Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments : Volume 1 Planning, Design of Dams, and Related Topics, and Environmental BwisonPleniog Divsion ti. Desig a Part A Bar nd Rested Tepes \ Part. Envronmental ‘Approved or pubscation by the Energy Division of the “amofoan Sooty of Cl Enpinoorsiz rit pecnte tn pn arom pe et ovemertetennrnsmeentn eee Sean aenen nares Pee a Re easy oak engomen ace he eee ona ana onus (oR wae na nanan rts ae atuoence nb ie emimtenicene mmr arierans Se aeons agence ae be erase orepeortnen waranty ner ean ‘Gan Sieg a tance sa. rye ‘Satleappra, pada, proeas decased te pucaton, ard aaa Spe uty irre Soe CE Sher garstisessey ome moses SRimeiooweeec08 MEE Uae Sos ot Anon,FOREWORD Civil Engineering Guidelines for Planning and Designing Hydroelectric Developments was prepared by the Hydropower Comminee of the ASCE Energy Divison. The committee's work on the Guidelines received substantial financial support from the Electric Power Research Insite (EPR, without which the preparation ofthese Guidelines would have been imposible. ‘The Guidelines began in response to the formulation ofthe purpose ofthe Hydropower Commitee atthe ‘meeting in Houston, Texas, in October 1983, when the committe was reactivated. The purpose of the committe a5 restated in 1983, was to "investigate and disseminate information on al phases of yeo- electric power” At the ime there was a noticeable gap between the sate of the at and the literature ‘There was a need fora comprehensive document that pulled together the widely recognized hyo-rlaed ¢esign infomation using appropriate text and references, Because of the small inal membership ofthe Hydropower Comminee, the orginal intent was merely ‘ivi engineering hydroclecric design symposium involving publication of state-of-the-art papers ‘Additonal papers would be added Inter to close apparent information gaps. However, as more members joined the committee, the objective and scope ofthe Guidelines grew. Membership reached almost 40— the largest ever for the Hydropower Commitee and among the highest of al vechnical commits in the Energy Division. tn arly 1986, the outline of the Guidelines ws finalized, and the work of writing & completely new document begun in eames ‘The objective ofthe Guldelines isto provide material that i useful wo an engineer having Ste 10 years experience and basic knowledge of the design of hydroelectric developments. The Guidelines provide comprehensive coverage and the necessary information on the type and depth of studies nzeded for developing and designing a successful hydroelectric project. ‘The Guldelines emphasize the planing and design of the “powenrain,” which includes the intakes, Power conduits, powerhouses, and asociated elements, The intent was to include the technalogy and Praties that have developed during the past 25 years, but also to recognize precedent design of earlier period, eepecaly tha ater World War I ‘The text is arranged so that engineer can add their own notes inthe margins. QuarkXPress clectronic publishing software was used to lay out al ofthe pages of the Guidelines, Many ofthe author” original rafts were printed using IBM-compatible computers, and te files were converted toa Macintosh for- ‘mat, Equations were created using a Macintosh software program. ‘The Hydropower Commitee intends to publish a revision to the Guidelines early in 1991. To bs end, form is enclosed that allows readers to onder this revision oro offer comments corrections, o aiditons. Recognition is due wo the Hydropower Commitee members, especially those who remained active con- teibutors ntl completion ofthe Guidelines and dedicated many hours oftheir personal time to this undertaking. Recognition is also due to the organizations, both public and private, that supponel the par- ticipation of the commits members, allowing them to auend meetings and proving the ofce assis tance required fo the chairmen and cairl members to administer related commitce activites, James Birk and Charles Sullivan of EPRI were instrumental in the successful completion ofthe work by recognizing the commine's capability to develop the Guidelines and by securing the necessary funding ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989FOREWORD — Continued ‘Douglas Mortis, EPRI Projct Manager, monitored and directed the EPR-telated activites of the com- ‘mite and contributed significantly inthe review ofthe Guidelines. Philip M. Botch, who served as Energy Division Contact Member of the commitee writ his death in 1986, provided substantial comsibutons and suppor for the project. AS the new contact member and Executive Committee Chairman during 1984, Don Matchett continued to provide support forthe ‘Hydropower Committee's work and forthe Guidelines. Special recognition goes to Tem Logan, who ‘under contract with EPRI, spearheaded preparation of the Guidelines with great devotion By organizing meetings, communicating diecly with the authors, and arranging forthe review, editing, and typesetting (ofthe Guidelines, Tom contributed greatly to the sucessful completion of this monumental project. Joe CCariero assisted Tom in organizing the material and provided valuable experise in editing and format ting the Guldelins. Finally, special gratitude is due to Arvis Zagars. Without his dedicated leadership, the Guidlines would rot have been written, Arvids established the inal concept and provided the direction that guided the futhos. He served as committe chalman forthe entire period during which the Guldelins were writen, Th addition, he authored several major chapters and provided valuable input to many other chapters on ‘whichis mame doesnot appea as a contbutor. Respectfully submited, ASCE Hydropower Committee C@jat FV focte Eagar T. Moore, PE. Hydropower Commitee Chairman 1989 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989ASCE ENERGY DIVISION EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE CONTACT MEMBERS Donald Matchet, PE., Stone & Webster Engineering Cop., Denver, Colorado Philip M. Botch, PE, PM. Botch and Associates, Bellevue, Washington ASCE CONTROL GROUP MEMBERS, 1984-1988 Arvid Zagars, PE, Chaiman, ASCE Hydropower Development Commitee, Harza Engineeing Co, Chicago, Minois| R.A. Cono, PE., Federal Energy Regulatory Committe, Washington, D.C. Garth Grinnell, PE., Stone and Webster Engineering Co, Denver, Colorado Edgar Moore PE. Harza Engineering Co., Chicago, Minis Sydney Steinbom, PE.,Steinbom Associates, Seatle, Washington EPRI PROGRAM MANAGER Douglas. Mons, EPRI, Palo Alto, Califomia EDITOR AND TECHNICAL COORDINATOR “Thomas H, Loge, PE, Consultant, 1310 Wadsworh Blvd, Suite 100, Lakewood, Colondo 8215 PUBLISHING COORDINATOR Joe Cariero, PE, Consultant, 2240 Harlan Steet, Denver, Colorado 80214 ‘TYPRSETTERS John Cruise and A. Celeste Velasquez, 30 East 10h Avenue, #810, Denver, Colorado 80203CONVENTIONAL HYDROPOWER SUBCOMMITTEE MEMBERS ‘Thomas H. Logan, Chainman, Consultant, Lakewood, Colorado DDivyendu Narayan, Vice Chairman, New York Power Authority, Whit Plains, New York ‘Thomas Ahi, Chicago Bridge and Iron, Na-Con, Oak Brook, nals Brice Ainsworth, Black & Veatch, Kansas City, Missouri Robert Averbach, Consultant, Lakewood, Colorado George L. Buchanan, Hydro Engineering Projets, TVA, Knoxville, Tennessee Kin Chung, Gilbert Commonwealth, Jackson, Michigan Brian W, Clowes, Corps of Engineers, Poland, Oregon James Conwell, Bureau of Reclamation, Sacramento, Califomia Luther Davidson, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Jerry Dodd, Consultan, Englewood, Colorado ‘Shou-shan Fan, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, aitersburg, Maryland [Nolan J. Folden, Comps of Enginers, Porand, Oregon John Gulliver, St. Anthony Falls, Minneapolis, Minnesota Pier Ludewig, New York Power Authority, New York, New York Richard Mitelstad, Corps of Engineers, Porland, Oregon Edgar Moore Harza Engineering Co., Chicago, inois ‘Bruce Moyes, Bureau of Reclamation, Deaver, Colorado Lucien J Mroczkiewicz, Comps of Enginsers, Ponland, Oregon Gifford A. Pugh, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Paul M. Ruchti, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colorado Sans Strabergs, Ebasco Services ne. Bellevue, Washington Richard. Stutsman, Pci, Gas & Elect Co, San Francisco, Califomia ‘Arvid Zapars, Harza Engineering Co,, Chicago, Minos‘ORGANIZATIONS THAT PROVIDED CONTINUOUS SUPPORT FOR ‘COMMITTEE MEMBER PARTICIPATION IN PREPARATION OF THE GUIDELINES. Harza Engineering Company (Suppor for ll administrative activites ofthe Committee Chairman) (Chicago Bridge and ron Company Dames and Moore lectic Power Research Instute Gebard Engineers ‘Mead and Hunt, Ie. [New York Power Authority ‘Northeast Utes Service Company Pacific Gas and Elecric Company ‘Steinbom Associates Stone and Webster Engineering ‘Bureau of Reclamation US. Amy Comps of Engineers Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ‘Tennessee Valley Authority (Ot Water Engineers (OTHER PARTICIPATING ORGANIZATIONS RW. Beck, Black and Veatch Duke Power Company basco Services, nc Gilbert Commonwveaith Richard Hunt and Associates Southern Company Services ‘The SNC Group Ray Toney and Associates University of Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory University of Wisconsin MilwaukeeCIVIL ENGINEERING GUIDELINES FOR PLANNING AND DESIGNING HYDROELECTRIC DEVELOPMENTS ‘VOLUME 1. PLANNING, DESIGN OF DAMS AND, RELATED TOPICS, AND ENVIRONMENTAL. ‘CONVENTIONAL HYDRO DIVISION. PLANNING ape: Deepme of he Sy Pan Caper? Ln onan Aye (apr yng Grp Se (gr Einung Power Poe, ‘Cer: Por Pia Sng ‘Cpe Poe Pano Emacs (Cape, Eonar aot Hyper Pt (Caper. Evel imc and Fene Lee (Cap Gosay a yng Ping Teme DIvsiON I DESIGN "PART A. DAMS AND RELATED TOPICS ‘Gaps. Dane apie? Sway ape’. Outer *Cuapert Diveos Ges Re Giger 6 Grog nein PARTD. ENVIRONMENTAL ‘Cp, Een eran Mie Apo VOLUME 2. WATERWAYS ‘CONVENTIONAL HYDRO DIVISION I DESIGN PARTE, WATERWAYS ‘Cape aes (Cape Tea Sas ape. Pets (per Sd Powin Cd Cons ‘Cipers Teo Sage ake ‘Cher. Hy Mae (Caper: Grad Yer ‘VOLUME 3. POWERHOUSES AND [RELATED TOPICS ‘CONVENTIONAL HYDRO DIVISION DESIGN "ART. POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOFICS ‘her Power Sufcrd Undo (ner? Hybnte Tete Rated Ts (nper3. Els Ernerig (Caper. Tress Lica Secs ‘VOLUME 4. SMALL-SCALE HYDRO Division. PLANING (hip. Sol Se isopenesempecet (Caper? Delo Lee Scape Sy Pn (Capers. Sis bronn Oupied Hyde Da (Caper. Emsting Fat Copy owe Ope Cpu Power Syon Ue and Cann Rogen gee. Option ed Maen CChper’ Ercan et Caper. nate ee (Caper. Pree eae (opr Coe Eas (ape Benois Aye DIvstONIL DESIGN ‘Chie. Soogr Deion Apt Seat per? Waray (Cpe Power (Caper Schon wl Toei Lines DIVISION IL CONSTRUCTION “Gupte Conran Coe Caper? Ano ‘VOLUME 5, PUMPED STORAGE ‘AND TIDAL POWER Pore stoRscr DIVISION, PLANNING ‘hat: Gen Conete (Gar? Eon i td Acs pivsioNi. DEsiGN PART A RESERVOIRS (ape Reson PART. WATERWAYS (Caper aes sd Ose oper? Teel, Stn Poste ‘her Hain opr Tans PART . POWERHOUSES AND RELATED TOPICS (Caper Powe. (apart Arpaia a pen DIVISION IL, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE hg Opentn nd Mane TAL POWER. (ape ata Chaps Bit Til ower (Gaye Pty Dep Cosine (spur Comin Coens (hip. Poet Dopn Caper. Sic RagesNOTICE TO READERS OF THE GI'TDELINES “The Hydropower Commitee of the Energy Engineering Division of ASCE has prepared these Gridelines ina format that allows easy revision and updating. I is the intention of de commit to provide a evi son, in January 1991, The cost ofthis revision willbe that of reproduction and mailing. 