Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Advanced Grammatical Points
Advanced Grammatical Points
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I/ PRONUNCIATION:
- Âm /ei/: alien, ancient, available, take, steak, break, name, game, same, change, exchange, danger
- Chữ h câm: honest, hour, hour, heir
- Chữ gh câm: Thought, through, thorough, borough, daughter, light, might, sigh, right, fight, weigh,
weight, though, although
- Chữ k câm: know, knock, knee, knowledge, knife
- Chữ n câm: autmn, column
- Chữ b câm: climb, comb, plumber, debt, bomb, tomb
- Chữ t câm: listen, Christmas, fasten, hasten, castle, soften, chasten
- Chữ s câm: island, aisle, isle, islet
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KINDS FORMS
Active S1 + VS1 + that + S2 + VS2
Ex: 1. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house.
Hardly had he had time to settle down when he sold the house.
Scarcely had he had time to settle down when he sold the house.
No sooner had he had time to settle down than he sold the house.
2. He didn’t return to his native village until the war ended.
(It was not until the war ended that he returned to his native village)
Not until the war ended did he return to his native village
3. The question is so difficult that nobody can answer it.
So difficult is the question that nobody can answer it.
* NOTES:
1. Bill would enjoy a game and Tom would too.
= Bill would enjoy a game and so would Tom.
2. He didn’t like the book, I didn’t either.
= He didn’t like the book, neither / nor did I.
* Các trường hợp đảo ngữ:
1/ Đảo ngữ câu điều kiện
a. Điều kiện loại 1: If clause = Should + S + Vo
EX: If he comes late, he will miss the train.
→ Should he come late, he will miss the train.
b. Điều kiện loại 2: If clause = Were + S + (not) to V / Were + S , ………….
EX: - If I were you, I would never meet him again.
→ Were I you, I would never meet him again.
EX: - If I knew her, I would invite her to my party.
→ Were I to know her, I would invite her to my party.
EX: - If I didn’t get high score, my parents would criticise me.
→ Were I not to get high score, my parents would criticise me.
c. Điều kiện loại 3: If clause = Had + S + (not) + V3/ed
EX: If it hadn’t been for my help, she would have missed the meeting
→ Had it not been for my help, she would have missed the meeting.
Ex1: She didn’t shed any tear when the story ended in tragedy
→ Not a tear did she shed when the story ended in tragedy.
Ex2: I shall lend you no money.
→ No money shall I lend you.
3/ Seldom/ hardly(ever)/rarely/scarcely/little/never +Đảo ngữ
EX: He seldom goes to school late.
→ Seldom does he go to school late.
4/ Only:
Only once/ Only later/ Only in this(that) way + Đảo ngữ
Only then + TĐT+ S+ V
Only after+ Noun, Đảo ngữ
Only by V_ing / Noun, Đảo ngữ
Only when/Only if + clause, Đảo ngữ
Only with + N, Đảo ngữ
Ex:
- Only once have I met her.
- Only later did I realize that my family played an important role in my life.
- Only when I went abroad to study, did i realize that everything was not as easy as it seemed.
- Only by doing a test every day can you feel confident.
5/ At no time / on no condition / under no circumstances/ for no reason/ in no way/ no longer/ +ĐN
Ex:
- At no time (=never) did he suspect that his girlfriend was an enemy spy.
- Under no circumstances could this button be touched.
- No longer does he smoke 20 cigarettes a day.
6/ Hardly… when/No sooner... than
Hardly + had + S + V3/ed + when S+V2/ed = no sooner + had + S + V3/ed + than S+V2/ed (vừa xong ... thì)
Ex: Hardly had she hung the clothes out when it rained.
Ex No sooner had I put the receiver down than he rang back.
7/ Not only… but also
Not only + ĐN + but + S + also + V
Ex: Not only is he handsome but he also plays the guitar well.
8/ So/ such + Đảo ngữ
Ex: So hard did he work that he forgot this lunch
So angry was she that she broke the vase
Such + be + N + that…
Ex:
- She was so angry that she broke the vase
- Her anger was such( = so great) that...(Đổi tính từ th{nh danh từ: angry -> anger)
→ Such was her anger that...
Ex: The play was so popular that the theater was full everyday.
