1

Hi-Fi Amplifier
Circuits
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Circuits Designed by
Edward Reagan Roy.J.T
2.1 Channel Systems-Dual Power Amplifier
TDA7240 and TDA1517

The main problem with the design of stereo amplifier with

a total bass driver is that the signals of left and right
channels, sooner or later, are summarized. As a result of
merely adding up, the separation between channels is
reduced to a minimum and violated the very idea
stereophonic. The most efficient method of summation,
known today – signal active smesitelyami – filters with
high input impedance, which is often used by field-effect
transistors. Subsequent cascades enhance increase the
amplitude of the signal.

I tried to make some other way – most to weaken the

signals of channels and to make their addition, as late as
possible, before entering signal with high sensitivity (TDA
7240 – 46dB). The second chip-TDA 1517, serves as a
mid-frequency driver.

I must say that the problem is not solved completely, the

separation between channels is desirable to do more, and
subjective listening showed a contraction of panoramas,
lack of air, which is inherent in amplifiers with independent
channels. Listen to music using the device somewhat
tiresome, but it very effectively transmits audio material of
films and computer games. In any case, the amplifier has
shown significant superiority over the multimedia system
Logitech Z – 340, which is one of my friends recently
 3

bought for $ 60. Another nice time – managed to realize

the possibility of simultaneous volume in all channels,

Version 1

Which will agree, very convenient? Thus, the scheme was

recommended for the recurrence of 2.1 channel Systems,
with the prospect of it improving.

Notes
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Version 2

Notes
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2x30/40W Audio Amplifier with STK465

Simple circuit with higher power output, this amplifier

circuit is very easy to build. Just look at the PCB layout of
this circuit. The active component required is just the main
power amplifier chip STK465.

Component Part list:

R7 = 0,33 R13 = 330

R1 = 1K C7 = 8,2pF C13 =
C1 = 1uF/35V R8 = 33k 10uF/60V
R2 = 3,3K C8 = 0,1uF R14 = 3,3k
C2 = 470pF R9 = 4,7 C14 =
R3 = 100 C9 = 1uF/35V 47uF/60V
C3 = 100uF/60V R10 = 1k R15 = 1k
R4 = 330 C10 = 470pF C15 = 8,2pF
C4 = 100uF/60V R11 = 3,3k R16 = 0,33
R5 = 3,3K C11 = C16 = 0,1uF
C5 = 10uF/60V 100uF/60V R17 = 33k
R6 = 1K R12 = 100 R18 = 4,7
C6 = 47uF/60V C12 = IC1 = STK465
100uF/60V Speaker 40W
 6

PCB Layout:

Component placement:

Vcc Max ± 14V Vcc Typ ± 28V ± 25V

P/O =2*30Watts at 8 Ohms & 2*40 Watts at Ohms

Notes
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 7

5.3W Amplifier With Surround System

The AN7147 Dual 5.3-watt Audio Power Amplifier from Panasonic
is listed as a ‘replacement type’ so hopefully will be around for
some time to come. Together with some extra components, it can
represent a simple surround-sound system requiring no opamps or
a negative voltage supply. As shown by the circuit diagram the
basic stereo amplifier is changed into a surround-sound system by
a trick called ‘adding feedback from the opposite channel’. When
surround sound is required, the negative feedback signals
supplied by C13-R3 and C12-R4 are fed to the inputs of the ‘other’
amplifier. The resulting phase difference causes the surround
effect. If surround sound is not required, the effect can be disabled
by pressing push-button S1.

This causes the bistable built around IC2.A and IC2.B to toggle
and drive transistors T1 and T2 such that the above mentioned
negative feedback signals are effectively shunted to ground. A
high-efficiency LED and a 3.3-kΩ series resistor (R14) should be
used to make sure the maximum output current of the CMOS 4001
device is not exceeded. The amplifier should not be loaded with
impedance's smaller than 3Ω. The AN7147 will typically supply up
to 4.3 watts into 4 Ω. The SIL-12 case needs to be cooled wit a
small heatsink of about 6 K/W or better. The quiescent current is
modest at just 19 mA.

Notes
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 9

6-10W Audio Amplifier with IC TDA2002

This is a class AB audio power amplifier circuit which built

using a TDA2002 or TDA2003 power amplifier IC module.
These are replacements for the original LM383 which is
no longer available. It is easy to build and has a minimum
of external components. The module has both short circuit
protection and thermal protection. It can drive loads as low
as 1.6 ohm and is capable of delivering over 10 watts from
a 16 V supply.

Component parts:
C1-10uF/50V electrolytic
R1_ potentiometer 10 k
capacitor
ohm
C2-470uF/16V electrolytic
R2_ 220 ohm
capacitor
R3_ 2R2 ohm
C3-2200uF 25V electrolytic
R4_ 1 ohm
capacitor 1
IC1_ TDA2002/3 amplifier
C4-100 nF mylar 1
module 1
C5-100 nF monoblock 1
Heat sink
C6-100uF 25V ecap 1

Maximum output power will only be obtained with a power

supply of greater than 1A at 16V DC, and using 2 ohm
 10

speakers (or 2 by 4 ohm speakers in parallel). However

approximately 4W RMS can be obtained with a 12V DC,
1A supply into a 4 ohm load.

The power supply should be well filtered to reduce mains

hum, the on board capacitors alone are not adequate for
this purpose but are necessary to ensure stability. Extra
filtering is unnecessary if operating from a battery. If two
boards are used for stereo, you will need to double the
size of the power supply.

Specifications:

D.C. Input: 8 – 18V, 10 – 20 VA min.

Power output:
> 10 W RMS, 2 ohm load, 16V DC supply.
> 6W RMS, 4 ohm load, 16V DC supply.
> 4W RMS, 4 ohm load, 12V DC supply.

THD: < 0.2% (1W, 4 ohm load)

Gain: 40 dB maximum.

S/N ratio :
> 80 dBA. (G = 20 dB)
> 60 dBA (G = 40 dB)

Frequency response: < 20 Hz to > 40 kHz (-3dB, 4 ohm

load)

Input level:
< 100 mV for full output (G = 40 dB)
< 1V for full output(G = 20 dB)
 11

7 Watt Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Schematic

Small but powerful multipurpose amplifier

This small amplifier is constructed around the TDA2003

IC, capable of delivering 4Watts at 4ohms. The TDA
2003 has improved performance with the same pin
configuration as the TDA 2002. The additional features
of TDA 2002, very low number of external components,
ease of assembly, space and cost saving, are
maintained. The device provides a high output current
capability (up to 3.5A) very low harmonic
and cross-over distortion. Completely safe operation is
guaranteed due to protection against DC and AC short
circuit between all pins and ground, thermal over-
range, load dump voltage surge up to 40V and
fortuitous open ground. A conventional direct current
can be connected as supply.
 12

Parts:

R1 = 470R
R2 = 47R
R3 = 100R
R4 = 1R
C1 = 1822pF
C2 = 100nF-63V
C3 = 100nF-63v
C4 = 10uF-25V
C5 = 470uF-25V
C6 = 1000uF-35v
C7 = 1000uF-35V
IC1 = TDA2003
Specifications:
• Music power output: 7W / 4ohm
• RMS output: 3.5W / 4ohm or 2W / 8ohm
• Total harmonic distortion: 0.05% (1W / 1kHz)
• Frequency response: 20Hz to 20kHz (-3dB)
• Signal/noise ratio: 86dB (A weighted)
• Input sensitivity: 40mV / 150Kohm
• Overload and short-circuit protected
• Supply voltage: 15V DC (8 to 18V DC possible) /
0.5A
 13

18W + 18W Stereo Hi-Fi Audio Amplifier

(TDA2030)
2 x 18W Hi-Fi Stereo Power Amplifier based around two
TDA2030 ICs. It has good input sensitivity, low
distortion, good operating stability and full protection
against overloads and output short-circuits. It can be
used as a booster amplifier for existing small systems
or to drive a second pair of speakers besides the ones
already connected to the system. The board needs a
symmetrical power supply of ±18Vdc/3A and can be
connected to loads of 8 or 4 Ohm. Large heat sink is
required for this circuit. Diagram shown below indicates
only left channel. Make two circuits for stereo version.