1 you wish to make coretions or adatons, or wish to receive the 1991 revision, please fil out the form ‘below and ret it to ASCE EY-DIVISION, HYDROPOWER COMMITTEE tention: E:T. Moore 3 oom 1700 150 South Wacker Drive (Chicago, Hlnois 60606 (CK wish to receive the 1991 revision to the Guidelines Name Company Mailing Address: Street. cy Suis ip Te: CD (G My comments, corrections, or additions are atached.MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS ACCELERATION Unit ve mist 1 oot per second squared (U2) 1 02088 | Meterpersecond squared (m/s?) 3.2808 1 AREA, Unit 1 mt ha Acre mit 1 Square fot (2) 1 0.0529) 92503106 22956105 3.58108 1Squaremeter(m?) 10.7639 pao 2aTitX105 —3.8510x107 1 Hectare (ba) LOT6sx108 10.000 1 24738510103 1Ace 43500 40468504047 1 153254103 Square mile (mi?) 2. 7878x107 259004105 259 «40 r ENERGY Unit J Alb Btu kel ph kWh 1 Joule @) 1 07376 9481x104 2389x104 3.725x107 2.778107 1Foot-pound (fb) 1.386 1285x103 3230104 S0SIx107 3.766%107 1 Brish thermal unit (Bu) 105577191 0252 392104 2830x104 1Kilocalorie (kcal) 4086308739681 1.38903 116109 1 Horsepower-hour (iph) 2.685%106 1980x105 2,545 64d ms? TKilowaurour Wh) 34x10 Zessxi06 3413S Lat FORCE Uni ayn N we ket 1Dyne (dyn) 1 LOxios 2248x108 1.02010 2.248100 1Neweon(X) 100000 2288 01020 2.24804 Pound (b) 444,800 4.448 1 008536 0.001 1 Kilogram (kg 980.700 9.807 2205 1 2205x109 1Kip AAI 4408 1.000 4535 1MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS — Continued LENGTH Unit in 1 m ken mi 1 Inch (in) 1 0083300254 2SHOKIOS 1 sTHIOS 1 Foot (ft) 2 1 0.3048 So4m104 18939104 1 Meter () gosmio 32808 ‘oor 62136104 Kilometer (km) 39,370 3.28084 1,000 1 oon 1 Mile (a) 330 5280 1,609.36 093 1 MASS: nit » kg Metriestug Slug Metricton Long ton 1Poundqb) 1 04536 O04 UBT. 36x104 44.04 1Rilogrim (kg) 2.2051 01020 006850. 9.84104 iMeticshug = 21629807 sri 0.0088 0.0096 1Siug m7 M8 a0 ors = 0144 iMeticton «2.205 ,000 1020852 1 09842 11 Long tn 2240 ©1016-1037 08.63 1016 1 POWER (Rate of Energy Flow) Unit Btw fais hp kw 1 Btyfour (Bru) 1 2161 39nsx104 2920x104 1 Foot pound/second (e-bs) 4.628 1 1818103 1.356.10+ 1 Horsepower (ip) 2343 350 t ons7 1 Kilowatt) 3413 18 13a 1 Twas EW is generated by 11.81 0/5 of wate falling 1 foot (at 100% efficiency) or by 0.102 mV falling 1 meter (at 100% efficiency). PRESSURE Unit Pe HON iin? atm 1 Paseal (Pa) 1 356x104 2953104 LAsOHAI04 9862x108 1 Footof water @39.4°F (#0) 2989 1 ossz7s 043352 0.0295 "Inch of Mereury gin) 33% 143082 oan 003342 1 Pound per square inch (ivi) 6894757 230571 203605 0.088046 1 Atmosphere (atm) 101225 3389045 2092471 14.69595 1Pa= 1 Nim? = 10 dyneien’MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS — Continued RATE OF FLOW Ur amin 10% Meus ms TUS. gallon perminute jamin) 1 0072301 ——_6a1x105 1 Cubic foot per second (5) aes 1 0616s 002832 1 Mion US. gallos perday (Meat) 644 Lsa7 1 00838 1 Oubie meter per second (ns), 15850 38.31 ne 1 ‘TUS palon per minute fort year= 1.614 ser 19/6 1.98 deed = 724 acre TEMPERATURE, Unit a *c K ® degrees Fatreniel(( x Gon 32) Coy 45967) 3445967 degrees ClsusCO)Gigxe32 x HH2IS Clg + 49167 Kevin (©) Giu—s5967 2315 Cig: degrees Rankine R)—E=48967 GNR—AOLEY Che x “TURBINE SPECIFIC SPEED (N,) NWS) LN, (Metric hp), (eW) N,(US. customary units) 1 0225 0263 NN, (Metre bp units) 4as 1 116 NN Gilowat units) 381 086 Y | Metric horsepower = 75 kg-m/s win. = Turbine specific sped = AEM Ny specific peed = “AE where: ‘n= rotational sped, in rpm, P= power output of tubine, and 2H = hydraulic bead on turbine. * Specific speed isa fundamental concept used in conelating turbine characteristics. I now appears in ‘many different forms, though curenteffons ae directed toward a unified sysiem of units (iensionless form), In Chapter 2, “Hydraulic Turbines and Related Topics” (Conversion, Division It, Par), the various formulations and conversion factor are addressedMEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS — Continued VELocITY Unit nia kmh fs mith mis 1 Foot per day (Rd) 1 1210S LASTAIOS 7.89108 3.528105 Kilometer perhour (amt) 78.7401 ous eng 2778 1 Foot per second (vs) 86400 1.097 1 06818 0.3048 Mile pertour (mils) 126.700 1.609. 1467 1 oas7 | Meterpersecond (mis) 283,500 3.600 3281 2237 1 VOLUME, Unit L wl ne m= acre-ft Thier a) 1 0268 (0035 ‘0.001 Bibao7 1US. gallon (ga) 3.785 1 0136 0.0379 © 3.07108 1 Gubic foot 9) 28.317 148 1 ome 230x108 1 Cubic meter(m®) 1000 264 3sais Sipao4 TAcrest(acre-f) 1233500 235,881 3560 123348 gallon =231 in? = 0.83 Imperial gallons. 11L= 1,000 om = 1.05 quarts = 1,00 grams of water. 1 Barrel = 42 US. gallons 19 of water = 62.4 Ib. ‘SIPREFIXES AND SYMBOLS Multiplication factor Prefix Symbol ‘0.000.000 000,001 0.000 000000,000.001, eto (6.000,000,000000,000,001 = 108 ato I Seca eee roses M4ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS ‘Altemating cutet (adj. & noun) ‘Ampere “Ampere hour And oters Appendix ‘Average ‘Automatic voltage regulator Baral Benefi-cost ratio Best efficiency point catosie Cauctry number Centimeter Chapter Cubic fot per minute (aso etn) Cubic fot per second (also cfs) ‘Conventional hydro Degree Celsius Degree Fahrenbeit Direct curet (aj. & noun) Dissolved oxygen Dynamic operating beneit Dyne ition Elevation (1) Elevation Gib) Euler number Factrof safety Figur Flow Foot Foot pound Forexample Froude amber Gallon Gram Gravitational constant asa H He bp B Head Hen Horsepower Hour Hydroelectric power Hydrogen-ion concentration Inch Inflow design food Inside diameter Joule Kilovolt Kilovott-ampere Kilowatt Kilowatt-hour Liter Maximum ‘Maximum high water level ‘Maximum water surface Megawatt Megawat-hour Meer Million gallons per day Mile Mile per hour (lso mp8) Minimum ‘Minute (ime) [Net positive suction beat "Newton ‘amber "Number (for reinforcing bar sizes) om Operation and maintenance Ounce (aoindupois) Outside diameter Page Pagessp. 8t. kip TBM. voPH vA ans per milton Percent Polyvinal chloride Pound Pound-force Power Powerhouse Pressure reducing value Probable maximum flood ‘Probable maximum precipitation Pumped siorage Pumped sorage plant Pumped storage powerhouse Reynolds number ‘evolution per minute also rev/min) Revolution per second (also evs) ‘Second (tine) ‘Sequential steamfow routing ‘Specfle gravity Specific speed (urine) System efficiency Thais ‘Thousand pounds ‘Taming bench mark Underground powerhouse Versus Vertical Volt Volt ampere wat Weber number Weight Year S) ‘Year Ginft) ASCE ASME, AWWA, BLM BOM USBR DoE spt EA EPRI FERC IcoLD Asa ‘American Society of CvilEngincers ‘American Society for esting 2nd ‘Materials American Society of Mechanical Engineers American Water Works Assocation ‘Argonne National Laberatories Bonneville Power Auttority Bureau of Land Management Bureau of Mines Bureau of Reclamation (Water and Power Resouees Service) Department of Eneszy Department ofthe Ineo ison Electric Instn: Environmental Protection Agency lec Powor Research Insttte Federal Energy Regulaory ‘Commission Hydrologic Engineering Center Intemational Congresson Large Dams Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers "National Environment Policy Act [National Weather Service [North American Elec Relisbilty ‘Council [Naclear Regulatory Commission Public Uiity Commision (sate) Public Utility Reguatery Policies Act. Rural Electrification Association ‘Soil Conservation Service ‘Tennessee Valley Autorty US. Army Corps of Eagineers US. Congress on Lrg: Dams ‘US. Fish and Wilife ServiceCONVENTIONAL HYDRO GUIDELINES VOLUME 1. PLANNING, DESIGN OF DAMS AND RELATED Chapter 1. Chapter 2. Chapter 3. Chapter 4, Chapters. FEATURES, AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTENTS: DIVISION 1. PLANNING Development ofthe Study Plan A. Introduction to yropower planning B, Reconnaissance studies Feasibility studies . General design studies , Reporting the resus of a hydropower study FF. Cooeination with goverment agencies G. References ‘Load-Resource Analysis {A Purpose of load-resource analysis B, Major steps in load-resource analysis . Sources of forecast data D. Level of deal required in the report. . Variations i oad forecasts Analysis of enegy displacement projects G. References Hydrologic and Geologic Studies ‘A Introduction B, Hydrologic studies . Geologic seaior D. References Estimating Power Potential ‘A. Chapter outing B. Hydrologic data C. Powerplant data . Operating criteria E. Selection of appropriate metho for estimating power potential F, Flow-duraton method of establishing power potential Power Plant Sizing ‘A. introduction BB, Power plan siing procedure (© Treatment of multiple atematves D, Powter system requirements and marketability considerations E, References ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989DIVISION I. PLANNING — Continued (Chapter 6. Power Plant Cost Estimates [A Introduction B. Appropriate deta of cost estimates (C. Estimating the cost of major project components 1D. Calculating the project investment cost E, Calculating project annual costs F, References Chapter 7. Economic Evaluation of Hydropower Projects ‘A. Introduction B. Basis for measuring hydropower benefits CC. Procedure for computing hydropower benefits . Defining the wit project and without project conditions . Altemative thermal plant method F. Energy displacement method G. Hydroplant scoping H. Financial feasibility study Special problems 4. References Chapter 8. Environmental Impacts and Pertinent Legislation ‘A Introduction B, Reservoir environmental impacts (C. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission D. Legislation pertinent to hydropower development E. References Chapter 9. Glossary of Hydropower Planning Terms DIVISION Il. DESIGN PART A. DAMS AND RELATED FEATURES Chapter 1. Dams ‘A Introduction B, Dam types and materials . Seleeon of typeof dam . Layout of dams and appurtenant faci E, Structure analysis and design F. Concrete dams G. Embankment dams . Foundation design References Chapter 2. Spitlways Chapter 3. Outlets [A Genera aspects ', Outlet works concepts C-References (Chapter 4. Diversions ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Chapter §. Chapter 6. PARTD. Chapter 1 DIVISION Il. DESIGN — Continued Reservoirs ‘A. Engineesing design BB. Gootecnical design : Selected environmental design criteria _D. Operational considerations in reservoir design E, References Geologic Investigations A. Introduction 'B. Collecting and appraising existing geologic information © Characterizing the geology _D. Clarifying geologic nomenclature, definitions, and scales [dentifying specific geologic considerations and rested geologic concems Selecting means to analyze geologic behavior and establishing new data equirements Acquiring new geologic data and updating the characterization ofthe geology and seologicconoems ‘Analyzing geolopic betavior and, i necessary, indicating the need for engineering remedies to modify behavior 1. Validating geologic predictions or defining validation requirements J. Preparing writen pons) K. References omm ENVIRONMENTAL, Environmental Issves and Mitigative Approaches {A Introduction B. Fishpassage (©. Temperture and wate supply D. Dissolved oxygen EE Flow requirements F. Gas bubble disease +H Dredging 1. Wier Level fuctation 4. Aquatic plans and algae XK. Inseam fishery mitigation and habitat improvement L. References ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989CONVENTIONAL HYDRO GUIDELINES DIVISION I. PLANNING Chapter 1. Development ofthe Study Plan (Chapter 2, Load-Resource Analysis ‘Chapter 3. Hydrologie and Geologic Studies ‘Chapter 4. Estimating Power Potential ‘Chapter 8. Power Plant Sizing Chapter 6. Power Plant Cost Estimates Chapter 7, Economic Evaluation of Hydropower Projects Chapter 8. Environmental Impacts and Pertinent Legistation (Chapter 9, Glossary of Hydropower Planning Terms ASCEVEPRI Guides 1989CHAPTER 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY PLAN CONTENTS Section Page A. Introduction wo hydropower planning, 1. Overview. . 