Canadian Mineralogist

Vol. 28, pp.229:239 (1990)

AN ILMENITE-GARNET_CLINOPYROXENENODULEFROM MATSOKU:
EVIDENCEFOR OXIDE-RICHLIOUIDIMMISCIBILITYIN KIMBERLITES?

D. BARRIE CLARKE ANDROBERT M. MACKAY

Departmentof Geology,DalhousieUniversity,Halifax, Nova ScotioB3H 3Js

ABSTRACT ules, most of which have mineral assemblages,com-

positions, and textures characteristicof either the
An unusual nodule from the Matsoku kimberlite pipe, upper mantle or the continentalcrust. Theseinclu-
Lesotho, consistsof 5090ilmenite, 4090garnet, 590 rutile, sions, acquired by kimberlite magmasduring explo-
390aegirine-augite,lqo apatito,and l9o biotite. Thepoly- sive ascent, ure lrue xenoliths geneticaUyuffelated
gonal granular to sideronitic toxture of the nodule suggests
to their kimberlite host. Most nodulesin kimberlite
that ilmenite was the last phase to crystallize, and that it
interstitial liquid. Geothermobarome-
are probably of accidentalorigin; however, some
may have been an
try calculations yield equilibration temperatures of eclogitesand membersof the discretenodule suite
700-8@'C and pressureswithin the crust. The mineralogy, (individual crystals or essentially monomineralic
texture, and composition suggestthat it may representthe aggregates of chromediopside' pyrope-richgarnet'
product of an Fe-Ti oxide-rich immisgilili1y (ORLI) in a or ilmenite) may be genetically related to the kim-
kimberlitic magma during its ascenttoward the surface. If berlite magma as products of fractional crystalliza-
ORLI occursas a processin kimberlites,then the kimber- tion (Moore 1987).Dawson(1980,p. 213)statedthat
lite compositional paradox of high ng-numbers and high "fractionation of garnet and pyro,xene(togetherwith
concentrations of Z"IZ elementscan be partly resolved. olivine, itnenite and ?phlogopite)is believedto be
Keywords: Matsoku, kimberlite, liquid immiscibility,
instrumental in the formation of kimberlite", but
ilmenite, garnet, clinopyroxene,rutile, geothermome- proof of a cognateorigin for any nodule in kimber-
try, geobarometry,nodule, xenolith, Lesotho. lite is always problematic.

SoMMarns Ilmenite in kimberlite

Un nodule dtranged6couvert dans la pipe kimberlitique Ilmenite is a common constituentof kimberlite'

de Matsoku, au Lesotho, contient ilm€nite (50V0),grenat
(zl09o),rutile (590),augiteaegyrinique(3qo),apatite(lqo)
et biotite (l9o). Satexture polygonalegranulaired sid€ro-
nitique fait penserque I'ilmdnite a cristallisden dernier, et
possiblementd'un liquide interstitiel de composition sem-
blable. Les calculs gdothermobarom€triquesdonnent une
tempdratured'€quilibrage de 700-8@'C et une pression
crustale. La min€ralogie, la texture et la composition chi-
mique concordentavecl'hypothbse qu'il s'agit d'une mani-
festation d'immiscibilitd d'un Iiquide d based'oxydes de
Fe et Ti dans un magma kimberlitique pendant sa mont6e
versla surface,Si un tel processuss'avbreimportant dans
les kimberlites, il pourrait expliquer, en partie du moins,
le paradoxe d'un rapport Mg,/Mg + Fe) 6lev6et d'un enri-
chissementdans les ions lithophiles dans les kimberlites.
(Traduite par la Rddaction)
Mots-clls: Matsoku, kimberlite, immiscibilit6 liquide, ihn6-
nite, grenat, clinopyroxdne, rutile, gdothermomdtrie,
g6obaromdtrie,nodule, x6nolithe, Lesotho.
IN.TRODUC"IION
Nodules in kimberlites
Kimberlites are renowned for their abundant nod-
229
but what is the connectionbetweenthem? Pasteris
et at, (1979, p. 265) stated that the "relationship
betweenkimberlite and the abundant ilmenite nod-
ules . . . needsclarification in order to better under-
standthe origin of kimberlite magma." Ilmenite in
kimberlite has a very wide rangeof chemicalcom-
position (especiallyin terms of Mg/Fe and Cr), and
it occursin many modes:as large discretegrainsor
polycrystalline aggregates,as apparent groundmass
grains mantled by other oxide phasesor perovskite
(or both), as lamellar intergrowths with silicates, as
inclusions in diamonds, as veins in xenoliths, and as
lamellae in magnetite and rutile. Such wide varia-
tion, evenwithin a single kimberlite pipe, demands
severaltypes of origin, including fractional crystal-
lization to produce cumulatesthat are disrupted dur-
ing ascentof the kimberlite (Mitchell 1973),mantle
metasomatismfor some of the veins (Dawson &
Smith 1977),exsolutionor oxidation (or both) for
the intergrowthswith other oxides(Haggerty1975),
thermal breakdown of armalcolite (Haggerty 1975),,
and even liquid immiscibility for some ilmenite-
phlogopite and ilmenite-sulfide intergrowths
(Pasteris1980,Haggerty& Tomkins 1983).In short,
the associationof ilmenite in kimberlite is too com-
mon to be accidental,and many geneticrelationships
have been proposed.
230 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