→ Such was the popularity of the play that the theater was full everyday
9/ Not until/ Only when + clause , Đảo ngữ
Ex: I did’t realize who he was until he came into the light.
→ Not until he came into the light did I realize that it was him.
10/ Neither/so + Đảo ngữ
Ex: A: I don’t know how to play that game. B: Neither do I.
11/ Nowhere + Đảo ngữ
Ex: Nowhere could the wallet be found.
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f.
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- Who thay thế cho từ chỉ người đứng trước nó và làm chủ từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The woman is my mother. She wears a hat.
→ The woman who wears a hat is my mother.
- Whom thay thế cho từ chỉ người đứng trước nó và làm túc từ trong mệnh đề phụ.
EX: The man is very famous. She visits him.
→ The man whom she visits is very famous.
- Which thay thế cho từ chỉ vật đứng trước nó và làm chủ từ/ tân ngữ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The book is my teacher’s. It is on the table.
→ The book which is on the table is my teacher’s .
EX: The bicycle is mine. You are looking at it.
→ The bicycle which you are looking at is mine.
- Whose thay thế cho từ chỉ người hay vật đứng trước nó và làm sở hữu trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The woman is elegant. Her daughter is a Miss World.
→ The woman whose daughter is a Miss World is elegant.
EX: The house is old. Its windows are broken.
→ The house whose windows are broken is old.
* Lưu ý:
- Who, whom, which có thể thay thế bằng THAT để làm chủ từ hoặc túc từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ
EX: The girl who/ that lives opposite my house is very pretty.
- Đại từ quan hệ nằm trong mệnh đề không hạn định ( non-defining) giữa 1 hoặc 2 dấu phẩy. Đối với
mệnh đề này ta không dùng THAT. Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định khi:
✓ Danh từ phía trước là danh từ riêng
✓ Danh từ phía trước có chứa các tính từ sở hữu: my, your, his, her, our, their, its
✓ Danh từ phía trước có chứa các tính từ chỉ định: this, that, these, those
EX: Minh is my close friend. He likes telling jokes.
→ Minh, who likes telling jokes, is my close friend.
- Ta phải dùng THAT khi:
✓ Danh từ phía trước là danh từ chỉ người lẫn vật
EX: The man and his dog are crossing the bridge. They look very tired.
→ The man and his dog THAT look very tired are crossing the bridge.
✓ Danh từ phía trước có chứa so sánh nhất (Superlatives)
EX: It is the most interesting film. I have ever seen that film.
→ It is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
✓ Khi đi sau các từ: only, the first, the last
EX: He is the first person. He came to the party last night.
→ He is the first person that came to the party last night.
✓ Khi đi sau các đại từ bất định, đại từ phủ định, đại từ chỉ số lượng: no one, nobody, nothing,
anyone, anything, anybody, someone, something, somebody, all, some, any, little, none.
EX: There is something in the fridge. You can eat it.
→ There is something in the fridge that you can eat.
b/ Trạng từ/ Phó từ quan hệ (Relative adverbs)
Time ( Thời gian) WHEN = in/on/at which
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Quy tắc chung : Phần đầu khẳng định → Phần đuôi phủ định và ngược lại
* Đối với động từ to be ; modal verbs; have (has) trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành ; had trong thì quá khứ
hoàn thành ; will (won’t) trong thì tương lai đơn → ta sẽ lặp lại ở phần đuôi.
* Đối với động từ thường thì ở phần đuôi → ta sẽ mượn trợ động từ tương ứng với các thì như sau :
- Hiện tại đơn : do/ does – don’t/ doesn’t
- Quá khứ đơn: did – didn’t
* Lưu ý:
- I am …………, AREN’T I?
- Let’s ………………, SHALL WE?
- Câu mệnh lệnh (V0 …………. / Don’t + V0 ………….)…………, WILL YOU?
- I think + S +V, phần đuôi dựa vào mệnh đề sau I think?
* EX: I think you are right, aren’t you?
- Chủ từ là This/ That/ Everything/ Something/ Nothing/ Anything → IT
- Chủ từ là These/ Those/ Everyone/ Everybody/ Someone/ Somebody/ No one/ Nobody/ Anyone/
anybody → THEY
- Trong câu xuất hiện “not, little, seldom, hardly, never, rarely ; nobody/ no one / nothing” báo
hiệu đây là câu phủ định thì phần đuôi sẽ ở khắng định
* EX: a/ She is a teacher, ISN’T SHE?
b/ They have lived here for 10 years, HAVEN’T THEY?
c/ Don’t talk in class, WILL YOU?
