to resist uplift loads may require thicknesses Jarger than indicated ‘above, in the order of 10 to 12 feet (3.0 to 3.6m). ‘The powerhouses of the La Grande complex of James Bay, Quebec, do not have embedded drains for complete unwatering of the draft tubes. Instead, a drain header below the draft tube access gallery dewaters the draft tubes below the access opening. Portable pumps are used for complete unwatering [Ludwig and Olive, 1980] a, Draft Tube Foundation Slabs, — In the draft tube area, where the draft tube walls, and intermediate piers for larger draft tubes, transfer the Joad to the foundation, the draft tube floors can be rather thin and need to resist only uplift pressures from tailwater. Design for full uplift pressures is required only when the rock is very jointed and highly permeable and cannot be improved with consolidation grouting. Draft tube stabs on rock foundations that are reasonably watertight (no open joints visible on the excavation surface or with joints that can be sealed) can be provided with weep holes to relieve pressures, ‘The weepholes are spaced approximately 8 to 10 feet on centers, and are drilled 2 to 5 feet (0.6 to 1.5 m) or more into rock, Assuming that 50 percent of the weepholes eventually clog, the draft tube foundation slabs can be designed for, say, 50 percent of the actual uplift pressures. ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 1-66On soft rocks with higher compressibility, it is assumed that foundation pressures act also against the draft tube floor and the floor is designed accordingly. For conceptual studies, it is recommended to check draft tube slab thicknesses for the latter approach which will assure conservative excavation and concrete quantities, Design refine- ments, that reduce quantities, can be attempted during the final design stage if contractual provisions allow for such changes without price increase, For initial layouts, draft tube slab thickness can be assumed about 4 to 6 feet thick and then quickly checked for shear and moment requirements ‘Moment requirement check for a moment of 0.1W2, will suffice for such purposes. Heavier foundation slabs may be required if a powerhouse, especially a semi-indoor type, is designed for high-flood tailwater levels. It should, however, be kept in mind that deeper foundation slabs require deeper excavations and also result in higher uplift pressures along the foundation contact area. Heavier thicknesses may also be required if the draft tubes extend appreciably downstream beyond the draft tube piers and resist foundation pressures as cantilevers. Cantilever type designs should be avoided. Instead, draft tube piers should be extended to brace the draft tube extensions, 3, Foundation Slab Outlines Jt is recommended that the foundation slab contact area with the foundation be developed as simple and with as few break points in foundation planes as possible. ‘The more complicated the excavation is, the more it costs. Also, reinforcement becomes more complicated requir- ing additional lap lengths at each break point, Any deepened “cutoff” keys (figs. 1-2, 1-9, 1-10, 1-13, and 1-15) at the upstream ends of integral intakes foundations and draft tube outlets should, preferably, be avoided. The fol- lowing disadvantages result with provision of such keys: + Disturbance of good rock by blasting resulting in a more effective seepage path, ie. the opposite effect is achieved + Complication of excavation at premium cost + Complication of reinforcement resulting in higher cost If seepage “cutoffs” are needed at the upstream and downstream ends of the structure, other, more effective means can be utilized depending on the type of foundation material: + Steel sheet piles where they can be applied + Consolidation grouting + Concrete aprons with sealed joints at the structure + Impermeable clay blankets, Foundation slab outlines 1-67 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989