In this paper we show that an unusual ilnenite-
rich nodule frorn Matsoku, in Lesotho, is differenr
from most other known nodules, that its mineral-
ogy and texture suggestan immiscible relationship
to a silicatemagma, and that the consequences of
such an immiscible relationship may be important
in kimberlite petrogenesis.Our purpose is to gener-
ate a discussionupon which others may be able to
test the casefor liquid immiscibility in other kim-
berlites.
The Mqtsoku kimberlite pipe
The Matsoku kimberlite pipe is a small, elliptical
(90 x 35 m) diatreme located in the northern part
of Lesotho(29"05'S, 2Ao4'E). The pipe intrudes
the Stormbergsedimentsbelongingto the Karoo Sys-
tem (Dempster& Richard 1973)and the overlying
Drakensbergtholeiitic volcanic suite of Jurassicage.
Abundant peridotite xenoliths characterizethis dia-
treme (Cox et ol. 1973);however, among the nod-
ules, one sample(Nodule 2612),measuringroughly
5 cm on each side and weighing 208 g, consists of
grey-brown-weathering material, red garnet, and
vitreous black ilmenite. This nodule was found loose
within the outcrop area of the diatreme. Evidence
of its association with the kimberlite is the occur-
rence of small veinlets of chlorite, serpentine, and
carbonate that traverse all mineral phases of the
nodule.
DescRrprroNop Nopur-s 2612
Mineralogy and texture
The averagemodal composition of Nodule 2612
is 50Vo ilmenite, 4oa/o garnet, 5Vo rutile, 3Vo
aegirine-augite, Flo apatite, and l9o biotite, but the

rew*ta

Ftc. l. Macrophotographs of Nodule 2612 showing the variation in modal mineralogy and texture in the sample. (a)
Garnet-rich part of the nodule, in which ilmenite is interstitial. (b) Ilmenite-rich part of the nodule in which the
roughly sphericalgarnet crystalswith coresof darker clinopyroxene'float' in a matrix of ilmenite. Scalebars are I cm,

Ftc. 2. Reflected-lightphotomicrographs. (a) Ilnenite-rich part ofthe nodule showing the textural relationshipsbetween
the oxide minerals. Ilmenite appearsas shadesof grey; rutile gxainsare white. (b) An inclusion of kelyphitic garnet
(dark rim) and clinopyroxene (ight center) with a symplectitic outer zone. Scale bars are 0.2 mm.
 OXIDE-RICH LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN KIMBERLITES? 231

Frc. 3. The singls f6ldspar inclusion in garnet. (a) Back-scatteredelectron image showing the feldsparinclusion (arrow)
and three girnet exainsin 120" contact with'rutile. O) Enlarged back-scatteredelectron image of the feldspar inclu-
sion shoning poiassic feldspar [eft) and sodic feldspar (rithQ. Scale bars correspond to lm (a) and l0 pm O)'

modal proportions of ilmenite and garnet within the
nodule are highly variable (Fig. l). In addition, traces
of a talc-like mineral are associatedwith the biotite,
and one small inclusion of feldspar occursin garnet.
The texture of Nodule 2612 is medium grained,
xenomorphic granular to sideronitic (Moorhouse
1959), in which the silicate phases are partly to
entirely enclosed in a matrix of coarse granular
ilmenite and minor rutile (Fig. 1). Most silicate
phaseshave a thin reaction rim and pervasivecracks
fi[ed with very fine-$ained secondaryminerals.
Featuresof the individual minerals are as follows:
Ilmenite: The ilnenite grains are large (1-10 mm),
polygonal, with prominent 120" triple junctions and
reaction (alteration?)rims betweenthem and the sili-
cate minerals. Ilmenite enclosesround grains of gar-
reaction rim (FiC. 2b). Many clinopyroxene grains
contain small acicular or bladed inclusions of
ilmenite and rutile.
Apatitez All the apatite grains are small (<0.1
mm), almost'invariably anhedral, round grains
occurring mainly as inclusions in ilmenite and gar-
net. Somediscretegrains of apatite occur along the
boundaries between ilmenite and garnet.
Biotite: Biotite grainsare normally small (< I mm)
and show normal pleochroism. They occupy small
cavitiesin contact with ilmenite, are associatedwith
cbx