2 Special planing and design studies 3. Study objectives aun 4. Hydropower stay ouline. 4 Components ofthe study. 'b. Multiple planning iterations... «©. Muliple-purpose considerations. vm 4. FERC licensing pr0e88 : ——e B, Revonnassance stl enn ennnnn - 1. Objective ofthe study. 2. FERC consultation — fist sage Feasibility studies. 1. Objective ofthe study . 2. FERC consultation — second sage. vo 3. Exemptions for small projet. General design studies. : 1. Objective of he std. — 2, FERC eonsultatlon— third sage . Reporting the results ofa hydropower study F Cooninton with goverment gece. G.References 1, Water resource planning and economics cr 2 Social and environmental impact assessment 3, Public involvement 4 Engineering probability and sais: bas ext. TABLES ‘Table 1-1 Hydropower study outne 1-2 Hydropower por outline. CREDITS: ‘The "Development of the Study Pan” chapter was writen by: ‘Bran W, Clowes, PhD PE. ‘North Pacific Division USS. Amy Comps of Engineers PO, Box 2870 Ponland, Oregon 97208 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989CHAPTER 1, DEVELOPMENT OF THE STUDY PLAN A. INTRODUCTION TO HYDROPOWER PLANNING. 1. Overview ‘Tis chapter and the others in Division 1, “Planning.” provide general guideance on the Overview successive stages of hydroelectric power studies, rom tbe reconnaissance level through the feasibility sudy sage. These chapters aso define the appropiate level of effort and the ‘study requirements and technical procedures necessary foreach stage of study. Specific areas covered include neod for power, collection of steamilow data and other project char acteristics, estimating energy potential, power plant sizing cst estimating, and power ben- efit analysis. Technical subjects pertinent to the design, construction and operation of con 2, Special Planning and Design Studies In general, the planning requirements for pumped-storage, small hydropower, and tidal Planning ‘ower projects willbe similar to those for conventional hydropower schemes, However, requirements ‘many aspects ofthe planning process are unique to these special types of projects. Those seeking information on pumped storage project planning should refer to the appropiate ‘volume for supplemental planning and technical information. 23. Study Objectives ‘An efficient hydropower planing team wil conserve time, effon, and money by determin- Objectives ing as carly as possible whether there isa basis to proceed toa more detalled project anly- sis. Project ltematives that are not economically feasible shouldbe dismissed as so0n as possible, 4. Hydropower Study Outline ‘@ Components of te Study. — Table 11 ists the specific areas of interest that should be Components addressed in every hydropower study. The reconnaissance and feasibility evel studies for each proposed hydropower project willbe unique. Each study wll include diferent exi- cal items, depending upon project location, potential environmental or social impact, and the political climate, among other considerations. However, each line item depicted in ‘Table 1-1 should be covered at some point inthe study process. The specific items consid- cred during each stage of study and the emphasis given wo thes items must be decided by the study team. 2, Mutiple Planning Herations. —'Table 1-1 depics a power study as single-pass anal- Iterative ysis. Inmost cases, selection ofthe best power installation is an iterative process, in which process ‘Steps are repeated two or more times in successively greater deta fora successively small- cermumber of aliemative pans m4 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989‘Table 1-1. — Hydropower study outline, 1G prs bas infrmton| lye decison) Define woe eames Aste heya ‘ent encomact prope nee ens {Deepen ler flow {Gah eine cel infraon om 2. Psa od rsuce mle (hpter2) "Dafne power 1 Seketatoa force maid ely oa eon ed ett rooted yt ode “athe cniniy rout edema fret yen aes ‘Compare system nn and estes eminem nd schedlng tational power 5. Peo hog nd gst is (hater 3) ‘Grol res (nce eo, fan ad oer tts) “Hino sui (Dow dato sedimenting, water gay it cleat are cp, ‘oer ses) 4 Datmin projet nny potential hg 4) ° Fiore ed 1 Sequnclsoanlow oung med 5 Perfor pla cpa sis "eect ng of et se nd patna pe ‘Peo by ong soe fei) ‘Ty conta on pe lat operon ety cons of component (chapter 6) Land nd cling *Pemaen loons “Cir reve aang {Raed wide aigaton ‘eae “eaters wey ‘vate {Rome en ha ‘Sate Pesce Rewe ode ‘Tren e 7. Dery ioe tr 6) ‘anaes dar 1. Peso projet emai ie hapter7) "Bas for tie + Ape scmei ey ein “Ateulvecons an ower ents Make 9. Sty rot niet and soi conse hg) Fah wif inet eno, puton {Ducewes, pice of enpoey md permet reaeain, ea economist arcane fe, ‘ter ines 10, Set ramen pan ASCEIEPRI Guides 1989 2¢, Mulipe-Purpose Considerations. — The procedure described in thie division of the Multiple Guidelines generally applies toa single-pupose power study. At a multiple-purpose pro- purposes et, hydropower will compete for scare resources with other importa project purposes such as navigation, water suppl, irigation, and fish and wildlife considerations. When hydropower is one of several functions considered for development ata proposed project, the steps shown in Table 1-1 would be integrated into a muliple-objecive planning study, ‘which can only be properly perfomed by a study tam comprised of experts in a wide range of disciplines. ‘The chapters on planing touch only briefly on environmental studies, net benefit analysis, and plan selection. More extensive guidance on these subjects and on multiple-objective planning can be found in the references cited at the end of each chapter. 4. FERC Licensing Process. — The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is FERC. the federal agency responsible forthe regulation and licensing of non-federal hydropower —ieensing projects in the United States. The FERC issues preliminary permits and licenses (and ‘rans exemptions from licensing) in order to authorize the construction and operation of hydropower projects. The role of the FERC in the planning process is described in the fol- lowing paragraphs. ‘To a large degree, the planning process for ll major non-federal hydro project inthe United States is ded 1 the FERC leensing proces, and this process requires that cetin data be provided to FERC on each proposed hydro projet. There requirements and the process dough which they are provided, are noted inthe planing chapters ofthis mana ‘Aaditona information on the role ofthe FERC and the Federal Power Act may be found in chapter 8, section C. B. RECONNAISSANCE STUDIES 1, Object of the Study ‘The general objective ofa reconnaissance study iso determine whether a potential project Objective has promise or, more specifically, whether further ime and resouroes shouldbe expended on more detailed examination of a specific development. Reconnaissance (preliminary) studies require a relavely small expenditure of time and effort. Therefore, it generally possible to examine a wide range of potetal projet configurations to decide whether ot nota feasibility study should be undertaken, ‘The decision of probable economic justification i usually made on the basis ofa favorable benefiveost (B/C) ratio, maximum net benefits, or some otber economic exteria. I it is ‘obvious that a project's benefits cannot suppot its costs, the reconnaissance study will ee- ‘ommend that no further studies be undertaken. Ifthe project shows promise, the econna Sance study should include pertinent data in an easly accessible form, recommendations for further study, and an estimate of what resources are likely o be commited fr a fas ‘bility study, 13 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989FERC Objective FERC 2, FERC Consultation — First Stage ‘The fist stage ofthe FERC consultation proces with intrested govemment agencies is usually performed during reconnaissance studies. Applicants are require to contact these ‘enlties and provide each of tem with detailed information regarding the projec. This data should include topographic maps, general arrangement drawings, engineering and design dat, information on streamflow and how the project operation wil afet streamflow, and possible environmental impacts and proposed mitigatve measures. Applicants should con- sult with experienced analysts in each organization to determine what futher studies may be required forthe licensing process . FEASIBILITY STUDIES 1. Objective ofthe Study “The objective of a feasibility study is to determine whether one ofa narrow range of pro- {ect configurations should be constructed, Ifthe results ofthis study show that ane ofthe ‘project alternatives is economically feasible, the study team should prepa a detailed e20- ‘omic justification and a financial feasibility analysis showing te projects ability to meet repayment requirements. Thee studies require power marketing and power system operat- ing studies, a8 well 5 a more detailed concept design and cost estimate. n most cases, an ‘environmental impact study (EIS) or finding of no significant impact FONSI is also required. The legal and environmental aspects of conventional hydropower development, ‘including the role ofthe EIS, are discussed in chapter 8. 2. FERC Consultation — Second Stage ‘The second stage ofthe FERC consultation proces usually occurs during the Feasibility study. During this stage, the applicant must provide information to the Federal Energy [Regulatory Commizson tat wil alow ito make an informed decison regarding Hicens- ing of the proposed project. The applicants backup studies will be made available to iter- cesiod federal and stage agencies, which will require from 30 to 60 days toreview the apli- ‘ations and make comments and recommendations io FERC, to which tke applicant must, respond ‘The FERC preliminary permit or exemption application must include the results ofthe per- ‘nent suds i ts believed thatthe propose project wil + Affect project economic, financial or technical feasibility, + Result ina significant change in project locaton or design, + Be required 0 set fort the results ofa study that determines project impact on impor- tant cultural or natural resources, + Determine suitable mitgative measures, or + Minimize impacts to a significant cultural or natural esource. ASCE/EPRIGuides 1989 143. Exemptions for Small Projects Exemptions ‘With regard to small («5,000 kW) hydro exemption applications, FERC has delegated to specified federal and state fish and wildlife agencies the exclusive authority for protecting fish and wildlife resources. Therefore, these agencies determine which tudes must be per- formed before applications may be property reviewed. D, GENERAL DESIGN STUDIES 1 Objective of the Study Preconstruction (general design) takes place once the decision has been made by manage- Objective rent to move ahead withthe projet. These studies consis of a detailed examination of he alteratve(s) selected during the feasibility study stage of the project planning process. ‘This final stage of study requires a considerable expenditure of money and time: therefore, the study manager must have confidence in the results of his ear planning. The mem- bers of the study team must continuc to keep an open mind, because detailed studies may reveal thatthe favored project isnot the “bes” allematve after ll, andthe earlier stages of the planning proosss may have to be repeated. 