Picture of the project:

18+18 Watt Hi-Fi Stereo Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram

 14

Circuit Diagram:

Parts:

R1 = 22K
R2 = 680R
R3 = 22K
R4 = 1R-1w
D1 = 1N4001
D2 = 1N4001
C1 = 1uf-25V
C2 = 22uF-25V
C3 = 100nF-63V
C4 = 100nF-63V
C5 = 100uF-25V
C6 = 100uF-25V
C7 = 220nF-63V
IC = TDA2030

If it does not work:

1. Check your work for possible dry joints, bridges
across adjacent tracks or soldering flux residues that
usually cause problems.
2. Check again all the external connections to and from
the circuit to see if there is a mistake there.
 15

3. See that there are no components missing or

inserted in the wrong places.
4. Make sure that all the polarized components have
been soldered the right way round.
5. Make sure the supply has the correct voltage and is
connected the right way round to your circuit.
6. Check your project for faulty or damaged
components.

Technical Specifications:
• Supply voltage = ±18Vdc/3A symmetrical (see text)
• Current consumption = 3A maximum
• Input impedance = 500K Ohms
• Input sensitivity = 250 mV
• Signal to noise ratio = 80 dB
• Frequency response = 20 - 20,000 Hz ± 1 dB
• Distortion = 0.5 % maximum
• Load impedance = 4 - 8 ohm

Notes
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20 Watts Car Stereo Amplifier TDA2004

It is a powerful amplifier. It works with IC TDA 2004.
TDA2004 has low noise, low distortion, and robust. The
robustness is supported by its operation safety
protection features: very inductive loads, load dump
voltage surge, overheating, and output AC-ground short,
fortuitous open ground. Other important things is space
and cost saving : very low external components counts,
and very simple mounting system with no need for
electrical isolation between the package and the heat sink
because the heat contact metal of the package is already
connected to ground
 17

20W Bridge Amplifier using TDA7240A

This is a simple bridge amplifier based on TDA7240A.
This circuit is designed for car audio system, but you may
use this circuit for your small home audio application…The
TDA7240A is a 20W bridge audio amplifier IC designed
especially for car radio applications. The low external
component count and compact Heptawatt 7-pin power
package the TDA7240A occupies little space on the
printed circuit board.

Reliable operation is guaranteed by a comprehensive

array of on-chip protection features. These include
protection against AC and DC output short circuits (to
ground and across the load), load dump transients, and
junction over temperature. Additionally, the TDA7240A
protects the loudspeaker when one output is short-
circuited to ground.

PCB Layout:
 18

24W amplifier using TDA1516

Here is the circuit diagram of a simple 24W mono

amplifier using IC TDA1516.The TDA1516 is an integrated
class B power amplifier in a 13 pin SIL package. The IC
has many useful features such as short circuit protection,
load dump protection, thermal protection, reverse polarity
protection etc. Here the IC is wired in BTL mode to deliver
24W of power into a 4 ohm speaker. This amplifier can be
operated from a 12V DC supply and this makes it suitable
for car audio applications.

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32W Hi-Fi Audio Amplifier with TDA2050

Here is a Hi-Fi power amplifier circuit, built with a power
IC TDA2050. This circuit will produce a power output up to
32watt. With good sound quality, high power and very low
distortion feature, this circuit will be very suitable for
simple and cheap audio systems.

TDA2050 Amplifier PCB Design:

About TDA2050:
The TDA 2050 is a monolithic integrated circuit in
Pentawatt package, intended for use as an audio class AB
audio amplifier. Thanks to its high power capability the
 20

TDA2050 is able to provide up to 35W true rms power into

4 ohm load @ THD =10%, VS = ±18V, f = 1KHz and up
to 32W into 8ohm load @ THD = 10%, VS = ±22V, f =
1KHz. Moreover, the TDA 2050 delivers typically 50W
music power into 4 ohm load over 1 sec at VS=22.5V, f =
1 KHz.

The high power and very low harmonic and crossover

distortion (THD = 0.05% typ, @ VS = ±22V, PO = 0.1 to
15W, RL=8ohm, f = 100Hz to 15 KHz) make the device
most suitable for both HiFi and high class TV sets.

TDA2050 Features:

• High output power

• High operating supply voltage
• Single or split supply operations
• Very low distortion
• Short circuit protection (out to GND)
• Thermal shutdown

Notes:
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 21

35W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER by

TDA2050
If you want to build hi-fi power amplifier the size about
30watt to 50Watt at good sound and build easy. I advise
the circuit that builds with the integrated circuit. You ware
IC TDA2050 then like very the circuit model class AB
audio amplifier.

Thanks to its high power capability the TDA2050 is able to

provide up to
35W true rms power into speaker 4 ohm load at THD
=10%, VS =ï€ ï€ ï‚±18V, f = 1KHz and up to 32W into
8ohm load @THD = 10%, VS = 22V, f =
1KHz.Moreover, the TDA 2050 delivers typically 50W
music power into 4 ohm load over 1 sec at VS=22.5V, f =
1KHz

May take an interest want to try build already, try out this
circuit use voltage Vcc +/- 25V.
Part
C1-0, 47-22mF
C2-22mF
C3C4-100nF
C5-100(150) nF
 22

R1R3-47kO
R2-1-3,3kO
R4-1-4, 7oM/0,25W
Rt-4oM

PCB: 35W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER by

TDA2050

on PCB : 35W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER by

TDA2050
 23

36 Watt Audio Power Amplifier Using TDA1562Q

It's based on a Philips class-H audio amplifier IC and can

deliver 36W RMS OR 70W music power, all from a 13.8V
supply. Our new Mighty Midget Amplifier can really pack a
punch - around 36W RMS continuous into a 4-ohm load
when using a 13.8V supply. However, it's the 70W of
output power that it can deliver during dynamic (music)
signal conditions that really make you sit up and take
notice.

As can be seen from the photos and the circuit diagram,

the Mighty Midget uses just a handful of parts. It's built on
a PC board that measures just 104mm x 39mm but while
its size may be modest, these's nothing at all modest
about its power output. And the noise and distortion
figures are pretty good too.
 24

Circuit diagram:

At the heart of the circuit is the TDA1562Q IC, described

by Philips as a "monolithic integrated Bridge-Tied Load
(BTL) class-H high-efficiency power amplifier". It comes in
a 17-pin "DIL-bent-SIL" plastic package and is not only
designed for use in car audio and portable PA work but for
mains applications as well; eg, mini/midi audio
components and TV sound.