net, apatite, rare clinopyroxene, and angular grains siq

1"rO, 4r.48 99.s
38.t
0.06
5r,42
0.47
37J8
5.49
65.4{l A.s1

of rutile (Fie. 2a). Atq o.32 022 20.s4 . 5.36 12.85 212; 19.33
Gro3 0.14 0.05 0.04 0.08
Rutile: Discrete grains of rutile up to 2 mm in Feroj 22.4O 0.53 0.59
y.69 0.70 n2I 10.13 14.32
length are subhedral in shape, are reddish brown in FEO
MsO 0.o/ 0.03 0.94 0.06
plane polarized light, and contain regularly arranged Meo 1.60 0.01 7.21 1026 14.y2
CaO 633 17.89 1.870.10
inclusions of ilmenite parallel to (110). Minor N&o
Kp
3.49
0.05
0.31
9.49
9.81
r29
3:76
10.97
amounts of rutjle also occur as fine needlesin gar- BaO 1.08
95.16 100.23 1m.40
Tohl rm.70 rm.64 100.09 9921
net and clinopyroxene.
Gometi Garnet grains average4 mm in diarneter, Fmul89
si 2.974 l.S5 5.650 2.891 2941
tAl LA2
are subhedral in shape, and are pink in plane- {Al 0.m9 0.m3
0.026
1.850
0.095
0.139
2265 l.l04

polarized light. They commonly occur as clusters, Cr 0.m3

0.422
0.m1 0.002
0,166
0.m2
0.181 0.018 0.0/2,
Fg*
but also occur as individual grains included in the Fco 0J2S 0.008 1J97
0.@3
0.132
0.013
r:tgr
0.617
Ti 0.781 0.93
ilnenite. Round apatite,ilmenite, clinopyroxene,and Mn o.mt o.on 0.002
0.060 0.833 0.566 3,325
acicular rutile in a regular pattern are found as inclu- Me
0.52n 0.710 0.088 0.m5
0.25! 0.090 0.838 033/
sions in the garnet. Na
K 0.002 1.812 0.0?3 0.636
Clinopyroxene: The clinopyroxene grains are up Ba
o 3.0@ 4000 120m 6.000 22{fn 8.0@
0.019
8.0m
to 5 mm in diameter, anhedralto round in shape, Xclions 2.W) 1.m5 7.W9 3.998 15550 5.m8 5.m5

and light greenand nonpleochroicin plane-polarized Aaalvs of minerals bv Cambridse Mi@sd v ud JEoL 733 effin DmFoH
opem;trg d 15 kv ud 5 nA silg n8[Dal Ein@ls I smdards. colculaFd ferdc ircn
light. Most erainsoccur asinclusionsin garnet, and 6"e"n"*l"fy I sichi@ic balalw bclw dioN ud oxyge& Minenl
each grain is surrounded by a narrow symplectitic abbryisdom aft{ KFE (1983).
 232 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

CaO CaO
Discrete Lamellar
Ilmenite Intergrowths
with Inclusions

CaO CaO

FeO Mgo

CaO CaO
llmenite-Bearing

N
Eclogites

CaO CaO
Ilmenite-Bearing (h) Eclogitic Inclusions
Garnet Granulites in Diamonds and
Diamond-Bearing
Edogites

Mgo FeO Mgo

Flc. 4. Ilmenite, garnet and clinopyroxene mineral compositions of Nodule 2612 comparedy/ith those from other asso-
ciationsin kimberlite diatremes.All phasesof Nodule Xl2 are enrichedin iron over those from most other parageueses
found in kimberlites. Sourcesof data are: (a) lamellar intergrowths: Boyd & Nixon (1975),Gurney el at, (tSll\,
 OXIDE.RICH LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN KIMBERLITES? 233