2, FERC Consultation — Third Stage Dring this stage of stud, the license submits the FERC license application, which is ‘based upon the general desig study. FERC shen transmits a copy to each interested agency {or comment and compiles these comments. Any resulting revisions, additions, or amend ‘ments must also be reviewed by all interested agencies. E, REPORTING THE RESULTS OF A HYDROPOWER STUDY “The rele of each stage ofthe hydropower study must he summarized in a compact and Results coherent formal report so tha they can be presented ro the decisionmaking body ina readi-- of study ly understandable form. A good approach iso divide the repor into three general sections 4 summary report that contains major assumptions, the body ofthe study as described in table 1-2, and a technical appendix that includes the material necessary to understand the power planning procedures used inthe study. Ie is panicularly important to jusify and document all overt and hidden assumptions 35 they are used in the body of the report. The technical appendix should include sufficient ‘data and backup computations to permit tracking the determination of the need for power, Project power output and project power benef. By taking the time ro present pertinent ‘ata, procedures, and assumptions ina clear and concise manner, the study team facilitates effective review and follow-up by otters. ‘Table 1-2 is an outline suggested for power planing reports. It may be tailored to ft the specific needs and preferences ofthe site and the study team, 1s ASCEIEPRI Guides 1989Report ‘outline Coordination with government ‘Table 1-2. — Hydropower report outline. Executive Summary ‘Abstract ‘Major assumptions Brie description of proposed development ‘Conclusions and recommendations ‘Acknowledgments ‘Main Report (summary of each ofthe following) Introductory material Need for power ‘Site characteristics and existing facies Hydrology Geology Description of altematve developmenss Hydraulics Power sudies Project cost estimates [Need for power Economic evaluation Financial analysis Social, environmental, and institutional impacts ‘Recommended development Project implementation Conclusions and recommendations ‘Teennieal Appendixes (deals of main pon) F, COORDINATION WITH GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Each chapter of these planning guidelines describes, where applicable, the role of federal, and state goverment agencies in the hydropower planing proces, These ents regulate hydropower planning and provide information to developers. It isthe responsibilty of the Inyo planer to contact the appropriate agencies at ll eves ‘Special mention should be made of coordination with the Federal Energy Regulatory ‘Commission and withthe egional Federal Power Marketing Administrons (see ch. 2) ‘Chapter 8 briefly outnes the legal and environmental aspects of hydropower development and mentions other federal and stage agencies that shouldbe contacted during the planning proces ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989, 16G. REFERENCES |, Water Resource Planning and Economies Buras, N., Scientific Allocation of Water Resources, 206 pp., American Elsevier, New York. 1972. General {terest linear and dynamic programming, one- and mult-dimensional allocation processes and optimization in space and time. EGAG Idaho, Inc, Microkydropower Handbook (U.S. Department of Energy Publication No, 1D0-10107), 2 vols. 827 p., National Technical Information Center, Springfield, Virginia, January 1983. A vey basic “how: 10” guide to all aspects of micro- hydropower (100 kW or less) development for those unfamiliar with hyérolo sy or construction, Garstka, W.U., Water Resources and the National Welfare, Fort Collins, Colorado, Water Resources Publications, 635 pp, 1978. Complete technical guide: hydrology, fuid mechanies, statistics, sedimentation, evapotranspiration,limnology land use and water law. Goodman, AS. Principles of Water Resource Planning, 563 pp. Englewood Cis, New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, 1984, Typical planning sequence: basic economic and nancial principles, isk and uncertain, demographic data gathering, plan formulation, preliminary project evaluation, public involvement, and the social and env ronmental effet of projet construction. Grigg, NS., Water Resources Development, 328 pp, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985. Effects of polities on ‘water resource planing: financial planning: orgaizing for effective water resource planing. Haimes, VY, Hierarchical Analyses of Water Resources Systems, 478 pp.» MeGraw-Hil, New York, 1977 ‘Advanced guid to systems engineering concepts applied to water resource projec, State-of-te-an modeling: project and system opsimization; system identification; multiple objectives; herachical modeling Haimes, and Alce, D1. editors), Muliobjective Analysts in Water Resources (proceedings ofthe coafer- ence in Santa Barbara, November 14-19, 1982), 239 pp, ASCE, New York, 1983. Useful collection of papers that address tradeoffs, implementation, muliscplinary cooperation, communication, and decisionmaking, ‘components and application of multiobjective analysis, and uncenainty Hall, WA. and Dracup, JA, Water Resources Systems Engineering, 372 pp, McGraw-Hil, New York, 1970. Basic systems science conceps applied to water resources planning. Definition of systems and subsystems; ‘objectives; inputs and outputs: bow to “optimize” decisions and time investments Howe, CW. Benefi-Cost Analysis for Water System Planning, American Geophysical Union Monograph No. 2, 143 pp. Publication Pres, Baltimore, 1971, Useful discussions onthe accounting stance, multipleobjecive planning, and the measurement and comparison of economic efficiencies overtime. Also secons on project selection criteria, Case studles ar included asa separate chapter. James, D. and Lee, RR, Economics of Water Resources Planing, 616 pp., McGraw-Hil, New Yor, 1971, ‘An excellent basic text on the technical economie deus of water resoure planning. Engineering economy, ‘microeconomics, benefi-cost analysis, and economic planning by project purpose, cos allocions, financial ‘easily, and multiobjective planning, Kaper, E., Water Resources Projet Economics, 47 pp, Buterwons, London, 1971. A gener concepts text ‘economic eritera, tangbles and intangibles, and cost allocations, chapter of this book outlines and desribes ‘in deail the components of feasibility report Loucks, DP, Stedinger, LR. and Hath, D.A., Water Resource Systems Planning and Analysis, 859 pp. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Clifs, New Jersey, 1981, Bascs of water resource planing and moceling. Planning wW ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989tnd analysis, plan formulation, uncenainy, objective definition, and deterministic and stochastic modeling of river basing. Maass, A., etal, Design of Water-Resource Systems, 602 pp., Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusets, 1962. Older but valuable basi planning tex: objectives, basic economics, graphical models, ‘multiple-purpse project analysis, and the politics of iver basin development. Major, D.C., Muli Objective Water Resource Planning, Water Resource Monograph 4, 81 pp.. American Geophysical Union, Washington, D.C, 1977. Procedures for defining national and regional otjectves in devel- ‘oping countries pricing and cost-sharing. "Laoghaire, DT, and Himmelblau, D.M., Optimal Expansion of a Water Resource Sytem, New York: Academic Press, 1974, 273 pages. Formulation and solving of optimal expansion problems in terms of te most cfcient allocation of resources, Text includes a detailed example problem, Peterson, MS., Water Resource Planning and Development, 311 pp.Pretie-Hall, Englewood Clif, 1978, Levels, phases, and objectives of planning water resource projects, writen from the viewpoint of a Federal ‘water resource planer. ‘Tudor Engineering Company, Reconnaissance Evaluation of Small, LowHead Hydroelectric Installations, 322 pp, forthe Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, 1980. An excelent basic guide 10 planing and construction ‘small hydropower plans. US. Amy Corps of Engineers, Non Pacific Division, Engineering Manual 1110-2-1701, Hydropower, 822 pp. Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office, Cost-benefit analysis, hydrologic data reparation, power plant izing and energy potential, pumped storage plants, plant costing, anc economic evalu Wiener, A. The Role of Water in Development, 483 pp.. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972. A basic water ‘esouree text for planning in developing countries. Metaplaning, selection of long and short-range goals, trans ferabilty an redesigning of models oft river basins in developing countries, formal and informal power hier archi, typical development sequences, water resource subsystem analysis, and the definition of management space. 2, Social and Environmental Impact Assessment Bell, MC, Fisheries Handbook of Engineering Requirements and Biological Criteria (Fish Passage and Development Program), 290 pp. Poland, Oregon, Office of the Chief of Engincers, US. Ammy Comps of Enginers, 1986, Readable, highly technical, well-ilustrated “how-to” manual on fish passage methods, includ ing detaited information on the effects of dams on migrant species and fish bypass study procedures and meth- ods. Goldsmith, E., and Hildyard, N. (editors), The Social and Environmental Effects of Large Dans, 3 vols, 796 pp., Wadebridge Ecological Center, 1983. Subjects incluge the political motivations for eonstructing large ‘water resource projects, detailed information on many of the possible negative impacts of paject construction and operation, Numerous examples and casestudies. Saha, SK., and Bartow, CJ. (editon), River Basin Planing: Theory and Practice, 357 p., New York: Wiley sand Sons, 1981. 357 page. Socio-economic and environmental issues related to general er basin planing Includes some casestudies. ASCEIEPRI Guides 1989 LeStanley, NF, snd Alpers, MP. (elilon), Man-Made Lakes and Human Heath, 324 pp. Acadenie Pres, New York, 1975. Vared collection of ancles on speciic diseases and ether incidents brought about by the building lof water resource projects, including Maria, leptospirosis, and schistosomiasis. 3. Public Involvement (Creighton, J, Deli Priscoli, J, and Dunning, CM., Pubic Involvement Techniques: A Reader of Ten Years Experience atthe Institute for Water Resources (IWR Research Report 82-RI) 494 pp, Fort Belvo, Institute for Water Resources, U.S. Amy Comps of Engineers, 1983, An oustanding treatise on public involvement, writen primarily fom the public's viewpoint. Te book stesses public values, communication techniques, and ought processes, All ofthe dtals of public involvement ae covered, including he idenifiaion ofthe vai- (us “publics,” research techniques, and cont resolution, Fuio, IR, and Gilber, D.C, Public Relations and Communication for Natural Resource Mauagers, 221 pp. Dubuque, lowa, Kandall/Hunt, 1981. General principles and procedures for establishing aviale public com” ‘munications program, Howell, RE., Olsen, ME, and Olsen, D., Designing a Citizen Involvement Program: A Guidebook for Involving Citizens inthe Resolution of Environmental Issues, 78 pp., Oregon State Univesity, 1987, Descebes ‘model citizen involvement program and case studies that can be used by local and national governments to involve citizens inthe decisionmaking process regarding environmental issues tht are ralsed during the plan- ‘ing process fr lage hydroeectic project. Institute for Panicipstory Planning, Cluizen Parieipation Handbook, 167 pp. IPP, Laramie, Wyoming, 1978, Design, administration, and budgeting ofan effective chizen participation program, Devore. JL. Probably and Statice for Enginvere and the Sciences, 39? pp, Rrooks/Cole, Monte, Califor, 1982 ald, A, Statistical Theory wlth Engincering Applications, Sohn Wiley and Sons, New York, 1952. 