Parts layout:
 25

PCB layout:

Performance:

Output power:----------------------36W RMS into 4R

Music power:-----------------------70W into 4R
Frequency response:---------------1dB down at 28Hz and 55kHz
Input sensitivity:-------------------130mV RMS (for 36W into 4?)
Harmonic distortion: ----------------typically 0.2% (see graphs)
Signal-to-noise ratio:----------------95dB unweighted (22Hz to 22kHz)
 26

50W Power Amplifier with IC TDA7294

This is a great audio amplifier circuit based on single

power IC TDA7294. TDA7294 is intended for use as a
high quality audio class AB amplifier in hi-fi applications. It
has very low noise and distortion, wide bandwidth and
good output current capability, enabling it to supply high
power into both 4Ω and 8Ω loads. It has both short circuit
and thermal protection, so is quite robust.

Component part list:

R1 150R C1 1u5F or 1u
R2, R3, R5 10K C2 2n7F
R4 680R C3, C6 22uF 63V
R6 22K C4, C5 10uF 63V
IC1 TDA 7294 C7, C9 2200uF 50V
Heat sink C8, C10 100nF
 27

With the addition of a handful of parts and a suitable

power supply, this module will deliver over 50W RMS into
4 or 8 ohms with < 0.1% Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
and < 0.1% Intermodulation Distortion (IMD). A similar
circuit was published in Elektor magazine, 11/96.

It is also suitable as a replacement power amp stage, or

upgrade for many existing amplifiers of between 30W-
50W, provided they have a suitable dual supply, and most
do.

Notes:
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60 Watt Audio Power Amplifier Circuit Diagram

High Quality, powerful unit: 90W into 4 Ohm load,

Also suited as guitar or bass amplifier

To celebrate the hundredth design posted to this website,

and to fulfil the requests of many correspondents wanting
an amplifier more powerful than the 25W MosFet, a 60 -
90W High Quality power amplifier design is presented
here. Circuit topology is about the same of the above
mentioned amplifier, but the extremely rugged IRFP240
and IRFP9240 MosFet devices are used as the output
pair, and well renowned high voltage Motorola's
transistors are employed in the preceding stages.

The supply rails voltage was kept prudentially at the rather

low value of + and - 40V. For those wishing to experiment,
the supply rails voltage could be raised to + and - 50V
maximum, allowing the amplifier to approach the 100W
into 8 Ohm target: enjoy! A matching, discrete
components, Modular Preamplifier design is available
here: Modular Audio Preamplifier.
 29

Amplifier section:

60 Watt MosFet Audio Power Amplifier Circuit

Diagram
Parts:

R1______________47K 1/4W Resistor

R2_______________4K7 1/4W Resistor
R3______________22K 1/4W Resistor
R4_______________1K 1/4W Resistor
R5,R12,R13_____330R 1/4W Resistors
R6_______________1K5 1/4W Resistor
R7______________15K 1/4W Resistor
R8______________33K 1/4W Resistor
R9_____________150K 1/4W Resistor
R10____________500R 1/2W Trimmer Cermet
R11_____________39R 1/4W Resistor
R14,R15_________R33 2.5W Resistors
R16_____________10R 2.5W Resistor
 30

R17_____________R22 5W Resistor (wirewound)

C1_____________470nF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C2_____________470pF 63V Polystyrene or ceramic
Capacitor
C3______________47µF 63V Electrolytic Capacitor
C4,C8,C9,C11___100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
C5______________10pF 63V Polystyrene or ceramic
Capacitor
C6_______________1µF 63V Polyester Capacitor
C7,C10_________100µF 63V Electrolytic Capacitors
D1___________1N4002 100V 1A Diode
D2_____________5mm. Red LED
Q1,Q2,Q4_____MPSA43 200V 500mA NPN Transistors
Q3,Q5________BC546 65V 100mA NPN Transistors
Q6___________MJE340 200V 500mA NPN Transistor
Q7___________MJE350 200V 500mA PNP Transistor
Q8___________IRFP240 200V 20A N-Channel Hexfet
Transistor
Q9___________IRFP9240 200V 12A P-Channel Hexfet
Transistor

Power supply :

60 Watt MosFet Audio Amplifier Power Supply Circuit

Diagram
Parts:

R1_______________3K9 1W Resistor
 31

C1,C2_________4700µF 63V Electrolytic Capacitors

(See Notes)
C3,C4__________100nF 63V Polyester Capacitors
D1_____________400V 8A Diode bridge
D2_____________5mm. Red LED
F1,F2__________4A Fuses with sockets
T1_____________230V or 115V Primary, 30+30V
Secondary 160VA Mains transformer
PL1____________Male Mains plug
SW1____________SPST Mains switch

Notes:
1. In the original circuit, a three-diode string was wired
in series to R10. Two of these diodes are now
replaced by a red LED in order to achieve improved
quiescent current stability over a larger temperature
range. Thanks to David Edwards of LedeAudio for
this suggestion.
2. A small, U-shaped heatsink must be fitted to Q6 &
Q7.
3. Q8 & Q9 must be mounted on large heatsinks.
4. Quiescent current can be measured by means of an
Avo-meter wired in series to the positive supply rail
and no input signal.
5. Set the Trimmer R10 to its minimum resistance.
6. Power-on the amplifier and adjust R10 to read a
current drawing of about 120 - 130mA.
7. Wait about 15 minutes, watch if the current is varying
and readjust if necessary.
8. The value suggested for C1 and C2 in the Power
Supply Parts List is the minimum required for a mono
amplifier. For optimum performance and in stereo
configurations, this value should be increased:
10000µF is a good compromise.
9. A correct grounding is very important to eliminate
hum and ground loops. Connect to the same point
the ground sides of R1, R3, C2, C3 and C4 and the
 32

ground input wire. Connect R7 and C7 to C11 to

output ground. Then connect separately the input
and output grounds to the power supply ground.

Technical data:
• Output power:
• 60 Watt RMS @ 8 Ohm (1KHz sinewave) - 90W
RMS @ 4 Ohm
• Sensitivity:
• 1V RMS input for 58W output
• Frequency response:
• 30Hz to 20KHz -1dB
• Total harmonic distortion @ 1KHz:
• 1W 0.003% 10W 0.006% 20W 0.01% 40W 0.013%
60W 0.018%
• Total harmonic distortion @10KHz:
• 1W 0.005% 10W 0.02% 20W 0.03% 40W 0.06%
60W 0.09%
• Unconditionally stable on capacitive loads

Notes:
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68W Power Amplifier with LM3886

 33

The LM3886 is a high-performance audio power amplifier

capable of delivering 68W of continuous average power to
a 4 load and 38W into 8 with 0.1% THD+N from 20Hz-
20kHz.

Features:

Maximum Output Power : 68W RMS - 108W Peak

THD : %0.03 at 60W
SNR : 110dB at 60 W - 92.5dB at 1W
PSRR : 120dB
Protection Circuitries: DC /AC Short circuit protection and
thermal protection
 34

Output Class : Conjugate AB-A

The performance of the LM3886, utilizing its Self Peak

Instantaneous Temperature (°Ke) (SPiKe™) protection
circuitry, puts it in a class above discrete and hybrid
amplifiers by providing an inherently, dynamically
protected Safe Operating Area (SOA). SPiKe protection
means that these parts are completely safeguarded at the
output against overvoltage, under voltage, overloads,
including shorts to the supplies, thermal runaway and
instantaneous temperature peaks.

The LM3886 maintains an excellent signal-to-noise ratio

of greater than 92dB with a typical low noise floor of
2.0µV. It exhibits extremely low THD+N values of 0.03%
at the rated output into the rated load over the audio
spectrum, and provides excellent linearity with an IMD
(SMPTE) typical rating of 0.004%.