small veinlets of alteration products, and probably
are secondaryin origin.
Feldspar: Feldspar occurs in only one spherical,
and apparently primary, inclusion Q5 pm diameter)
in garnet, consistingof two hemispheres,one side
potassicand the other sodic (Fig. 3, Table 1).
The primary mineral assemblage of Nodule 2612
appears to be ilmenite + rutile + garnet -r
clinopyroxene + apatite t feldspar.
Mineral chemistry
All phases,exceptfor the feldspars,arehomogene-
ous, and Table I showstheir averagecompositions.
Of note are the high FelMg and calculated
Fe3*/F** values in the clinopyroxene, garnet, and
ilmenite, the low Ti in the clinopyroxene and garnet
for a systemsaturatedin titanium, the high Ti in the
biotite, the hieh Ba contentof the potassicfeldspar,
and the high K content of the sodic feldspar. The
clinopyroxeneis aegirine-augite(Morimoto 1989),
and garnet has the composition GrseAndsPrp,
AlmrrSpss. Chemical variation diagrams for the
three principal mineral phases (Fig. 4) show that
Nodule X12 is distinct in its chemistryfrom the same
phasesin most other ilmenite-bearing assemblages
found in kimberlites. Possibleinterpretations of the
origin of Nodule 2612 are presentedin the next
section.
DtscussroN
Mineral assemblageand mineral compositions
of Nodule 2612
The mineral assemblage,mineral compositions,
and texture of Nodule 2612arethe only cluesto its
origin. In this section,the mineral compositionsof
Nodule 2612 are compared with various types of
ilmenite-bearingassemblages from kimberlites.
Ilmenite in kimberlites occurs as discrete
megacrystswith compositionsthat range from 30 to
70 mol.qo giekielite (MgTiO:) (Haggerty 1976).
Some of these ilmenite megacrystscontain silicate
inclusions (Fig. 4a). Iknenite also is an essentialcon-
stituent of lamellar intergrowths of clinopyroxene
with ilmenite (Frg. b) from the Monastery mine in
South Africa, and elsewhere.In addition, ilmenite
is a common constituentof metasomaticallyaltered
peridotite xenoliths (Figs. 4c,d). However, none of
theseassemblages has the mineral compositionsof
Nodule 2612.
The silicatemineral assemblage in Nodule 2612is
essentiallygarnet - clinopyroxene,similar to gri-
quaites,eclogites,and garnet-bearingmafic granu-
lites. Figure 4e shows the compositions of some
ilmenite-free griquaites and eclogites,and Figure 4f
shows the compositionsof some ilmenite-bearing
eclogites.One of these,from the Mir kimberlite pipe
in Siberia(Gararmet ql, 1982),approaches the com-
position of Nodule 2612. Figre 49 shows several
ilmenite- and garnet-bearingmafic granulites (many
have no reported compositional data for the
ilmenite). Their clinopyroxene and garnet composi-
tions are similar to those of Nodule 2612.Frnally,
there is a wide rangeof composition of silicateinclu-
sions in diamonds that belong generally to either a
peridotitic suite (not shown) or an eclogiticsuite(Fig.
4h). It is noteworthy that whereasmost ilrnenite-
bearingeclogitesaredifferent from Nodule 26l2,the
eclogiticsuitein diamondsis the only assemblage to
contain ilnenite that is asrich in iron asNodule 2612.
In fact, the Mg-free, primary ilmenite inclusions in
diamonds demonstrate that iron-rich ilmenite can
form under mantle conditions; therefore, Nodule
26l2is not precluded from being mantle-derived,or
kimberlite-associated, solelyon the basisof its com-
position. In summary, Nodule 2612 has composi-
tional affinities closer to ilmenite-bearing eclogites,
ilmenite-bearing mafic granulites, and some inclu-
sions in diamond, than any of the other ilmenite-
bearing assemblages known in kimberlites.
The mineral compositionsmay also be used for
P-Zestimates; however,the limited mineral assem-
blageof Nodule 2612makesapplicationof someof
the more common geothermometersand geobarom-
eters impossible (Table 2). Those involving
clinopyroxene may not be particularly well con-
strained owing to its high Na and Fe3* contents.
Temperoture:Simple two-phasegeothermometers
give temperaturesin the 700-800"C range (Table 2).
This is also the temperature suggestedby a theoreti-
cal thermodynamic treatment of the entiremineral
assemblage(Perkins et al. 1986).
Pressure:In the absenceof coexistingorthopyrox-
ene,the constraintson pressureconditionsarepoor.
Much uncertainty in the pressureestimate involves
the small inclusion of coexisting feldspars. If