X. INFINITVES OR GERUNDS :
A/ INFINITIVES ( Nguyên mẫu):
1/ To-infinitives ( Nguyên mẫu có TO ):
a/ It’s adj + (of sb)+ to V: ai đó thật như thế nào khi làm việc gì
Các tính từ sau dùng với cấu trúc này: kind, good, stupid, clever, careless, sensible, brave, timid,
coward, wise, rude, polite, generous, mean, thoughtful, tactful, selfish…
Ex: It’s kind of you to help me
You stole a car, which was stupid of you
b/ S+ be + Adj + To V
Các tính từ sau đây dùng với cấu trúc này: happy, sad, glad, nice, pleased, disappointed,
difficult, easy, eager, ready, surprised, sorry, hesitant, amazed, able, willing, reluctant,
sure/bound/certain.
Ex: I am very glad to see you again.
c/ Động từ nguyên thể có “To” đứng ngay sau V:
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Agree (đồng ý), afford (có khả năng tài chính), appear (dường như), attempt (nổ lực), arrange
(sắp xếp), cause (gây ra), choose (lựa chọn), decide (quyết định), demand (yêu cầu), expect (mong đợi),
Fail (thất bại), hope(hi vọng), hesitate (ngại, phiền), intend (dự định), manage (quản lý), offer (đề nghị),
promise (hứa), plan (lập kế hoạch), pay (trả), prepare (chuẩn bị), refuse (từ chối), threaten (đe dọa),
tend (xu thế), wish (ước), want ( muốn), encourage (động viên, khuyến khích), tell, ask, request, order
Ex: I can’t afford to go abroad to study.
He agreed to work for us
She refused to answer personal questions
* Notes:
- allow / permit/ advise / recommend + O + to V0 EX: She allowed me to use her pen.
- allow / permit / advise / recommend + V-ing EX: She didn’t allow smoking in her room.
2/ Bare infinitives ( Nguyên mẫu không có TO ) :
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+ to V0 (hành động chưa xảy ra) Please remember to return the book
Remember
tomorrow.
1 Forget
+ V-ing (hành động đã xảy ra)
Regret I’ll never forget seeing her at the first time.
+ to V0 (dừng lại để làm việc khác) He stopped to eat. (dừng công việc để ăn)
2 Stop
My father stopped smoking two months ago.
+ V-ing (từ bỏ, dừng việc đang làm)
(bỏ hút thuốc)
- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi;
không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ.
- Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi,
thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn.
A. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)
1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba
I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her
We → They us → them our → their
2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)
- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật
3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi
B. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:
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Direct Reported
1. today / tonight that day / that night
2. yesterday the day before / the previous day
3. last week the week before / the previous week
4. ago before
5. now then
6. tomorrow the following day / the day after
7. next week the following week / the week after / the next week
8. this that
9. here there
10. these those
* CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP:
A. Câu trần thuật (Statement) :
c/ Đề nghị (Suggestions)
Ex : “Why don’t we go to the cinema?”
David suggested going to the cinema.
Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked Mai.
→ He asked Mai how long she was waiting for the bus.
* NOTES:
1 “If it rains, I will stay at home to read - The boy said that if it rained, he would stay at
books,” said the boy. home to read books.
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2 “If I were a millionaire, I could help poor - The man told me if he were a millionaire,
children,” said the man. he could help poor children.
3 “If you had had breakfast, you wouldn’t - The man told me if I had had breakfast,
have been hungry,” said the man. I wouldn’t have been hungry.
- Type 1: luøi laïi 1 thì khi ñoäng töø töôøng thuaät ñöôïc duøng ôû thì quaù khöù.
- Type 2, 3: giöõ nguyeân thì ñoäng töø
A/ CONDITIONAL SENTENCES :
TYPES FORMS
1. Unreal in the Present S + V (present) + as if/ as though + S + V2/ ed
(khoâng coù thaät ôû hieän taïi) (to be → WERE)
2. Unreal in the Past S + V (past) + as if/ as though + S + had V3/ ed
(khoâng coù thaät ôû quaù khöù)
2. Future wishes:
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S1 + WISH(es) WOULD
+ S2 + + V0
IF ONLY COULD
Ex: a/ It will rain tomorrow. → If only it wouldn't rain tomorrow.
b/ She is not coming with us. → She wishes she were coming with us.
c/ I want to be in Hanoi next week. → If only I could be in Hanoi next week.