19 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989CHAPTER 2. LOAD-RESOURCE ANALYSIS. CONTENTS Section Page ‘A Purpose of load-resource aay nu B.Major steps in lad-resource analysis... 1. Sep I: Define the study parameters. 2 Types OF ANAS on The s8t2M wn «.The period of analysis. 2. Step 2: Estimate future demand. a. Forecasts. : ‘b. Types of forecasts Peak loads 4. Conservation in the load forecast. €-LRAC and LRIC Sens Additional resoures.. 3. Step 3: Define base sysiem resources 4. Step 4: Determine need and timing forthe projet. ‘5. Display ofthe Joad-reS0uF AIY88 nn 6. Peak load versus energy load analysts . Soures of forecast data. 1. Uses... 2 Reginal reliability courel report... 3. Energy information Administration vnc 4. Electric Power Research Insti... . Level of detail required inthe por... 1. Reconnaleeance 289. 2. Feasibility study enn 3. Additional information... 4, Special forecast requirements. , Variations in load forecasts... 1. Introduction, ~ 2. Reasons for variations... 3. Relationships between variables 4, Use of conflicting forecasts vn F, Analysis of energy displacement projects G.RefereNC€ ne CREDITS "The “Load-Resouree Analyt” chapter was writen by: Richard L. Mitelstat, PE. Nom Pacific Division, U.S. Amy Comps of Engineers 0, Box 2870 Portland, Oregon 97208 ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989CHAPTER 2, LOAD-RESOURCE ANALYSIS. ‘A. PURPOSE OF LOAD-RESOURCE ANALYSIS ‘The purpose ofa load-resource analysis isto determine the need and timing of «proposed Purpose hydropower project's output. Need refers to the existence of power defiis, which occur ‘when the sum ofthe forecasted power demand and reserve requirements exceeds the power supply. Timing refers to the period when the need for additonal generation occurs. Forecsis are generally made for peak loads and resources (measured in megawatts) and {or average energy loads and resources (measured in elther megawat-hours or average ‘megawas). Generation planning in most regions is based primarily on an analysis of peak loads and resources, An analysis of energy loads and resources may also be required in regions that havea high proportion of energy-limited resources suchas hydropower. Genenily, FERC requis a satement of project operation and resoure utlization when Need evaluating large or mutple-pupose projects which are proposed for development to sere for sew lads rather than displace or rete existing resources. However, there ae cases where analysis 8 Toadesoure analysis should be provided for small projects. Where a proposed hydro roe would meet a substartialporton of a system's new generation requirements over & Pod of one or more yeas, @ oad-esource analysls would be appropiate regardless of the sie ofthe project. The degree of dtl included inthe analysis shouldbe consent ith the projet siz. B. MAJOR STEPS IN LOAD-RESOURCE ANALYSIS 1, Step 1: Define the Study Parameters Step 1 ‘4 Types Of Analysis. — In most areas, a capacity (peak) load-resoure analysis i suf- cient, For those systems where hydro or ober energy Limited generation cares one-thnd ‘ormore ot ie load, an energy load-resouree analysis fs also required. A loud-resource analysis should show forecasted resource and required reserve margins a& ‘well a lads, so that it will be possible to Identity a projected shorfall which can be met by the potential hydro project. ‘A simple comparison of annval loads and resoures is adequate to establish the need for ‘most baseload hydro projects. more detailed analysis, including examination of daly toad shapes, may be necessary inorder identify the need for peaking projects, including pumped-storage plants. Is also necessary 1 document the availability of of-peak pump- ing enerey when evaluating pumped-sorage projects '. The System. — Generally, the power system to be analyzed should be the system in ‘hich power from the proposed hydro project willbe used. For very large projets, this could be a power pool area, ora Regional Reliability Counll area or subregion For sall- er projects or projects located in isolated service areas, it could be a smaller geographical a ASCEIEPR! Guides 1989Step 2 Forecast Peak loads ‘The Period of Analysis, — Load estimates should be made at intervals, from Ue present to atime when the proposed hydro plant wil be operating ina manner representative ofthe majority ofits project if, Inthe case of staged hydropower development, or where gener- ation system resource mixes may change markedly, load-resource anzlyses would be equred fora numberof years beyond the hydro projets initial operation date, “The petod of analysis should be appropiate to the planning period for he project being studied. The lead time required for planning, design, and construction of most hydro projects generally exceeds 10 years, so 1-0 20-year analysis i usually required. THis is specially true for lage plans that require several years o be absorbed inthe system loa. ‘Where projects are small compared to system load growth, shorer lead tines are possible, and a 10-year forecast maybe adequate. 2, Step 2: Estimate Future Demand «a, Forecasts, — Forecasts of electric power loads are generally made in tems of annual ‘peak demand Capacity demand), A forecast of annual energy demand should also be made ‘where a substantial porion of a system's fim energy is met by hydropower or other enes- gy limited resources 1b. Types of Forecasts. — Thre base methods or models are used for loa frecasing ‘Trend analysis + End:-se analysis + Beonometric analysis “Trend analysis is based on extending historical trends and modifying de resuling projec- tions to reflect expected changes [End-use analysis involves construcung demand forecasts based on expected use ofthe clecticity, For example, residential end-use forecast ae compiled from estimates of elec ‘ticity demand by appliane, saturation rates foreach appliance, and projections of number ‘of households. ‘Econometric analysis is based upon the relationships between eletriity demand and the various factors tat influence demand, AC the present time, many forecasts are based on {wo or more of these methods. Appendix B ofthe Corps of Engineers’ engineering manual “Hydropower (COE, 1985} describes these thee forecasting methods in more dul «Peak Loads, — Alaska, New England, and the Pacifle Nonthwest have their peak Toads in the winter months. The soutkem porion of the country and a pontca ofthe midwest (MAIN Reliability Couneil aca) have summer peaks. Summer and winer pek load per- fds ae approximately equal in the remainder ofthe country. For those areas with a single peak load season the load-resource analysis need be done only for at season. Where ‘here are swo seasonal peaks, t may be necessary to analyze both seasons, ‘Weekly system load shapes ae sometimes defined to help determine the ype of tod that a hydropower project should cary. To describe the full ange of expected conditions, weekly ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 22load shapes shouldbe constructed fora minimum of thre periods inthe year (eg. ypical summer, winter, and spring oF fall weeks). 4. Conservation in the Load Forecast. — Wisioriclly, load forecasts were developed on Conservation the basis ofan implicit assumption that the real cost of electricity would not rise. This led to another implicit assumption, thatthe cost of electricity would not induce consumers 10 reduce ther consumption. AS a result, eleccty demand forecass did not include adjust ments to account for load reductions due to price or institutionally induced conservation measures. Te apy rising energy and electricity prices beginning in the 1970s invalidat- ed these assumptions. The effect of price on the demand for electricity was dramatically demonstrated as forecsts were lowered year after year, and oners for new generating plants were canceled. Load forecast should reflect the effets of all oad management and conservation measures that, on the basis of present and future pubic and private programs, can reasonably be expected to be implemented during the forecast period, Since the 1970s, rising electricity Droes, combined with goverment and wily sponsored conservation programs, have PrO- ‘duced measurable energy savings. Demand forecasing models now more accurately secount for price-induced conservation and institutionally mandated conservation mex sures. As a result planners can now be reasonably confident that conservation effects are secounted for in at least those forecasts that are generated with input-output models. However, planners must review forecast assumptions 10 assure themselves that price induced and institutionally mandated conservation measures have infact been included. “The resls of tis review shouldbe summarized in he text which documents the load fore- cast in the project feasibility por. The analysis of conservation measures as an altema- tive toa proposed hydropower project (ora apart ofa plan including the hydropower pro- jects discussed in chapter 7. ‘¢ LRAC and LRIC Studies. — There may be some situations where the feasibility of or LRAC fied for de proposed hydro project hinges on dhe load growth forecast, and there ie some and question as to whether or not conservation is adequately reflected in the forecast. In these LRIC. ase, studies could be made 1 detemine the load growth rates with prices based on the texpected increases inthe long-run average cost (LRAC) andthe long-run incremental cost GLRIC) of elecsicty. The forecast based on LRAC pricing would represent the mos likely ‘growth rate, while that based on LRIC pricing would represent the probable maximum attainable level of conservation, ‘F- Additionat Resources. — Load forecass should be made and analyzed by sector use ‘tesidental, commercial, industrial, iigation,et.)- Estimates should also account for sy ‘em exports and reserve requiremenis, s well as forthe system loads themselves. 4. Step 3: Define Base System Resources Step3 “The load resource analysis must identify the generating resources and impor that will be available tothe sysem at various points in ime without the proposed hydropower project in the system (the “without project” scenario). Resouree estimates are nonmally based on the peaking capability of te individual resources, but dat on annual energy production should ‘Also be developed for systems where a high proportion of he generation is hydropower 2s ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989step 4 Time span Peak oad ‘Adjustments should be made for rirements, scheduled outages, and th reduction inthe ‘output of some plans due to age or environmental constrains. Hydro capability should reflect ony that capacity which s considered tobe dependable in the peak demand months, Data on scheduled new generation can be obisined from the latest wilty information oF Regional Reliability Council repo (see section E.2 ofthis chapter) 4, Step 4: Determine Need and Timing forthe Proposed Project ‘Compare the loads Identified in step 2 above withthe resources identified in sep 3 to ‘determine: (a) when generating resource deficits will occur, () the magnitude of these , Sourees of streamtfow data i «©, Data accuracy and reliability nnn 4. Natural semOWs. enn ©, Modified streamflow... : {. Estimating seamflow at the study ste. . Extension of streamflow records = 3. Other project hydrologic characierstis.. 