Mitchell et al. (1913),Nixon (1973),Nixon & Boyd (1973a,d);(b) discreteilmenite with silicateinclusions:Boyd
& Nixon (1973),Nixon (1973),and Nixon & Boyd (1973c,d);(c) ilmenite-bearingperidotitesand metasomatized
peridotites:Boyd & Nixon (1973),Dawson (1987),Harte & Gurney (1975),Harte et al. (1987),Jonesel al. (1982)'
and Nixon & Boyd (1973b);(d) MARID suite: Dawson & Smith (1977);(e) eclogitesand Cnquaites:Lappin & Dawson
(1975),and Nixon & Boyd (1973c,d).(f1 ilmeirite-bearingeclogites:Garanin et al. (1982),Meyer & Brookins.(1971)'
and Meyer & Boctor (19?5);(g) mafic granulites: Griffin el a/. (199); Nixon & Boyd (193d); (h) eclogitic and ilngnite
inclusionsin diamond: Gurney et al. (1979),Meyer & McCallum (1986),Meyer & Svisero(1975),Moore (1987)'
Mvuemba Ntanda et al. (1982),Pokhilenko et at. (1976),Ponomarenko(1977),Tsai & Meyer (1979).
 234 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

TAELE2,EOUILIBRATION CONDITIONSFOR NODULE 2612

in Nodule 2612. Nodule 2612 also is different in
Tmp pEss modal mineralogy and texture from a suite of
Method (kba)
fc) Re&Fn@ ilmenite-bearing nodules from Matsoku (Harte &
Tenperatwe Matthews 1989).In fact, the textureof Nodule 2612
clinopJ@xeas-gmet 808 ll01 Riheim& cren (1974) more closelyresemblesa group of iarnet - ilmenite
clinopynx@e-gmet 832 tl01 M6i & cren (1978)
- clinopyroxenenodulesfrom the Koidu kimberlite
clinopyrcxensgmet 854 ll0l EUis& Ce! 0979)
complex (seeFig. 5 in Tomkins & Haggerty 1984).
clinopymxere-gmet 810
Like Nodule 2612,the Koidu nodulesare character-
tlol Pattistr & Newton(1989)
ized by substantialvariation in the proportions of
biotite-gmet 710 - Feny & Speu (198)
ilmenite and garnet, with minor inclusions of
iloenisrurile <1140 - Haggeny&Lindsley(190) clinopyroxene.Tomkins & Haggertyconsidered
this
ilmenite-clioop,rcxere 7@ I2I Bishop(1980) suiteto representthe products of crystallizationfrom
785 t10l a high-pressure(ca, 47 kbar) kimberlite precursor
two feldspa 670 tsl Sto@! (1975) magma, at a stageof evolution intermediatebetween
't2s
t10l formation of early pyroxene megacrystsand larer
trc feldsptr @5 t5l ruh* a r.io*r#Osss) eclogites.
73O t101 The sideronitic texture of Nodule 2612 (st\cate
crystalssuspendedin oxides),and round inclusions
Tenpelawe and of ilmenite in garnet, suggest either a cumulus
Pre$we silicate-intercumulusoxide, or a liquid immiscibil-
ilm-lt-gn{px-br- 700 6 Pelkinsetal.(1986) ity relationship.The sphericalclinopyroxenegrains
kfs-pl enclosedin sphericalgarnet clearly representa dis-
equilibrium texture, but the triplejunctions between
the ilmenite grains suggeststhe possibility of textural
equilibration of the oxide mineralsunder static high-
primary, it constrainsthe nodule to low pressures; pressureconditions. The associationofhigh concen-
however,it might representunmixing of an originally trations of oxide with included and interstitial apa-
homogeneousternary K-Na-Ca feldspar stable at tite, characteristicof many immiscible oxide-rich
higher temperature(and pressure?).Primary sani- liquids, strengthensthe suggestionthat the oxide-rich
dine doesoccur in eclogitesof various origins in kim- material may have formerly represented a liquid.
berlite (Smyth & Hatton 1977,Schulze& Heknstaedt Finally, the symplectitic (decompression?)texture of
1988).If secondary,the feldsparsindicatea history the clinopyroxenemay be attributable to rapid ascent
for the nodule in the P-Zstability field of two feld- from high-pressureconditions. Taken together,some
spars. Marakushev e/ al. (1982) reported a high- of the textural features suggestthat Nodule 2612
pressure,diamond-bearingeclogitefrom the Udach- could representa high-pressureimmiscibleoxide-rich
naya kimberlite that contains secondaryplagioclase. liquid.
