Direct and Indirect Speech Rules

Change in modal verbs 

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Can Could

May Might

Must Had to/ Would have to

Should Should

Might Might

Could Could

Would Would

Ought to Ought to

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

 Present simple Past simple
 (Subject +V1st + Object) (Subject +V2 + Object)

Present continuous Past Continuous

 (Subject +is/am/are+V1 +ing+ Object) (Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object)

Present perfect Past perfect

(Subject + has/have+V3+Object) (Subject+had+V3+Object)

Past simple Past perfect

(Subject+V2+Object) (Subject+had+V3+Object)

Past Continuous Past perfect continuous

(Subject +was/were+V1 +ing+ Object) (Subject +had been+V1 +ing+ Object)

Future simple Present Conditional

(Subject+ will/shall+V1+object) (Subject+ would+V1+object)

Future Continuous Conditional Continuous

(Subject +will/shall+be+V1 +ing+ Object) (Subject +would+be+V1 +ing+ Object)

 Changes as per Tense

Changes in Place and Time

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

Now Then
 Here There

Today That day

Tomorrow The next day

Last week The previous week

This That

Tonight That night

Ago Before

Thus So

Hither Thither

Come Go

Hence Thence

Next Following

Changes of Pronouns
 

Direct Speech Indirect Speech

I He/she
 You He/she/they

We They

They They

He He

She She

It It

Us Them

Our Their

His His

Her Her

Its Its

 Anuj said, “I will leave for Delhi tomorrow.”

 My uncle said to me, “I am tired now.”

 I said, “I am waiting for my sister to arrive.”

 The teacher said to us, “you are very naughty.”

 Veena said to her mother, “I have finished my homework.”

 Mr Ravi said to his neighbour, “My house is being built.”

 Mrs Gupta said to the doctor, “My baby was crying all night.”

 Chitra said, “I will go to the shop today.”

 The old man said to me, “I have been trying to cross the road, but have not been able to do so.”

 Poonam said, “I do not know how to make tea.”

 Anuj said, “I will leave for Delhi tomorrow.”

 My uncle said to me, “I am tired now.” Anuj said, “I will leave for Delhi tomorrow.”

 My uncle said to me, “I am tired now.”

 I said, “I am waiting for my sister to arrive.”

 The teacher said to us, “you are very naughty.”

 Veena said to her mother, “I have finished my homework.”

 Mr Ravi said to his neighbour, “My house is being built.”

 Mrs Gupta said to the doctor, “My baby was crying all night.”

 Chitra said, “I will go to the shop today.”

 The old man said to me, “I have been trying to cross the road, but have not been able to do so.”

 Poonam said, “I do not know how to make tea.”

 Anuj said, “I will leave for Delhi tomorrow.”

 My uncle said to me, “I am tired now.”

 I said, “I am waiting for my sister to arrive.”

 The teacher said to us, “you are very naughty.”

 Veena said to her mother, “I have finished my homework.”

 Mr Ravi said to his neighbour, “My house is being built.”

 Mrs Gupta said to the doctor, “My baby was crying all night.”

 Chitra said, “I will go to the shop today.”

 The old man said to me, “I have been trying to cross the road, but have not been able to do so.”

 Poonam said, “I do not know how to make tea.”

Criteria Excellent (4) Good (3) Fair (2) Needs Improvement (1)

Demonstrates limited
understanding and inaccuracies
Content Demonstrates Shows a good Demonstrates some in the information provided or
Knowledge comprehensive understanding understanding lacks coherence

of the chosen type of

understanding of of the chosen school, but may lack
the chosen type of school some details

Conducts Conducts minimal research or

thorough Conducts Conducts basic relies heavily on unreliable
Research Skills research, research research sources

gathering detailed gathering

and relevant with some relevant

accurate
information information information

Delivers an unclear,
Presentation Delivers a clear, disorganized, or unengaging
Skills well- Delivers a clear Delivers a somewhat presentation

organized, and
engaging and organized disorganized or

presentation with presentation with unengaging

excellent speaking good speaking

skills skills speaking skills

Struggles to respond to
Q&A Effectively Responds to questions or provide satisfactory
Interaction responds to questions Responds to some answers

questions, with adequate

providing answers questions with

thorough and
thoughtful limited answers

Overall Exemplary Good Performance needs significant

Assessment performance performance Adequate performance improvement