2 Reservoir sorage-clevaion and areaelevation da. b,Tallwatr rating CUES nn — Streamflow losses. : 4. Flow duration curves. 4, Downstream channel characieristics. 1, Downstream consirants » General study approach... «, Steady- and unsteady-Now hydraulic studies, 5. Spillway capacity ~ a. Overview... vn & Spiway soap ata . SDF equl toa specific frequency. 6. SDF equal othe PMF or fraction there. ¢, Probably maximum flood... 6, Reservoir sedimentation cc 4, Sedimentation effects on reservoirs. b. The river regime Sedimentation studies 7, Water quality 08. 4. General 'b, Reservoir water quality concer = , Downstream water quality concems. 4. Water quality statis. i. , Water quality modeling 8, Resevoir operating constraints 2 Types of operating constrains, ». Effects of operating constrains on power production. ASCEIEPRI Guides 1989CONTENTS — Continued Section Pose Analysis of operating stats nnn a a7 4. Reservoir water surface fuctuation studies = 38 . Geologic stuties. D References. e, Seasonality of operating constraints... £. Reregulating dam. 1. Overview... 2. Stages of geologic sd 8, Genet enn Reconnaissance sid. 2 Feasibily study 4, Advanced design stage. «Construction and operation. 1. Hydrologi sues. 2. Water quality... 3. Geologie sues. 4 Spite design nd ans. ‘5. Sedimentation TABLES ‘Tae 3-1 Example of USGS dally streamflow data ney 32 Spillvay design 10008 oon — 30 Fue 341 Reservoir clevation-area-capacity cue = ee 36 322 Reservoir tallwater rating CUR — 368 3-3 Flow-durationcuve. oeeat7| 3-4 Storage zones and role curves fora typical Sorage project. as CREDITS ‘The “Hydrologic and Geologie Studies" chapter was writen by: Richard L, Miueltat, PE. Bolyvong Tanovan, Ph.D. PE, Power Section, Non Paifl Division (Chiet, Water Quality Section, Non Pacific Division US. Amy Corps of Engineers US. Amy Compe of Engineers Brian Clowes, PhD., PE, 0. Box 2870 Power Section, Nom Pacific Division Portand, Oregon 97208 US. Amy Corps of Engineers ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989 iiCHAPTER 3. HYDROLOGIC AND GEOLOGIC STUDIES A.INTRODUCTION “The purposes of hydrologic studies include sizing powerhouses, spillways, and other hydrologic features, and determining project annual energy generation and firm capacity ‘The purpose of geologl studies isto ensure that supporting strata are capable of bearing safely the enormous weight of a dam and reservoir without excessive leakage or damage (0 the embankment its “This chapter briefly outines the basic hydrologle and geologic studies required in most ‘hydropower planning report. B, HYDROLOGIC STUDIES 1, General 4, Types of Data. — The most important ype of hydrologic data required fora hydropow- ter study isa long-temn streamflow record, This record forms the basis for all subsequent hydropower energy and capacity calculations. Other information and studies necessary for ‘complete hydropower study, which itself may be part ofa otal dam desig stdy. include the following: + Reservoir elevation-area-capacity curves + Talwater ating curves + Pre:peojet and pos-project water surface profes “Downstream channel characteristics and constrains + spillway design ood + Food frequency curves + Low-flow frequency curves + Sedimentation data + Water quality data + Operating constraints + Sweamflow losses + Reservoir net evaporation ‘impact of existing and futur water ights on water availabilty * Impact of projected future basin development on wate availabilty 1, Level of Detail. — The procedures sed to develop this information are determined by the level ofthe study and the quality an quantity of data availabe. Detaled studies are not always necessary in onder to develop reasonable estimates, and are in fact sometimes Impossible, due to limitations in the type and amount of available information Extrapolations of avaiable data and simplifying assumptions are sometimes necessary in onder o compensate for lack of information. Introduction Hydrologle required Detail of hydrologic data ot ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989Streamitow required Sources Data accuracy 2, Streamflow Data 4. Period of Record and Type of Data Required. — A steamflow record of at leat 20, years is required to dependably determine the potential power prodaction ofa site Monthly average streamflows may be sufficient for preliminary and advanced studies if ‘streamflow does not change abril from day to day. Although relatively smooth sieam- flows may be typical of a highly regulated stream, this is rarely the ease for unregulated streams. Therefore, dally streamflow values are generally quired fra ood detailed anal- ysis of projects on unregulated steams. b, Sources of Streamflow Data. — (1) United States Geological Survey. — The United ‘States Geological Survey (USGS) is the principal source of streamflow data on rivers, streams, lakes and groundwater in the United States. Most of tis infomation is summa. tized in its Water Resources Data (USCS), an annual series of repos for each state or hydrologic region inthe United States Table 3-1 san example of his typeof data. (2) WATSTORE, — Most surface water records collected by the USGS and many other agencies are compiled in WATSTORE, the USGS's National Water Data Storage and Retrieval System. These records contain information on daily surface runoff, groundwater conditions, and water quality data for more than 16,000 sites in the 50 states, Canada, Pero Rico, and the Virgin Islands. WATSTORE data can be displayed as standardized tables or graphs which canbe analyzed or ploted. WATSTORE: data ca be obtained on ‘magnetic tapes or on-disketies for use on personal computes. Further information on |WATSTORE information and its revival can be obtained from local USCS offices. (3) Other Sources of Data. — The United States Geological Survey operates most ofthe ‘gauges that are located on smaller seams. However, many small seams in the United ‘States remain ungauged. When the USGS cannot provide adequate daa, be agencies listed below may be able to provide information: + US. Amy Corps of Engineers (COE) + Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) + Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) + US. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) + State water resources department + Private utlity companies + Local iigation dst + Public uility districts + University and college civil engineering departments ¢, Data Accuracy and Reliabiliy. — Al steamiow data shouldbe reviewed earfuly to ‘sure tat its consistent and accurate Streamflow data obtained from the USGS or from nother source might not be immediately usable for hydropower ste aralsis. Historical sareamflow recon, particulary if they span along period of time, may have o be adjusted ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 32‘Tuble 31. Example of USGS daly streamflow data. end Oreille River Basin 12323750 Siver Bow Creek at Warm Springs, MT LOCATION — Lat 4611107" log 11260", in SE 1 se.18, TSN, R9.W,, Deer Lodge Counc right bark 03 ‘i (05 km) upstream from county highway brie, 0.2 mi (0.3 km) upstream from confluence with War Springs reek, and 10 mi (1m) aobeast of Warm Sings. DRAINAGE AREA — 483 mi2(1.251 kn), PERIOD OF RECORD — March 1972 cunt yar, GAUGE — Water-stge recorder. Datum of gage is 4,787.95 (1.459.367 m) above salve EXTREMES — Curent year Maximum dscarg, 1320 fs (324 CMS) June 20, gauge height, 747 fet (2.27 m; minimum dally, 241 (0.680 99), Jn 3- Pid af econ: Maximum dicharg, 1,320 19/8374 m9) Jue 20, 1975, gauge Bagh, 7.47 feet (227m); maximum lenge height, 864 fet (2.633 m) Jan 16,1974 (backer from ce jam); minimum daly discharge, 1508/5 (043 ms), Sept 12, 13,1973, REMARKS — Records good. Flow canbe reputed by dam on Anaconda Co ing ponds stout 0S mi (8 km) ‘upstream from gauge. Diversions fr iriation of abou 4650 acres (18.8 kn?) above station, Discharge in cubic fet per second, water year Oct, 1974 to Sept. 1975, ‘Mean Values Day OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP re 2% 1 SMHS 25 HS StS 3 8 1m 6 om 2587 HD 403 16 9 gf SM GSS = om im © Ms im 32 I SH 16 MO im 2 103 rms Dw so komm Somme 3 - Bm me 5 Totak QSL 3382 2937 2M 26326689 2D BHI IRE IT 38 7 12-947 TA KOM SAD TIO 5H— HT Ce a a a 7 7 Bw Hm Wm me Dw Acres S168 6650 5890 4390 5200 S860 12780 2HKIO. 45840 21910 12570 8170, CCalyr 974 Towls3.741 Mean 147 Max S00 Min27-——Acre-1 106,600 Werye 1975 Toul 83.257 Mean228 Max 1220 Min24 Acre 165200 33 ASCE/EPRI Guides 198910 account for gauge relocation, low diversions, reservoir regulation, aud upstream Iand use changes. These changes ae genealy noted under the "Remarks" seaion atthe top of| the USGS datasheet (able 3-1), bt all information should nevertheless be checked with local sources to guard agaist omissions. This can be accomplished by taking tip to the ‘gage sit and checking the stream reach under consideration for development, Adjustments to existing steamflow data are made s that tbe streamflow record is consis- ‘ent throughout the period of record and so that it properly reflects conditions at some propery-defined baseline condition. This baseline condition would represent either present ‘conditions or expected streamflow conditions a some future date, as descibed below. Natur 4, Natural Streamflows. — Ics on necessary to adjust steamilow records to reflect a ‘treamflows “natural” or unmodified, steamflow condition, The result i a set of hydrtogcally consis- tent data that i a base condition where the effects of diversions, withdrawals, and changes {in upstream reservoir storage that have occured at diferent times during the period of ‘econ are removed. This is accomplished by dng in low diversions or oer water with- ‘rawals that have bypassed te gage used inthe study, and by corectng the record for reservoir evaporation and storage changes and other loses. Modified ¢, Modified Sireamflows. — If curren uses of wate, such a igation withdrawals, are streamflows expected to continue, it is not necessary to develop a set of natural steamflow data. To ‘obtain a uniform flow record in his case, steamfiows before the date tha diversions were Initiated must be adjusted to reflect the selected base condition. The discharge record that is developed for this situation is ealled « modified flow record, which represents a basin, condition at some point in time. J. Baimating Streamflow atthe Study Ste. — 1 gauge isnot located in the immediate Vicinity of the study site, correction to the exiting steamflow data will be required. ‘Standard hydrologic methods should be used to adjust the streamflow iaformation of the [gage so that i represents the streamflow at the project at. Hydrologis factors such «3 . Spittway Design Data. — Spiway design standards vary widely from agency to age ‘Table 3-2 shows one method of categorizing spillway design floods (SDFS) for various categories of dams, based upon the US. Army Corps of Engineers non-ederal dam inspec~ tion program. It is imponart 1 note that Feral Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) standards must be adhered to if applying for a FERC construction permit or tiense. If there is any question regarding FERC spillway design standards, the applicant should ea {uct the PERC directly Ie should be noted that smaller dams with large population imme- diately downstream may present more of a hazard olf than avery large dam ina remcte fra. In al eases of dam failure, lss of life i posible due to people passing through he free downstream ofthe dam or sightseeing atte time of dam failure {SDF Equal toa Specified Frequency. — When a spillway isto be designed for SDF ‘equal toa specified flood frequency (ay a 100-year flood), and when data is avaiable, the food frequency curve may be determined withthe use of “A Uniform Technique for Determining Flood Frequencies,” Water Resources Council Hydrology Committe, Bulletin 15, December 1967. 