The P-Zconditions derivedfrom an assumptionthat
the entire mineral assemblagewas in equilibrium Possible origins for Nodule 2612
@erkins et al. 1986)are definitely crustal.
The geothermometry-geobarometryresults of Mineral compositions in Nodule 2612 closely
Table 2 suggestthat Nodule 2612 last equilibrated resemble those in accidental garnet-bearing mafic
at conditions of relatively low temperature (for granulites, but both its texture Qrkethoseof the cog-
magmas),and at pressuresappropriateto the lower nate Koidu nodules) and its associqtionwith apatite
crust. The exsolution textures [ilmenite in rutile, (suggestingan immiscible liquid) point to a cognate
rutile in clinopyroxene and garnet, unmixing of ter- igneous, and perhapsimmiscible, rela.tlonshipto the
nary feldspars(?)l indicate that the calculated tem- host kimberlite or a precursormagma Clable 3). The
peraturesand pressuresmay representsubsolidusre- mineral compositions,which are shifted to higher
equilibration. Fe/Mg valuesthan the Koidu nodules,suggestthdt
Nodule 2612 could be the product (fractional crys-
Terture of Nodule 2612 tallization? funmiscibilify?)of a magmamore evolved
than the Koidu magu4. In very general terms, the
In terms of mineral compositions(above),Nod- high modal proportfon of ilrnenite in Nodule 2612
de26l2appars to havecloseaffinities with itnenite- suggestsa geneti4relationship with kimberlite. If
and garnet-bearingmafic granulites, but their modal true, then the WehFe/Msvalue of the mineralsindi-
mineralogy (>950/o clinopyroxene - garnet - cates either a highly evolved magma, or possibly a
orthopyroxene - plagioclase)and polgonal grano- metastabl€ immiscible relationship, or even an
blastic textures for all minerals (Griffin et al. 1979) equilib.rfumimmiscible relationship from an evolved
differ considerably from the textures of the silicates magma.
 OXIDE-RICH LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN KIMBERLIIES?
Types of immiscibility in silicate systems
Levin (1970)and Roedder (1979)have reviewed
the general principles of liquid immiscibility. The
most widely studied synthetic systemthat has a pos-
sible bearing on. kimberlites is KrO-FeO-
Al2O3-SiO2(Roedder 1951), to which have been
added TiO2 and P2O, (Watson 1976, Freestone
1978,Visser & Koster van Groos 1979).The Tia*
and P5+cations have high field strengths and are
not readily held in a polymerized silicate melt, and
thus their high concentrationspromote liquid immis-
cibility. Indeed, experimental systemsdoped with
theseelementsall show enlargedstablefields of liquid
immiscibility, although there is some question as to
their persistence in MgO-rich systems (Cygan &
Koster van Groos 1978).In addition, Irvine (1976)
reported extensive metastable liquid immiscibility
relationshipsin the systemFo-Fa-An-Or-Qz. From
this experimentalwork, it h clearthat both the occur-
rence of liquid immiscibility in any system and the
differencesin composilion betweenthe conjugate
liquids are complexfunctions of temperature,pres-
sure, bulk composition,/(O) (Naslund 1976)and,
in the caseof metastableimmiscibility, cooling rate.
In naturally occurring silicate magmatic systems,
there is convincing textural and chemical evidence
for silicate-silicate liquid immiscibility (e.g,, the
lunar glasses;Roedder & Weiblen 1970), silicate-
sulfide liquid immiscibility (e.9., Stillwater Complex;
Page 1979), silicate-carbonate liquid immiscibility
(e.9., some lamprophyres;Strong & Harris 1974),
and silicate - Fe-Ti oxide-rich liquid immiscibility
(e.9., in someanorthosites;Philpotts 1967, Powell
et ol. 1982,Kolker 1982;in some intermediate vol-
canic rocks; Park 1961,Haggerty 1970,Henriquez
& Martin 1978;and in somealkaline and carbona-