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80W Audio Amplifier Based on TDA7295

 35

Below is a 80W amplifier circuit is constructed by using a

power IC TDA7295. With a very simple design, makes this
circuit very easy to build. TDA7295 has many features to
support your audio system, the most important is that the
IC has very low distortion and very low noise feature.

Schematic diagram:

Notes:

• Power supply voltage should not exceed 40V.

• Use stable and regulated power supply. The power
supply should be has minimum current output 2A.
• Use heatsink to prevent overheating on the power
IC.

PCB Layout:
 36

About TDA7295:

The TDA7295 is a monolithic integrated circuit in

Multiwatt15 package, intended for use as audio class AB
amplifier in Hi-Fi field applications such as home theatre
and topclass TV. The wide voltage range and to the high
out current capability make the TDA7295 able to supply
the highest power into both 4W and 8W loads even in
presence of poor supply regulation, with high Supply
Voltage Rejection.

The built in muting function with turn on delay simplifies

the remote operation avoiding switching on-off noises.

100Watt MONO Amplifier Circuit with TDA7294

 37

Using the integrated circuit TDA7294 is best suited to

operate in Hi-Fi audio applications, amplifier class AB.
Sovereignty is capable of delivering both 4 ohm and 8
ohm loads, since the IC output current and a wide range
of voltage. In addition, 8 ohm load with 0.1% harmonic
distortion (THD) can be supplied with 50 W RMS, with the
addition of sufficient power and the minimum number of
components. Eliminates the presence of heat sink water
temperature at a rate of 1, 4 ° C / W. In standby mode, is
treated with PIN-9, while the MUTE input from the pin 10
is treated. In standby mode is always a priority for the
MUTE input.

The amplifier will be activated immediately, while

inclusion. This is certainly connected through lessons
without constantly on the supply rail. The conversion of
clicks is by increasing the time constants of C5 C6 and &
R4 & R3 can be eliminated. Due to internal thermal
protection of the IC, the temperature at 145 ° C can cause
MUTE condition and at 150 ° C, the amplifier is in standby
mode. The Circuit amplifier must not be made without the
presence of a radiator that internally to generate a
negative supply rail is connected to be operated. In IC, the
radiator of the amplifier in a grounded metal enclosure to
be mounted in isolation. The maximum voltage for 8 ohm
load 40V to 30V for 4 ohm loads, a transformer with 80 VA
and 150 VA for two modules in a stereo amplifier rated.
38
 39

150Watt Power Amplifier circuit with IC TDA7294

150W power amplifier circuit

Circuit review-diagram B above. It is almost identical,
except for connections SIM have been removed and some
signs of components have been displaced. 220UF 100nF
Although I have shown how C1 3.3UF Electro bipolar, you
can use the CAP polyester, if you want. If power will be
used for serednochastotnyh or tweeter in the system
biamped or triamped, C1 may be reduced by the cost
100nF (-3dB at 72Hz). For general use, you can use a
1uF polyester, giving-3dB frequency of 7.2Hz, but bass
extension is better with a higher value, as shown.
New circuit boards can work as Dual Mono Power – PCB
track can be divided, and each amplifier is powered by its
own proposal. Although IMO not much sense, it also
enables the PCB, halved and each half has its own power
connector. The output connections can be made for
 40

printed circuit pin, or you can use to pay “shovel (AKA

speed connection) LUG – Council provides regulations on
this subject.
More details can be construction, purchase of PCBs, and
all options are described in detail.
As you can see, there are provisions to use TDA7294
well. This circuit is almost identical, but a specification
higher. There are links on the board to connect contacts 1
and 5 (it should not be connected to the TDA727). Use
TDA7294, fees can run bridged (BTL or bridge tied load)
to about 150 W at 8 ohms. I think P87B be used to
provide phase signal is necessary for BTL operation.
Although it is common to see AMP as a reversal, there is
a very low resistance at first, and may lead to
unacceptable pressures and possible distortion. P87B be
managed separately by each amplifier, and the best way
to control the amplifiers.While parallel operation is often
recommended, I strongly recommend that you run the
amps in parallel. There are very strict requirements for
greater tolerance for parallel operation – usually amplifiers
must correspond to 0.1% or more for all audio traffic and
beyond. A very low output resistance of members, even
inconsistencies 100mV (instantly, any voltage and
frequency) can cause large amounts of current flowing
through the circuits. Although 0.1Ω resistors are usually
offered, inconsistencies 100mV voltage (0.15% at the
peak voltage 60V) 0.5A cause a circulating current. This
leads to overheating and protection of anger involved.
 41

200 Watts STK4050 Amplifier suitable for

Sub-Woofer

Description:
Output Power : 200 Watts
Load Resistance : 8 Ohms
Input Impedance : 55K
Maximum Supply : (+95v)-0-(-95v)
Recommended : (+66v)-0-(-66v)
 42

200watts amplifier using TDA 2030

 43

600 Watts Stereo Amplifier (300Watts/Channel)

Power Supply:
 44

• Speakers Must be 300 Watts or more power.

• Use 8Ohms Impedance Speakers.
 45

A Balanced Output Board for the Stereo DAC

Circuit diagram:
 46

This add-on board is designed to provide a pair of

balanced audio outputs for the High-Quality Stereo DAC
(Digital to Analog Converter). Two 3-pin male XLR
connectors are used for the new outputs and they can
either replace or augment the existing unbalanced outputs
without affecting their performance. Balanced audio is
used in recording studios and on stage because of its
improved noise immunity. This is due to the fact that the
signal is sent differentially (i.e., as two signals 180° out of
phase) and then converted to a single-ended voltage
signal at the far end. If any noise is picked up in the cable,
it affects the two out-of-phase signals equally so that
when the signals are subsequently subtracted, most of the
noise is eliminated.
 47

Parts layout:
 48

In addition, the DAC’s performance at the balanced

outputs generally exceeds that of the unbalanced outputs,
although only by a small margin. The signal-to-noise ratio,
frequency response and channel separation are all better,
although we measured a tiny bit more distortion from the
balanced outputs. However, both levels are so low as to
be almost negligible.

Audio Power Amplifier 60W with TDA7294

Description

The TDA7294 amplifier module is a monolithic integrated

circuit. It is intended for use as an audio class AB
amplifier in hi-fi applications. It has a wide voltage range
and output current capability, enabling it to supply the
highest power into both 4 ohm and 8n ohm loads. With
the addition of a handful of parts and a suitable power
supply, this module will deliver 50W RMS into 8-ohm with
0.1% THD. you the user must supply a heavy duty
heatsink rated at 1.4°C/W. Pin 10 is the MUTE input and
 49

pin 9 provides a STANDBY mode. Muting should always

take place before standby mode is selected. Connecting
these pins permanently to the supply rail (insert links)
ensures that the amplifier comes on immediately on
power up. Increasing the time constants R3-C6 and R4-
C5 may eliminate any switch-on clicks. The IC has
internal thermal protection that causes the mute to cut in
at 145°C and switches the amplifier into standby at
150°C. Do not operate the module without a heatsink.
The heatsink tab on the TDA7294 IC is internally
connected to the negative supply rail. If the module is
mounted inside an earthed metal enclosure then the IC
must be insulated from the heatsink. If not, the negative
supply rail will be shorted to ground.
Specifications
• Input sensitivity 1.3V (50W into 8W)
• Input impedance 10K
• Frequency response 15Hz - 100kHz
• Output power 50W into 8W (0.1% THD), 82W into 4W (0.1%
THD)
• THD (40W into 8W) 0.002% (1kHz), < 0.04% (20Hz -
20kHz)
• Power Supply +/-30Vdc

Circuit diagram
 50

POWER SUPPLY

The maximum supply voltage of the IC is +/-40V.