4. SDF Equal to the PMF or a Fraction Thereof. — When the SDF isto be equal 1 he probable maximum flood (PMF) or a fraction theref, a runfal analysis mus be pt- formed. The unt hydrpgraph-niraon loss technique 1s generally the most expos ‘method of computing the SDF peak for most projects 1K must be noted that spillway design floods that are based upon a percentage ofthe PMF have no technical or engineering basis, and are therefore completely arbitrary. The Ince ‘mental isk approsch should determine the magnitude of flood at which failure of the dam ‘would not increase the risk of damage t0 propery or loss of life downstream over tat ‘which would accur ifthe dam were never constructed. ¢, Probable Maximum Flood, — 1t is common practice to use the probable maxima flood (PMF) as the spillway design flood for large dams and smaller dams with high huz~ and potential Inthe United Stats, the PME is derived from precipitation eitriaestimaied by the National Weather Service (NWS) for a specific area. Its defined a8 the flood tat may be expected from the most severe combination of critical meteorologic and hydrologic conditions that are reasonably possible inthe region. Overview Design SDF-PMF PME 3 ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989PMP ‘Table 3-2.— Spillway design Moods, US. Army Corps of Engineers non-federal dam {ngpection program. Hazard Level! Size of Dam? Spittway Design Flood Small 50-10 100-year8 Low Inermediate 100.year10 172 PMF Large 12PMF 1 PMF Small 100-yeart0 12 PME Significant, Imermediate 12 PMF 10 PMF Large PMF Small 12 PMF wo PMF High Inermediate PMF Lage PMF ‘Wlarard Potential Classieations Low — No loss of life expected, because no permanent structures for human habitation ‘exist downstream ofthe dam. Minimal economic loss is expecied becaus the area i unde- ‘veloped, oF has only occasional structures for agricultural or other use. ‘Significant — Few deaths expected, due to lack of concentrated (urban) development nd {ew habitable structures. Economic loss would be appreciable due to significant agricultu- Alo industrial development igh — Numerous deaths expected Excessive property damage to communis, industry or agriculture, 2am Size Classifications ‘Small — Between 50 and 1,000 acre-fet of storage andor height of dam25 to 40 fet. Intermediate — Between 1,000 and 50,000 acre-fet of storage and/or height of dam 40 to 100 feet [Large — More than 50,000 acre-feet of storage and/or dam height in excess of 100 feet ‘an W-year flood is taken 19 mean the lod magnitude expected to be exceeded, on the average, once every N yeas, It may also be expressed as an exceedance frequency with LUN percent chance of being exceeded in any given year. For example, itis possible forthe ‘expected 100-year lod to occur in two or even three consecutive years. ‘The PMF is derived from the probable maximum precipitation (PMP), which can be ‘busine from the National Weather Service. In some cases, local topography will cause changes from the gneralized PMP values. Therefore its advisable to contact Federal or stale regulatory agencies inorder o obtain the prevaling practice in specific areas. Aitough the PMP represents an extremely are condition, the NWS has studied numerous ‘majo sions and has found that many have exceeded 50 percent of the PMP. Some stoms recorded were a high as 8010 90 percent of the PMP. ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989 310(Once the PMP is determined, the PMP is calculated by the use of unit hydrograph tech- niques ora watershed runoff model, designed to produce erica runoff forthe area being ‘examined by assuming a high level of antecedent rainfall Geading to ground stration before a major storm), and optimum peaking conditions. Probable maximum precipitation estimates are obtained from National Weather Service ‘ydrometeorological Branch publications. Separate reports are available for various regions of the country. These may be obtained by checking withthe regional NWS offi. Rainfall for the specified frequency floods may be obtained from the NWS publication Rainfall Frequency Atlas of the United Staes (Technical Paper No. 40) of Atlas 2, Precipitation Frequency Alas of the Western United Sates. (6. Reservoir Sedimentation 4. Sedimentation Efects on Reservolrs. — Many faces of a singl-purpose or muliple- Sedimentation purpose projet’ operation wil eventually be affected by accumulating sediment. Possible effects upon a projet and upon downstream areas include, but are not limited to: “A decrease in useful conservation storage for hydropower, water supply, and other purposes, followed by a possible decrease in flood contol storage, leading 10 & decreate in degree of project protection. + Shoalng and deposition in project headwaters which could interfere with both rere atonal and commercial navigation. + Because sediment will become trpped behind adam, the river chamne downstream, {nan effor to regain equilibrium, may scour its channel, Adtinally, the sediment ‘will not be avallale to replenish downstream botiomlands for as lng asthe project i inexisence. This has caused severe problems in some ares ofthe word, notably in ‘the Nile Delta below the High Aswan Dam, 1. The River Regime. — Typcily, a stcam's upper reaches are step and liered with large rocks and boulders. Flows are flashy; sometimes tbe steam may be dry, and otber regime times sudden torrents of water will ol large boulders down the slope. A river's lower reaches are generally fat in slope and possess a sandy or sity bed. The lower flow veloci- tis in these ater reaches mean thatthe river may only be capable of carrying very small, panicles of sediment All rivers and steams seek a state of sediment equlbsium; that is, he sediment quantity Aischarging into a specific reach should equa the sediment quantity moving out of it. This, statis typical of meandering steams. However if steam isnot in sediment equilbsium, it wil be seeking a balance in one of two ways: 1. Aggrading. When a river reach is experiencing a net gain in sediment, i will braid and eventually become very shallow. 2. Degrading. When a river reach is losing sediment, scour will cause the river to become deep and wide ‘The constuction ofa dam will drastically affect a stream in equilibrium, typically causing Itt aggrade above the dam and degrade below it. The process of degradation is beneficial aa ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989Sedimentation studies Water quality studies from a navigation standpoint, because it reduces the costs of downstream dredging However, the silt and nutrients that precipitate in the reservoir are no lorger available to ‘nourish lands and estuaries downstream, and cutback can occur in stan estuarie. One outstanding example ofthis effect is the Nile River Delta, Sedimentation Saues, — Sedimentation studies may be conducted fer an existing or ‘proposed reservoir in order to determine the rat that reservoir storage capacity is being lst of will be lost 10 deposited sediment, Sediment studies can also icemity sediment source areas and may be used to develop sediment management programs, The results of these studies can also be used for updating reservoir elevtion-area-capaiy curves and for projecting future capacity losses at existing reservoirs situated in higy-sediment river basins. I sediment accumulation will severely inhibi reservoir function, tmay be possible to design silt uceways imo the dam structure if downstream impacts oftheir operation ill not be excessive In addition to examining impacts within reservoir, studies may also be made to investigate ‘downstream channel capacity and other characteristics. Studies at project sites usually Involve the laboratory analysis of suspended sediment samples and computer simulation 10 predict future sediment deposition in the reservoir and the effect of sediment on turbine ite, ‘The general procedure for detemmining the effect of sediment deposition on reservolt oper stion i outned below, 1. Operate aperiodic or miscellaneous sediment sampling program athe site of inter est Generally, enough samples sould be taken to construct a sediment-rating curve ‘This curve relates total sediment camying capacity to steam discarge. Sediment datas availabe from the United States Geological Survey. 2. Using the sediment-rating curve and a ow-duraion curve, determine reservoir ap cfficency and sediment deposition volumes in the reservoir over tine. No all sed- ‘ment entering a reservoir wil be deposited, and nt al ofthe sediment deposited ina reservoir will remain ther, 3. With the information obtained above, design the reservoir to accomplish its functions inthe most efficent possible manner while keeping in mind sedimert deposition and the Limitations imposed by environmental, operational, and other constraints 7, Water Quality Studies ‘4. General, — The consrvsion ofa hydropower project involves the building ofa dam or diversion structure which impedes the natural flow of a stream to some extent The bavier will affet the physica, chemical and biological parameters of water quality in the reser- voir and downstream ffom the project. Therefor, baseline water quality conditions must be defined. These conditions would be altered by the proposed project operation a wel as remedial measures designed to alleviate predicted water quality impacts. Major concems should include dam barir effects, slackwater effects, reservoir warming, changes in stream velocity, estuary effects, land inundation, algal growrh simulaon. nitrogen super- ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 snsaturation, and construction and operation-elated effects, High temperature water, ow dis- Solved oxygen, elevated niwogen content, and deleterious chemicals in solution are known, tobe direly and indirectly harmful wo fsh. “Most ofthese concems depend on the sizeof the dam whic, in tum, determines the time of occurence of toth short-term and long-term water quality problems. Ins no longer feasible to allow unlimited discharge of wastes into a stream, which used 10 ‘be common practice in some areas. However, the other extreme (zero pollutant discharge) is also impractical, The water resources planner must ske a balance between these {WO points so that the water is sed for purposes that yield the greatest net benefits. 