titic complexes,e.8., Palabora; Heinrich 1960. In
kimberlites, Clarke & Mitchell (1975)have shown
clear silicate-sulfide and silicate-carbonate immis-
cibility textural relationships,Haggerty & Tompkins
(1983)have suggestedthat oxide-rich immiscibility
may explain rare ilmenite-sulfide nodulesin kimber-
lite, and Pasteris(1980)identified possibleimmisci-
bility texturesinvolving ilmenite in the De Beerskim-
berlite.
As in other known immisciblerelationships,pure
end-membercompositions do not form. Instead,
there should be soine silicate material dissolvedin
an iron-titanium oxide-rich immiscible liquid, but
subsequent gravity separation of the crystallizing
phasesmay be very effective. If a processof Fe-Ti
oxide-richliquid immiscibility (ORLI) can occur in
silicate magmasas diverseas basalts, diorites, ande-
sites,lamprophyresand carbonatites,then it could
presumably also occur in kimberlites. The combina-
tion of reasonablyhigh levelsof TiO2, high P2O5,
high/(O) (especiallyduring and after fluidization,
235
@id!ntal cqgruE
@fic g@die @ kimbdtrc
miMal ilm + gil + cpr i sodicteld" if fcldsps re pdsaty, dFn dineral M-
6@blage spd t poNic feldJpd blageis unlikc ffi kimberli& 6si6do8,
sebblage is typicd of ruy sldrough@ sidine and plagi@le @u in
tufic gmulic xenolilhs in elogis fm kimberlitg;
kimberliE if teldspm @ ssndary, rlrcn tte assmbbgo
ilm + gn t cpx tu (:@on in dc kimberliB
disE trodulcsui@i
rhe Nidion of ilrreniE and apaliE suggsls
liquid imi$ibility
6odd thed@itu€of ilm+ gn is unli&c06rkidbcrliEnodul€s,butMble
ptopodds blike maic gmdites ogrs@ Dodulesftom Koidu kimborlitss
6in@l io!-rtch BireEl @posi- hi8b FeA4g di6 att?icl of kiobdli$,
@epdirios dons similrrb th@ in @6c Nl6s abtived ftod 6 evolvedp@uM
g@uli$ @g@ dtlE prod@ of oxid+rich liquid
i@i$ibilit$ iron-rich iletniB have b@
Eponed I lnclsids in di@ond!
sid€mniricBx@ unlike my @ in kiobcrli@ noddeq but sidilar @ Koid!
dessibed mafic g@ulib
'diffi' nodule sui@
P-T lowEmpeamddpN@lowqsul@dilions@oldrcf18cryslalli'
@!diri@s sgge$ niddle to low aion by a @g@ tlut had@hed the l@or
a
@s@l@ndilioos,i,egmu- @$,dbybnpoarye€qulibdionof
lib feies d@p@@d loddg d low @$al levelr
possibly in the crust, and evidencedby the high level
of Fe3* in the minerals, and the coexisting
ilmenite-rutile pafu), and rapid cooling, with the
enhanced possibility of intersecting a metastable
immiscibility gap, all suggestthat kimberlites are
reasonablecandidatesfor liquation. It is our view
that Nodule 2612 representsevidencethat such a
processoperatedin a rapidly ascendingkimberlitic
magma, that the rretastable immiscible liquid crys-
taltized, and that the nodule was later brought to the
surface by the Matsoku kimberlite.
Consequencesof ORLI for kimberlite compositions
Observedcompositionsof igneousrocks are the
complex products of source-rockcomposition and
many processes experienceden route to the surface.
If, at some stagein the evolution of a typical kim-
berlite, an immiscible Fe-Ti oxide-rich liquid forms
and separates,severalinterestingcompositional con-
sequencesfor the interpretation of kimberlitesresult:
(i) If ORLI occurs before crystallization of the
kimberlite prequsor magma, then the chemical
effectson the conjugatesilicatemelt, beyonda pro-
found decreasein the Fe,/Mg ralio, are indeterminate
becausepartitioning of the elementsbetweenan Fe-
Ti oxide-rich liquid and a silicateliquid are unknown
for such a system(seeWatson 1976).
(ii) If, however,ORLI occursduring crystalliza-
tion of the kimberlite precursormagma, and if the
crystalizing phasesare garnet + clinopyroxene[i.e.,
eclogite(or griquaite) fractionation, as advocatedby
O'Hara & Yo der 19671+ ilmenite, then the two con-
jugate compositionsmay be:
236 THE CANADIAN MINERALOGIST