However the maximum dissipation of the IC would be
exceeded when using a 4-ohm load at that voltage.
Therefore the supply voltage used should be kept down
to a safe +/-30V. The mains transformer used to power
the module should be rated at a minimum of 80VA. If you
want to run two modules in a stereo amplifier you can use
a common power supply. In this case the transformer
should be rated at 150VA.
Parts List for Power Amplifier
• R1=180ohm
• R2-3-5=10Kohm
• R4=22Kohm
• R6=680ohm
• C1=1.5uF 63V MKT Polyester
• C2=2.7nF 63V MKT Polyester
• C3-4=100nF 100V MKT Polyester
• C5-6=10uF 63V Electrolytic
• C7=22uF 63V Electrolytic
• C8=33uF 25V Electrolytic
• C9-10=1000uF 63V Electrolytic
• IC1=TDA7294 on Heatsink
 51

• J1=2pin connector with 2.54mm step

• JP1-2=2pin Jumper with 2.54mm step
• J2=3pin connector
• J3=2pin connector

All Resistors is 1/4W 1%

All Electrolytic Capacitors is Axial

Power Supply

Parts List for Power supply

• TR1=230Vac//2X22Vac, 80VA for single Amplifier,
150VA for dual Amplifier
• BR1=Diode Bridge >15A
• C1=22nF 630V Polyester MKT
• C2....5=22nF 100V Polyester MKT
• C6-7=10.000uF 63V For single Amplifier
• C8-9=10.000uF 63V For dual Amplifier*
• C10-11=1uF 63V Polyester MKT
• F1=Fuse 0.5A slow
 52

Audio Splitter
This circuit is
suitable to
amplify and
distribute the
audio signals.
The input
audio signal is
applied to the
J1 and after passing through the P1, It is buffered and
amplified by the IC1 prepared to redistribute. It has 3
outputs to drive 3 audio lines with 300 ohms
impedance.
Parts:
• J1 = RCA Socket (See Notes)
• P1 = 100K-Potentiometre
• R* = 10K-100K
• R1 = 560K
• R2 = 1K
• R3 = 2.2K
• R4 = 2.7K
• R5 = 2.7K
• R6 = 330R
• R7 = 330R
• R8 = 330R
• C1 = 100uF-25V
• C2 = 100uF-25V
• C3 = 100uF-25V
• D1 = BZX79C18
• D2 = BZX79C18
• Q1 = BC337
• Q2 = BC327
• IC1 = NE5532-34
 53

Notes:
• J1 will be RCA Audio input female socket.
• R* is on your choice it can be choose between 10K to
100K resistor.
• Output capacitor’s value is between 100uf to 470uf
and power handling is 25V to 50V.
• You can power up this circuit via +12V/-12V
regulated supply but you have to remove following
parts Q1-Q2-C2-C3-D1-D2.
• Maximum power ratings +35V/-35V

Compact High-Performance 20W+20W Stereo

Amplifier
Amplifiers which run from 12V DC generally don’t put
out much power and they are usually not hi-fi as well.
 54

But this little stereo amplifier ticks the power and low
distortion boxes. With a 14.4V supply, it will deliver 20
watts per channel into 4-ohm loads at clipping while
harmonic distortion at lower power levels is typically
less than 0.03%.

This is an ideal project for anyone wanting a

compact stereo amplifier that can run from a 12V
battery. It could be just the ticket for buskers who want
a small but gutsy amplifier which will run from an SLA
battery or it could used anywhere that 12V DC is
available – in cars, recreational vehicles, remote
houses with 12V DC power or where ever.

However, by using the TDA7377 power amplifier IC

and making some other improvements, the THD (total
harmonic distortion) of the new design are about 50
times better than the older unit. The bottom line is that
the THD under typical conditions is around just 0.03%
or less. It is also able to deliver more output power due
to the improved output transistors in the new power
amplifier IC.

In addition, its idle power consumption is low – not

much more than 1W. As a result, if you don’t push it too
 55

hard it will run cool and won’t drain the battery too
quickly. And because the IC has self-protection
circuitry, it’s just about indestructible. It will self-limit or
shut down if it overheats and the outputs are
deactivated if they are shorted.

With a 12V supply, the largest voltage swing a

conventional solid-state power amplifier can generate
is ±6V. This results in a meagre 4.5W RMS into 4O and
2.25W RMS into 8O, without considering losses in the
output transistors. Even if the DC supply is around
14.4V (the maximum that can normally be expected
from a 12V car battery), that only brings the power
figures up to 6.48W and 3.24W for 4Ohms and 8Ohms
loads respectively – still not really enough.

There are three common solutions to this problem.

The first is to boost the supply voltage using a switch
mode DC converter. This greatly increases the cost
and complexity of the amplifier but it is one way of
getting a lot of power from a 12V supply. However, we
wanted to keep this project simple and that rules out
this technique.
56
 57

There are variations on the boosting method, such

as the class H architecture used in the TDA1562Q IC
featured in the Portapal PA Amplifier (SILICON CHIP,
February 2003). It is able to achieve 40W/channel but with
>0.1% THD. In that case, the amplifier output itself
provides the switching for a charge pump. The second
method is to lower the speaker impedance. Some car
speakers have impedance as low as 2O, which allows
twice as much power to be delivered at the same supply
voltage. However, we don’t want to restrict this amplifier to
2O loudspeakers.
 58

Car Audio Power Amp TDA 2616 HiFi Circuit

Here is the circuit diagram of a 2X12 watt HiFi amplifier
circuit using IC TDA 2616 from Phillips. A quiet simple
and robust circuit using very less components. This
makes the circuit ideal for a portable power amplifier.
The circuit delivers 12 W power on 8 Ohm speaker for
each channel at +/- 12 V dual supply.

The TDA2616 is a stereo power amplifier IC comes in a 9-

lead single-in-line SIL9 plastic power package SOT131.
This IC is specially designed for mains fed amplifier
circuits, such as stereo radio, tape and television .The IC
has good gain balance of both channels and Hi-fi in
accordance with IEC 268 and DIN 45500 standards. Also
the IC TDA 2616 has special inbuilt circuit for the
suppression of noise signals at the inputs, during switch-
on and switch-off.This prevents click sounds during power
on and power off. All capacitors except C10 & C9 are
ceramic.

All capacitors must be rated 50V.

 59

Dual Power Amplifier Using TDA7293 MOSFET

As readers will know, there are already several power amplifier
projects, two using IC power amps (aka power opamps). Both
have been popular, and this project is not designed to replace
either of them. However, it is significantly smaller than the
others, so it makes building a multiple amp unit somewhat
easier because the space demand is much lower. It's quite
simple to include 4 amps (two boards) into a small space, but
be aware that good heatsinking is essential if you expect to run
these amps at significant power levels.

The TDA7293 IC uses a MOSFET power stage, where the others

featured use bipolar transistors. The main benefit of the MOSFET
stage is that it doesn't need such radical protection circuitry as a
bipolar stage, so unpleasant protection circuit artifacts are
eliminated. There are no apparent downsides to the TDA7293,
although it was found that one batch required a much higher
voltage on the Standby and Mute pins than specified, or the amps
would not work. This is not a limitation, since both are tied to the
positive supply rail and are therefore disabled.