'b, Reservoir Water Quality Concerns. — (1) Thermal Effects. — All reservoirs ae subject Reservoir to thermal straificaton. Depending upon the level from which water is withdrawn, reser- water ‘oir releases may result in significanly warmer o cooler stream temperatures fora consid- quality ‘erable distance downstream from the dam. (2) Oxygen Concentration, — Reservoir filing brings about drastic changes in the aquatic coosystem of the project area — from that of an essentially ffee‘lowing stream toa pre- ‘dominanily lacustine ecology. Inadequate clearing of vegetation from the submerged zone ‘ay lead to death and decay of plants and otber matter. Degradable wastes are consumed ‘by microorganisms which use a quantity of oxygen proporionae to their population and ‘ates of activity, which is in tum dependent upon pollutant concentrations. Ifthe biological ‘oxygen demand (BOD) ofthese microorganisms les toa precipitous decline ina steam's ‘dissolved oxygen, fish kills and decomposition retardation will result, leading to foul ‘odors. Reservolts are also subject o buildup of salts and hydro-sulfie, These often lad to uncon tolled plant growth and, subsequenly to oxygen depletion that may be accelerated by a Strongly reducea steam reaeration capailiy [BOD reduction, whatever the cause, may cause serious water pollution both ast and fur- ther downstream in the form of offensive phenol-caused tates and odors, and severely Aepleted dissolved oxygen content Projets with storage will alter the natural low regime ofa stream. Ifa project discharges low flows when refiling its storage, the result may be a significant increase in water tem~ perature anda decrease in dissolved oxygen levels during periods of warm weather. Ifthe Aischarge of pollutants downstream remains constant during low reservoir discharges, pol- Jtant concentrations, and therefore their deleterious effects, wil increase. «¢. Downstream Water Quality Concerns. — (1) Turbidity. — A dam or diversion physical- Downstream ly blocks streamflow and will generally disrupt the existing ecosystem. AS a resul new concerns flow pattems may lead to changes in downstream sediment loading and deposition and rate of channel scouring or sreambuank degradation. These changes may affect steam tur- bidity conditions. a3 ASCE/EPRI Guides. 1989Supers Heat discharge Estuary ceflects Other Dring construction, turbidity levels ae highly dependent upon the intensity of activity in the project area, including foundation work, reservoir clearing, borow are operation, and aggregate washing. In te later stages of project life, maintenance dredging of sediment deposits may cause a drastic turbidity increase; it may also release trapped toxic precipi- tales, such as heavy metals or chlorinated hydrocarbons, tat are harmful to marine plants and animal species, Suspended solids stimed up by dredging reduce the photosynthesis pro- ‘cess and could adversely affect aquatic vegetation. (2) Supersaturation. — Turbulent mixing of ait and water inthe spillway area uring pro- Ject operation may cause a supersaturated dissolved gas condition sever: enough to kill, fish, A larg reservoir usually has a mublevel intake structure that can withdraw and ix ‘water from mutple levels, This water willbe variable in ts temperature and oxygen and dissolved chemical contents, and could either improve or degrade downsteam water quali- ty contitions. (2) Heat Discharge. — Excessive heat discharge, usually caused by themal stratification, into a stream will reduce availabe dissolved oxygen by accelerating the decomposition of| available vegetative matter. Since the oxidation of organic mater in steams and in teat ‘ment plans liberates phosphates and other nutrients, eat discharge may ead to the uncon- trolled growth of some algae and aquatic plans (pheatophytes). Thess organisms may alter the trophic state ofthe stream and reservoir system by polluting wat and depriving it of oxygen, by clogging waterways and intakes, and by causing unpleasant odors through eutrophication. (4) Estuary Effect, — Major river estuaries may be profoundly affect by the consiruc- tion and operation ofa lage reservoir for hydropower production and other purposes. ‘Typically, a lange reservoir operated for power will end to “smooth out” the flows of a river by soring water during high-flow periods and releasing it during low-water periods. ‘This operating egime will interfere with the natural circulation of salt water ino an estu- ary, This creation enhances the continuous exchange of mtrents hetwaen the ocean and the river, and any disruptions could have significant consequences, similar to those on the Nile Delta, where 95 percent ofthe eastem Mediterranean’ sardine ctchhas been lost. Low-flow augmentation does have several beneficial effets. In an undeveloped river sys- tem, salt water will occasionally travel upstream during periods of low fw approximately to the point where the river botiom rises above sea level. This condition could contaminate the adjacent groundwater ables. Once the flow at which intrusion occurs has been deter ‘mined by water quality expens, the problem can be alleviated by augnenting very low stream flows with reservoir leases. Lange river deltas are typically occupied by large concentrations of popsaton and indus- try, leading to unacceptably high levels of pollution In areas of the world where the discharge of pollatans int estuary waters his not yet been regulated, l-flow augments tion can be used to halt the upstream ‘creep’ of pollutants and may also be used to “us the delta wit high flows during particulary severe estuary pollution. (5) Other Pollutant. — Reservoirs may concentrate pollutants dve to large evaporation losses, which may consume a large quay of the inflow of a reservoir constructed in an ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989 a4sea with an extremely arid climate (one example of this phenomenon is Egypt's Lake NNassa Since less water leaves the reservoir, pollutant concentration wil be greater in downstream reaches, Another significant problem i nitrogen supersaturation brought about by water plunging 10 ‘reat depths when it exits or spllways. This effect can lead to signifiantfshkils, and should be anticipated and prevented by proper projet design. Hazardous substance spillage is a paniculaty acute problem during project constuction. Spilled oi, grease, acids, pants, cleaning solvents, concrete curing compounds, sol adl- tives, fetlizers and pesticides may contaminate both groundwater and surface water with toxi substances. The Environmental Protection Agency requires applicants 10 include in ‘thei Environmental Impact Statement a plan for protecting against water contamination daring project constuction. 4 Water Quay Studies. — For many small, low-cost hydropower projects, a generalized Water water quality impacts assessment may be caried out witha relatively small amount of quality effort and at much redyced cost. This non-quantitative appraisal only involves the prepara- studies tion of narrative descriptions of most probable causes and effects by technical analysts ‘knowledgeable in this type of work. I is highly dependent upon the thoroughness and experience ofthe analysts. “The Environmental Protection Agency's publication Quality Criteria for Water summaries the recommend criteria levels for ll basic water constituents that will provide forthe pro- tection and propagation of fish and other aquatic life and for recreation in and on the water. Additonal information on water quality entra may be obtained from the Environmental Protection Agency andthe tate water quality and fish and wilde agencies. Availability of water quality data Is often eriical to the orderly and timely competion of the royired sues. Water qulity Jats re ua be dee cay ite stay i ones to provide enough time for effons required to collect the needed data so that all potential, problems can be assessed adequately. In some instances, one could generalize and extend water quality causes and effects from ‘experience gained at other projects. However, the projects involved should be located in the same area and must possess similar operating conditions, srucures and hydrology. ‘Water quality data collected at study sites should include, ata minimum, dissolved oxygen, temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, and total coliform bacteria. Ir may also be desir able to collect data on some ofthe compounds and wastes of interest o the study in ques- tion. Common pllutant groups ae listed below: Degradable wastes Nondegradable wastes Domestic sewage Sal Hea Radioactive wastes fant ntrents (phosphates) Inorganic chemicals Bacteria and vires ‘Agneta wastes ‘Noncollodal sediments Colloidal suspensions as ASCE/EPRI Guides 1989Water quality modeling Operating constr Sampling duration and frequency should be determined ona case-by-case basis depending ‘on the study objective, project location and availability of similar data at adjacent stations. “Analysis of fel sampling data shouldbe based on one of the standard analytical methods ‘approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. ‘Water Quality Modeling. — To investigate the water quality impacts of a reservoir, and post-impoundment studies are usually performed with the aid of a mathematical model. Various project sizes and configuration, as well as varying pect operational schemes, may be modeled. In many cass, one-dimensional (I-D) numerical water quality models provide an accep- able means for analyzing project impacts, especially for simulating thermal and water qual- ty conditions in the deep pool near a dam and fr predicting the temperature and quality of reservoir releases, These models assume that water quality parameters change only along the vertical reservoir dimension. For cases where significant gradients in water quality conditions occur along both longii- inal and vertical axes, a two-dimensional @-D) numerical model mest be employed "Reservoirs with longitudinal variations in trophic state that are sensitive the amount and Scheduling of project releases are examples, They exhibit anoxic conditions inthe vicinity ‘ofthe plunge point rater than in the deep pool and density curens wil vary longtudinal- ly, Algae blooms in these reservoirs are frequently concentrated in th transition zone between the riverine and lacustrine zones because of te distibtion of sods setement nd nutrient concenration. All of these factors may complicate the sting of project fea- tures such a8 water intakes and recreational areas. Because of a more detailed simulation requrement, 2-D model needs considerably more ‘morphometric and field verification data than & 1-D model. It is also mor cosy and if- ‘ult to use, calibrate and interpret. Therefore, if detailed consideratiors of longitudinal ‘Shnges in reservoir water quality are not require, a 1-P model will pray sficn and should be used. In all eases, reasonably accurate model calibration must be emphasized it shouldbe based on suficient data obtained from existing sources and dret field invesiga- tions. Verification of the models with known actual water quality parameters is essential, and could requir extensive field est data, 8. Reservoir Operating Constraints 1. Types af Operating Constraints. — Generally, a number of non-power operating con- straints will exist at a proposed hydropower project, and these often affect energy output, especialy at projects that have multple-purpose conservation storage andor food control storage. These constraints may include oe or more ofthe folowing: + Minimum discharges for navigation, water quality, fish and wide, recreation, and downstream water rights + Nongenerating storage releases for navigation lock operation and fish aration + Generating storage releases for navigation, iigation, municipal ard industral water supply, water quality, and other purposes + Flos contol storage space requirements ASCEJEPRI Guides 1989 36