Fe-Ti rich melt + grt + cpx + ilm < = > might also have correlateddepletionsof Ti, Y, and
very high FelMg in all phases P, perhapsshowingasnegativespikeson spiderdia-
Nodule 2612 grams.The casefor ORLI will dependon the extent
silicate melt + grt + cpx + ilm to which similar variations in other elementsrue cor-
very low FelMg in all phases relatedwith Ti, V, and P. Preservationof the chem-
kimberlite + discretenodules ical fingerprints of this processis alwayssubjectto
the influence of subsequentprocessessuch as con-
This combinqtion of eclogite fractionatiot sensu tamination and metasomaticalteration. Fourthly, if
lato and ORLI operating on a precursor magma the cornbinationof high Mg-Cr-Ni concentrations
would better accountfor compositionalparadox of in kimberlite is a derivativecharacteristic,the associ-
both high rng-numbersand high concentrationsof ation of theseelementswith Mg-rich mantle nodules
large-ion lirhophile elemenrs(LILE) (Mitchell 19g6) becomessomewhatlesscredible (i.e., the high Mg
in kimberlitic magmas than eclogite fractionation of the nodules is a primary characteristic,but the
alone. In fact, if this processoccurs, there should high Mg of the kimberlites is secondary).Finally, the
be a positive correlation between rzg-number and kimberlites that contain oxide-rich nodules may not
LILE concenlrations in the silicate fraction, espe- be those that produced them (multiple intrusions)
cially if ORLI is part of the differentiation mechan- and, therefore, may not have the expectedchemical
ism. Subsequentgravity separation of the dense characteristics.
ORLI and its containedsilicatephasesshould read-
ily occur, accountingfor both the rare evidenceof CoNcLUSIoNS
its existence,and for the high FelMg of its minerals
that no longer haveto establishequilibrium also with l. The modal, textural, and compositionaldata
the Mg-rich silicate liquid. on Nodule 26l2have beenconsideredin the light of
(iii) Among ieneousrocks generally, discretenod- two competinghypotheses,accidentalmafic granu-
ules are rare. In kimberlites,however,the common lite or cognateimmiscibility. We recognizethat tne
occurrenceof discretenodulesof magnesianilmenite, compositional evidencesupports a lower crustal
chromepyrope garnet, and chromediopsidesuggests xenolithicorigin but, on balance,we believethat the
that tleir formation is associatedwith the origin and mineral assemblage,mineral proportions, mineral
evolution of kimberlites.The reasonfor their ,dis- compositions,and texturepoint to Fe-Ti oxide-rich
creteness'in most casesmay be their very different liquid immiscibility as the origin.
specificgravities (ilm 4.7; grt 3.8; cpx 3.3), which 2. If a genetic relationship exists between the
can promote separationof thesephasessoon afler ilmenite-richnodule and kimberlite, then a process
their formation. The rule, then, may be that they of Fe-Ti oxide-rich liquid immiscibility may occur
occur as separatediscretenodules; the rare excep- in the evolution of kimberlitic magmas.ORLI would
tion is that they occur together,as in the caseof the help to explain the kimberlite compositionalpara-
Koidu nodulesand Nodule 2612.Judging from the dox of high zg-numbers and high concentrationsof
FelMg values in the minerals, the Koidu nodules incompatible trace elements.We do not propose,
formed earlier in the magmatic evolution than Nod- however, that ORLI is the only mechanism of
ule 2612, Therefore, although its mineral composi- differentiation, or even the main mechanism of
tions are drfferent, the samethree phasesare present differentiation, in kimberlites. As in other magmatic
in Nodule 2612, at observation suggestingthat all systems,the final compositionsresult from the inter-
three membersof the discretenodule suite could play of many processes,and we seekonly to discover
form togetherby eclogitefractionation and ORLI. the existenceand, if possible,to establishrelative
importance, of each one.
Further testing of the ORLI hypothesis 3. Kimberlitesare emplacedasvolumetrically small
bodies, possibly suggestinglow degreesof partial
Severalproblems are associatedwith a rigorous melting, or high degreesof differentiation, or both.
testing of the ORLI hypothesis.First, the specific Perhapstheir immediate magmatic precur$orsare
gravity of one of the conjugate phases,the Fe-Ti larger volumes of more normal, more iron-rich
oxide-rich liquid or its solid product, is considera- magma (fractionated basalt?) that have experienced
bly higher than that of eclogitenodulesand, there- a combination of eclogitefractionation and ORLI.
fore, evenlesslikely to be entrained in an ascending
magma. Secondly, if further evidenceis sought ACKNowLEDGEMENTS
through the compositionsof kimberlites, as the other
product of liquation, then contamination and secon- The authors are indebted to R. A. Jamiesonfor
dary alteration createproblems in obtaining samples assistancewith the Perkins et al. (1986)P-T-X cal-
representative of the original kimberlite melt. culation, and to K. G. Cox, R. H. Mitchell, J. D.
Nevertheless,kimberlites that.haveundergoneORLI Pasteris,E. Roedder,D. J. Schulze,and especially
 OXIDE.RICH LIQUID IMMISCIBILITY IN KIMBERLITES? 237

S. E. Haggerty, all of whom offered helpful com- biotite and garnet. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 66,
ments on earlier drafts of this manuscript. Finan- I l 3 - l1 7 .
cial support from the Natural Sciencesand Engineer-
ing ResearchCouncil (NSERC) of Canadamadethis FnrnsroNn,I.C. (1978):Liquid immiscibilityin alkali-
researchpossible. rich magmas.Chem.Geol.23, ll5-123.

FuHnueN,M.L. & Lnroslnv,D.H. (1988):Ternary

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