3. Past wishes:
S1 + WISH(es)
+ S2 + had + V3/ed
IF ONLY
2. Clauses of reason:
Because / As / Since + S + V
EX: They can’t go out because / as / since it is very cold outside.
3. Cách rút gọn mệnh đề lý do sang cụm từ chỉ lý do
a/ . …. because + S (đại từ + be + adj .
→ because of + tính từ sở hữu + N
EX: He failed the exam because he is lazy.
He failed the exam because of / due to his laziness.
b/ …because + S (N) + be + adj
→ because of + the + adj + N
EX: They can’t go fishing because the weather is bad.
They can’t go fishing because of the bad weather.
c./ . …because + S + V + O
→ because of + V-ing + O (thường dùng khi 2 chủ ngữ giống nhau)
EX: She got ill because she worked hard.
She got ill because of working hard.
4/ SEEING ( THAT/ AS): xét thấy sự thật là; do, bởi vì
- Seeing (that) the weather is bad, we'll stay at home.
Bởi vì thời tiết xấu, chúng mình sẽ ở nhà.
5/ IN THAT: lý do là, vì
- Privatization is thought to be beneficial in that it promotes competition.
( Người ta cho việc tư nhân hóa là có lợi vì nó thúc đẩy sự cạnh tranh.)
6/ NOW (THAT) : vì rằng, bởi vì
- Now (that) you mention it , I do remember the incident.
( Vì anh nói đến điều đó, tôi mới nhớ việc xảy ra)
- Now (that) you have passed your test, you can drive on your own.
( Anh có thể tự mình lái xe vì anh đã đổ kỳ sát hạch.)
7/ INASMUCH AS: (formal): lý do là, vì
- He is a Dane inasmuch as he was born in Denemark.
( Ông ta là người Đan Mạch vì ông ta sinh ra ở Đan Mạch.)
8/ FOR: liên từ (không đặt ở đầu câu): vì, bởi vì, tại vì
- They don't go to the movies, for it rains cats and dogs.
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BECAUSE
AS/ SINCE S + V + ( O/ C/ A)
SEEING (THAT)
NOW THAT
↑ ↓
BECAUSE OF
DUE TO/ NOUN PHRASE OWING TO
+ THE FACT THAT...
THANKS TO GERUND PHRASE
ON ACCOUNT OF
2) Clauses of result:
- so…that: S + be (look, seem, become, get, feel, taste, smell, sound…)+ so + adj + that + S + V
S + V + so + adj/adv + that + S + V
S + V + so + adj + a + singular countable N
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- When you want to indicate the result of an action or situation, you can use a clause of result.
Clauses of result are introduced by so, and so, as a result, consequently, for this / that reason, thus,
therefore.
Ex: I had to work, so I couldn´t go fishing last Saturday.
So and and so usually link ideas in a single sentence and are the most common connectors. The other
connectors usually connect ideas in two separate sentences.
Ex 1: Paul had a fever; consequently, he stayed at home.
Ex 2: He travelled as quickly as possible. Thus, he reached Chicago the next day.
1/ Phrases of purpose:
- to + V0 = in order to + V0 = so as to + V0
Ex: She got up early in order not to miss the bus. = She got up early so as not to miss the bus.
2/ Clauses of purpose:
1) Phrases of concession:
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- Adj + as + S + be, S + V
- Whatever + V, S + V
E. Clauses after “AS IF, AS THOUGH, IT’S TIME, IT’S HIGH TIME, WOULD RATHER,
PREFER”:
* S + V1 + as if / as though + S + were / V2
* S + V2 + as if / as though + S + had + V3
Ex 1: I would rather she be here tomorrow. / I would rather you not call me next Sunday.
(Future)
Ex 2: Henry would rather his girlfriend worked in the same office as him. (Present)
Ex 3: I would rather I had passed my last exam. (Past)
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……………....THE END……………….
Saying to study: “Where there is a will, there is a way.” ( Có chí thì nên.)
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