This particular project has been planned for a long time, but for
some reason I never got around to completing the board or the
project description. This is now rectified, and it's ready to "rock and
roll". The board is very small - only 77 x 31mm, so getting it into
tight spaces is easy ... provided adequate heat sinking is available
of course.

Description

the TDA7293 has a bewildering number of options, even allowing

you to add a second power stage (in another IC) in parallel with
 60

the main one. This improves power into low impedance loads, but
is a rather expensive way to get a relatively small power increase.
It also features muting and standby functions, although I've elected
not to use these.

The schematic is shown in Figure 1, and is based on the PCB

version. All unnecessary functions have been disabled, so it
functions as a perfectly normal power amplifier. While the board is
designed to take two TDA7293 ICs, it can naturally be operated
with only one, and the PCB is small enough so that this is not an
inconvenience. A LED is included to indicate that power is
available, and because of the low current this will typically be a
high brightness type.

The IC has been shown in

the same format that's shown in the data sheet, but has been
cleaned up for publication here. Since there are two amps on the
board, there are two of most of the things shown, other than the
power supply bypass caps and LED "Power good" indicator.
These ICs are extremely reliable (as are most power amp ICs),
and to reduce the PCB size as much as possible, fuse clips and
fuses have not been included. Instead, there are fusible tracks on
the board that will fail if there is a catastrophic fault. While this is
not an extremely reliable fuse, the purpose is to prevent power
transformer failure, not to protect the amplifiers or PCB.

I normally use a gain of 23 (27dB) for all amplifiers, and the

TDA7293 is specified for a minimum gain of 26dB, below which it
may oscillate. Although this is only a small margin, tests so far
indicate that the amp is completely stable. If you wish, you may
increase the gain to 28 (29dB) to give a bit more safety margin. To
do this, just change the input and feedback resistors (R3A/B and
R4A/B) from 22k to 27k.

The circuit is conventional, and is very simple because all

additional internal functions are unused. The LED is optional, and
if you don't think you'll need it, it may be omitted, along with series
 61

resistor R3. All connections can be made with plugs and sockets,
or hard wired. In most cases, I expect that hard wiring will be the
most common, as the connectors is a pain to wire, and add
unnecessary cost as well as reduce reliability.

The TDA7293 specifications might lead you to believe that it can

use supply voltages of up to ±50V. With zero input signal (and
therefore no output) it might, but I don't recommend anything
greater than ±35V if 4 ohm loads are expected, although ±42V will
be fine if you can provide good heat sinking. In general, the lower
supply voltage is more than acceptable for 99% of all applications,
and higher voltages should not be used unless there is no choice.
Naturally, if you can afford to lose a few ICs to experiments, then
go for the 42V supplies (obtained from a 30+30V transformer).

Construction

Because of the pin spacing, these ICs are extremely awkward to

use without a PCB. Consequently, I recommend that you use the
ESP board because it makes building the amplifier very simple.
The PCBs are double sided with plated-through holes, so are very
unforgiving of mistakes unless you have a good solder sucker. The
best way to remove parts from a double sided board is to cut the
pins off the component, then remove each pin fragment
individually. This is obviously not something you'd wish to do if a
power amp IC were installed incorrectly, since it will be unusable
afterwards.

Figure 2 - TDA7293V
Pinots

The diagram above shows the pinouts for the TDA7293V (the "V"
means vertical mounting). Soldering the ICs must be left until last.
 62

Mount the ICs on your heatsink temporarily, and slide the PCB
over the pins. Make sure that all pins go through their holes, and
that there is no strain on the ICs that may try to left the edge off
the heatsink. When ICs and PCB are straight and aligned,
carefully solder at least 4 pins on each IC to hold them in place.
The remaining pins can then be soldered. Remember, if you mess
up the alignment at this point in construction, it can be extremely
difficult to fix, so take your time to ensure there are no mistakes.

This amplifier must not be connected to a preamp that does not

have an output coupling capacitor. Even though there is a cap in
the feedback circuit, it can still pass DC because there is no input
cap on the PCB. I normally include an input cap, but the goal of
this board was to allow it to fit into the smallest space possible,
and the available board space is not enough to include another
capacitor. A volume control (typically 10k log/ audio taper) may be
connected in the input circuit if desired.

Note that the metal tab of the TDA7293 is connected to the -Ve
supply, so must be insulated from the heatsink. The more care you
take with the mounting arrangement, the better. While you can use
a screw through an insulating bush and a piece of mica to insulate
the tab, a better alternative is to use a clamping bar of some kind.
How you go about this depends a lot on your home workshop tools
and abilities, but one arrangement I've found highly satisfactory is
a suitable length of 6.25mm square solid steel bar. This is very
strong, and allows good pressure on the mica (or Kapton) for
maximum heat transfer. Naturally, heatsink compound is
absolutely essential.

Do not be tempted to use silicone insulation washers unless you

are using the amp at very low supply voltages (no more than
±25V). Its thermal transfer characteristics are not good enough to
allow the amp to produce more than about 10 - 20W of music, and
even that can be taxing for silicone washers. The amp will shut
down if it overheats, but that curtails one's listening enjoyment until
it cools down again.

Power Supply

A suitable power supply is shown below, and is completely

unremarkable in all respects. The transformer may be a
conventional (E-I) laminated type or a toroid. The latter has the
 63

advantage of lower leakage flux, so will tend to inject less noise

into the chassis and wiring. Conventional transformers are usually
perfectly alright though, provided you take care with the mounting
location.

The bridge rectifier should be a 35A 400V type, as they are cheap,
readily available and extremely rugged. Electrolytic capacitors
should be rated at 50V. The cap connected across the transformer
secondary (C4) should be rated at 275V AC (X Class), although a
630V DC cap will also work. This capacitor reduces "conducted
emissions", namely the switching transients created by the diodes
that are coupled through the transformer onto the mains supply.
The power supply will work without this cap, and will most likely
pass CE and C-Tick tests as well, but for the small added cost you
have a bit of extra peace of mind as regards mains noise.

The supply shown includes

a "loop breaker", which is intended to prevent earth/ ground
loops to prevent hum when systems are interconnected.
Please be aware that it may not be legal to install this circuit in
some countries. The diodes must be high current types -
preferably rated at no less than 3A (1N5401 or similar). The
loop breaker works by allowing you to have the chassis
earthed as required in most countries, but lets the internal
electronics "float", isolated from the mains earth by the 10 ohm
resistor. RF noise is bypassed by the 100nF cap, and if a
primary to secondary fault develops in the transformer, the fault
current will be bypassed to earth via the diodes. If the fault
persists and the internal fuse (or main power circuit breaker)
hasn't opened, one or both diodes will fail. Semiconductor
devices fail short-circuit, so fault current is connected directly to
safety earth.

Be very careful when first applying mains power to the supply.

Check all wiring thoroughly; verify that all mains connections
are protected from accidental contact. If available, use a
Variac, otherwise use a standard 100W incandescent lamp in
series with the mains. This will limit the current to a safe value
if there is a major fault.
 64

When the loop breaker is used, all input and output connectors
must be insulated from the chassis, or the loop breaker is
bypassed and will do nothing useful. The body of a level pot (if
used) can be connected to chassis, because the pot internals
are insulated from the body, mounting thread and shaft.

Note that the DC ground for the amplifiers must come from the
physical centre tap between the two filter caps. This should be
a very solid connection (heavy gauge wire or a copper plate),
with the transformer centre tap connected to one side, and the
amplifier earth connections from the other. DC must be taken
from the capacitors - never from the bridge rectifier.

The order of the fuse and power switch is arbitrary - they can
be in any order, and in many cases the order is determined by
the physical wiring of the IEC connector if a fused type is used.
With a fused IEC connector, the fuse is before the switch and it
cannot be removed while the mains lead is inserted.

I have shown a 2A slow-blow fuse, but this depends on the

size and type of transformer and your mains supply voltage.
Some manufacturers give a recommended fuse rating, others
don't. The fuse shown is suitable for a 150VA transformer at
230V AC, and is deliberately oversized to ensure that it will not
be subject to nuisance blowing due to transformer inrush
current. A 2A fuse will fail almost instantly if there is a major
fault.

Make sure that the mains earth (ground) is securely connected

to guarantee a low resistance connection that cannot loosen or
come free under any circumstances. The accepted method
varies from one country to the next, and the earth connection
must be made to the standards that apply in your country.

WARNING: This power supply circuit requires experience with

mains wiring. Do not attempt construction unless experienced,
capable and suitably qualified if this is a requirement where
you live. Death or serious injury may result from incorrect
wiring.

Testing
 65

never attempt to operate the amplifier without the TDA7293 ICs

attached to a heatsink!

Connect to a suitable power supply - remember that the supply

earth (ground) must be connected! When powering up for the
first time, use 100 ohm 5W "safety" resistors in series with
each supply to limit the current if you have made a mistake in
the wiring. If available, use a variable bench supply - you don't
need much current to test operation, and around 500mA is
more than enough. If using a current limited bench supply, the
safety resistors can be omitted. Do not connect a speaker to
the amplifier at this stage!

If using a normal power supply for the amp tests, apply power
(±35V via the safety resistors) and verify that the current is no
more than 60mA or so - about 6V across each 100 ohm
resistor. No load current can vary, so don't panic if you
measure a little more or less. Verify that the DC voltage at both
outputs is less than 100mV. Using another 100 ohm resistor in
series with a small speaker, or an oscilloscope, apply a
sinewave signal at about 400Hz to the input and watch (or
listen) for signal. The signal level needs to be adjusted to
ensure the amp isn't clipping, and the waveform should be
clean, with no evidence of parasitic oscillation or audible
distortion.

If everything tests out as described, wire the amplifier directly

to the power supply and finish off any internal wiring in the
amp. Once complete, it's ready to use.
66
 67

LA4460 IC AMPLIFIER
 68

25 watts Hi-Fi Amplifier using IC LM1875

25 watts Amplifier using IC LM1875

 69

Paraphase Tone Controller

As opposed to the widespread Baxandall circuit (dating
back to 1952!) a ‘paraphrase’ tone control supplies a
straight frequency response as long as the bass and
treble controls are in the same position. This unique
property makes the ‘Paraphase’ configuration of interest if
only treble or bass needs to be adjusted - it is not possible
to adjust both at the same time! Essentially, it’s the
difference in setting of the tone controls that determines
the slope of the frequency response, and the degree of
bass/treble correction. The circuit is simplicity itself, based
on two networks C1-C2-C3/R9-R10-R11 and C5-C6-
C7/R12-R13-R14.

Picture of the project:

Paraphase Tone Controller Circuit

The first is for the high frequencies (treble) response, the

second, for the low frequencies (bass). The roll-off points
have been selected, in combination with C4 and C8, for
the sum of the two output signals to re-appear with a
‘straight’ frequency response again at the output. Roughly
equal output levels from the networks are ensured by R6
 70

= 7.15 k and R8 = 6.80 k. However, the operating principle

requires the input signals to the two networks to be in anti-
phase. For best operation the networks are driven by two
buffers providing some extra gain.

Circuit diagram:

Paraphase Tone Controller Circuit Diagram

The gain of IC1.D is slightly higher than that of IC1.C to

ensure the overall response curve remains as flat as
possible at equal settings of the tone controls. Because
each network introduces a loss of about 1.72 (times),
IC1.D and IC1.C first amplify the signal. The gain is set at
about 8 (times) allowing input signal levels up to 1 V to
pass the circuit at maximum gain and distortion-free. The
gain also compensates the attenuation if you prefer to
keep the tone controls at the mid positions for a straight
response.

Parts and PCB layout:

 71

Parts and PCB Layout

To audio fans, the circuit is rewarding to experiment with,

especially in respect of the crossover point of the two
networks. R3 and R4 determine the control range, which
may be increased (within limits) by using lower resistor
values here. The values shown ensure a tone control
range of about 20 dB. IC1.B buffers the summed signal
across R15. C9 removes any DC-offset voltage and R16
protects the output buffer from the effects of too high
capacitive loads. R17, finally, keeps the output at 0 V.

The choice of the quad opamp is relatively uncritical. Here

the unassuming TL074 is used but you may even apply
rail to rail opamps as long as they are stable at unity gain.
Also, watch the supply voltage range. A simple circuit
board was designed for the project. Linear-law
potentiometers may be fitted directly onto the board. Two
boards are required for a stereo application. The relevant
connections on the boards are then wired to a stereo
control potentiometer.
 72

Specification:
• Current consumption (no signal) 8 mA
• Max. input signal 1 Veff (at max. gain)
• Gain at 20 Hz +13.1 dB max. –6.9 dB min.
• at 20 kHz +12.2 dB max. –7.6 dB min
• Gain (controls at mid position) 2.38 x
• Distortion (1 Veff, 1 kHz) 0.002% (B = 22kHz)
0.005% (B = 80 kHz)

COMPONENTS LIST

Resistors
R1-R4 = 10k
R5, R7 = 1k
R6 = 7k15
R8 = 6k80
R9, R10, R11 = 8k2
R12, R13, R14 = 2k2
R15 = 1M
R16 = 100R
R17 = 100k
P1, P2 = 100k preset or chassis-
mount control potentiometer, linear law

Capacitors
C1,C2,C3 = 47nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm
C4 = 68nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm
C5,C6,C7 = 10nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm
C8,C10,C11 = 100nF MKT, lead pitch 5mm
C9 = 2µF2 MKT, lead pitch 5mm or 7.5mm

Semiconductors
IC1 = TL074

Miscellaneous
K1, K2 = line socket, PCB mount, e.g.
T-709G (Monacor/Monarch)
 73

Simple Hybrid Audio Amplifier

The debate still goes on as to which are better, valves or
transistors. We don’t intend to get involved in that
argument here. But if you can’t make your mind up, you
should try out this simple amplifier. This amplifier uses a
valve as a pre-amplifier and a MOSFET in the output
stage. The strong negative feedback makes the frequency
response as flat as a pancake. In the prototype of the
amplifier we’ve also tried a few alternative components.

For example, the BUZ11 can be replaced by an IRFZ34N

and an ECC83 can be used instead of the ECC88. In that
case the anode voltage should be reduced slightly to 155
V. The ECC83 (or its US equivalent the 12AX7) requires 2
x 6.3 V for the filament supply and there is no screen
between the two triodes, normally connected to pin 9. This
pin is now connected to the common of the two filaments.

The filaments are connected to ground via R5. If you’re

keeping an eye on the quality, you should at least use
MKT types for coupling capacitors C1, C4 and C7. Better
still are MKP capacitors. For C8 you should have a look at
Panasonic’s range of audio grade electrolytics. P1 is used
to set the amount of negative feedback. The larger the
negative feedback is, the flatter the frequency response
will be, but the smaller the overall gain becomes.
 74

Circuit diagram:

Simple Hybrid Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram

With P2 you can set the quiescent current through T2. We

have chosen a fairly high current of 1.3 A, making the
output stage work in Class A mode. This does generate a
relatively large amount of heat, so you should use a large
heatsink for T2 with a thermal coefficient of 1 K/W or
better. For L1 we connected two secondary windings in
series from a 2x18V/225 VA toroidal transformer.

The resulting inductance of 150 mH was quite a bit more

than the recommended 50 mH. However, with an output
power of 1 W the amplifier had difficulty reproducing
signals below 160 Hz. The distortion rose to as much as
9% for a signal of 20 Hz at 100 mW. To properly
reproduce low-frequency signals the amplifier needs a
much larger coil with an iron core and an air gap. This
prevents the core from saturating when a large DC current
flows through the coil.
 75

Parts layout:

Such a core may be found in obsolete equipment, such as

old video recorders. A suitable core consists of welded E
and I sections. These transformers can be converted to
the required inductor as follows: cut through the welding,
remove the windings, add 250 to 300 windings of 0.8 mm
enamelled copper wire, firmly fix the E and I sections back
together with a piece of paper in between as isolation.

The concepts used in this circuit lend themselves very

well to some experimentation. The number of supply
voltages can be a bit of a problem to start with. For this
reason we have designed a power supply especially for
use with this amplifier (Quad power supply for hybrid
amp). This can of course just as easily be used with other
amplifiers. The supply uses a cascade stage to output an
unstabilised voltage of 170 V for the SRPP (single rail
push pull) stage (V1).
 76

PCB layout:

During initial measurements we found that the ripple on

this supply was responsible for a severe hum at the output
of the amplifier. To get round this problem we designed a
separate voltage regulator (High-voltage regulator with
short circuit protection), which can cope with these high
voltages. If you use a separate transformer for the
filament supply you can try and see if the circuit works
without R5. During the testing we used a DC voltage for
the filament supply. Although you may not suspect it from
the test measurements (see table), this amplifier doesn’t
sound bad. In fact, it is easily better than many consumer
amplifiers. The output power is fairly limited, but is still
enough to let your neighbours enjoy the music as well. It
is possible to make the amplifier more powerful, in which
case we recommend that you use more than one
MOSFET in the output stage. The inductor also needs to
be made beefier. Since this is a Class A amplifier, the
supply needs to be able to output the required current,
which becomes much greater at higher output powers.
The efficiency of the amplifier is a bit over 30%.
77
 78

STK4050V 200 watts audio amplifier circuit

.

This amplifier schematic circuit is based on STK4050V high power audio

amplifier IC and is designed does deliver up to 200 watts audio power on

a single channel.

STK4050V supports addition of electronic circuits for thermal shutdown

and load-short protection circuit as well as pop noise muting which occurs

when the power supply switch is turned on and off.

The maximum output power of STK4050V audio amplifier is around 200

watts on 8 ohms load impedance with 66 volts split power supply.

If you want to make this STK4050 power amplifier you need to make a

separate thermal protection and load short protection circuit because

STK4050V don’t offer this kind of protection and you can destroy the chip

and the speaker box.

 79

Studio Series Stereo Headphone Amplifier

A top-class unit for the audio enthusiast!

Here's a top-class headphone amplifier that can drive high

or low impedance 'phones to full power levels, with very
low noise and distortion. For best performance, it can be
teamed with the Stereo Preamplifier described last month.
Alternatively, it can be used as a standalone unit,
requiring only a power supply and a volume control pot for
use with any line-level signal source (CD/MP3 player etc).
It even includes dual outputs, so you can listen with a
friend!
Picture of the circuit:
 80

Many of our high-power audio amplifier designs already

provide an output for headphones. The additional circuitry
required for headphone support is simple; just two
resistors in series with the loudspeaker outputs to limit the
drive current and protect the ’phones in the case of
amplifier failure.

Considering its simplicity, this resistive limiting scheme

works well, although it will cause distortion if the load is
non-linear – a likely prospect with most headphones.
Apart from eliminating this potential source of distortion,
there are a number of other reasons why you might
consider building a separate headphone amplifier.

Parts layout:
 81

Another reason might be for use with the latest "high-tech"

audio electronics gear. The headphone outputs in much of
this gear cannot drive low-impedance ’phones – or at least
not to decent listening levels. In addition, available output
power in portable devices is deliberately limited to
conserve battery energy. This means that lots of distortion
might be present at higher listening levels, even with
sensitive headphones.

One way around this is to feed the line-level outputs of

this gear into your power amplifier and then plug your low-
 82

impedance headphones into that. That works but then

you’re tethered to an immovable object. Besides, the
power required to drive headphones is around 1/1000th of
that required to drive loudspeakers, so a large power
amplifier could be considered a tad oversized for the job!

Circuit diagram:

Features & Performance

Main Features:
• High performance – very low noise & distortion
• Drives high and low-impedance headphones
• High output power (up to 200mW; into 8? and 32?)
• Dual headphone sockets – can drive two pairs!
• Works with a preamp or any line-level audio source

Measured Performance:

Frequency response.......................... flat from 10Hz to

20kHz (see graphs)
Rated output power........................... 200mW into 8? and
32?, 85mW into 600?
Max. output power (current or voltage
 83

limited)...............575mW into 8?, 700mW into 32?,

130mW into 600?
Harmonic distortion........................ typically .0005% (600?
load),.001% (32? load) and .005% (8? load)
Signal-to-noise ratio (A-weighted)......................... -130dB
(600?), -120dB (32?) and -111dB (8?) with respect to
100mW output power.
Channel crosstalk.................. better than -68dB from
20Hz-20kHz at 100m? output power (see graphs)
Input impedance.................................... ~47k? || 47pF
Output impedance..................... ~5?

Note:

All tests were performed with the amplifier driven from low
source impedance. For crosstalk measurements, the non-
driven input was back-terminated into 600?.

CAUTION!

Continual exposure to very high noise levels (including

loud music) will cause hearing loss and can cause
tinnitus. Hearing loss is cumulative, gradual and almost
symptomless!

TDA7350 power amplifier circuit

 84

This schematic circuit is a class AB audio power amplifier based on the

TDA7350 IC designed in a Multiwatt package .This TDA7350 power amplifier

can be used for car radio applications and many other . The TDA7350 require

few external components and can be used in stereo mode or mono (bridge)

mode.

If you want to make a simple power amplifier with very few external

components required you can use this amplifier based on the TDA7350.

The TDA7350 amplifier has many features like: high output power, no noise

on on/off switch, programmable turn-on delay, ac-dc short circuit protections,

overrating temperature protection and more. For this power amplifier we need

to use 4 ohms or 2 ohms speakers.

If we use stereo configuration the output power is 11W on 2 ohms and 6.5W

on 4 ohms with 10% distortion and if we use the bridge mode the output

power is 20 W on 4 ohms speaker.

For the TDA7350 power amplifier is need a dc power supply with a maximum

output voltage of 18 volts ( the typical power supply needed by TDA7350

power amplifier is 14.4 volts ) .

As you can see in both circuits (tda7350 bridge and stereo) the schematic is

almost the same, the major difference is that the pin 2 and 4 are connected

each other in the bridge configuration.

85
 86

2X15 Watts Stereo Amplifier Using TDA 4935

 87

4 Channel Output Amplifier using Single Chip TDA 7381

 88

Voltage Doubler Using IC 555

2Km FM Transmitter
 89

12V Voltage Booster

POLICE SIREN using IC555

 90

0-30 Volt 3Amps Variable Regulator by using LM 723