A CHART TO SHOW THE EVOLUTION OF EARLY MAN IN KOIWA SECONDARY SCHOOL ,

KONOIN SUB COUNTY, BOMET COUNTY.

NAME : MERCY CHEPTOO.
REG NO : EDP11/00139/20.

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 DECLARATION

THIS MY ORIGINAL WORK AND HAS NIT BEEN PRESENTED FOR A DEGREE IN ANY OTHER
UNIVERSITY

NAME : MERCY CHEPTOO

SIGN :……………………………………………………………………………………………

DATE :…………………………………………………………………………………………….

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DEDICATION

This research study I dedicated my parents, my husband for their unwavering support and
encouragement during the research process

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to acknowledge my lecturer DR Erick Okoth who gave his support to ensure that the
proposal is ready.
I therefore wish to give thanks to the entire fraternity of kisii University for a conducive
Learning environment and also every individual who assisted me in the course of writing this
proposal their contributions was of great importance and very significant.

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TABLE OF CONTENT
DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
DECLARATION……………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………………………….
Chapter one
1.0 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
1.1 Background to the study……………………………………………………………………………………………7
1.2 Statement of the Problem…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
1.3. Purpose of the Study………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.4 Objectives of the Study……………………………………………………………………………………………….7
1.5 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………………………………..7
1.6 Research hypothesis…………………………………………………………………………………………………….8
1.7 Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………………………………………………8
1.8 Limitations of the Study………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9

2.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9

2.2. Aegytopithecus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..9

2.3. Dryopithecus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9

2.4.Kenyapithecus ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….10

2.5. Australopithecus ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10

2.6. Homo habilis………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10

2.7.Homo erectus……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

2.8.Homo sapiens……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………11

2.9. Homo sapien sapiens………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...12

2.9.1.Culture and Economic practices of Early man………………………………………………………………………….12

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CHAPTER THREE.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY……………………………………………………………………………………………………13

3.1.Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………13

3.2.Research Design………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..13

3.3.Population and sampling……………………………………………………………………………………………………13

3.4. Data collection procedure………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

3,4.1. Documents and records………………………………………………………………………………………………….14

3.4.2. Oral history………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

3.4.3.Interview……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

3.5. Data analysis techniques ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………14

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..15

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION

1:1 Background information of the school

Koiwa Secondary school is located in konoin sub- location,Embombos Ward in Bomet County.
The school started in the year 2007 with a population of 50 students and currently it has grown
to 850 students. The school has four streams from form one to form four. The school has a
population of thirty one teachers.
The school academic performance is at medium. Most students strive to produce the best
results.
So far the school has registered 100 students to the best Universities in Kenya.
History and Government is a compulsory subject from form one to form two and an optional
subject in form three and four.

1.2. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

As a teacher of history and government I gather views and information on the benefit of using
Map in facilitation and effective learning and teaching as physical material which captivates the
learner's interest and motivates them as well. The use of these materials in the past had been
informed which could have added values to teaching and learning history and government in
schools.
1.3. PURPOSE OF THE STUDT
Most of the students in Koiwa Secondary school have a problem with the stages of evolution
and research has shown that theoretical concept of teaching is hard, interpretation and
comprehension of information is somehow challenging learning. The project is to come up with
a simplified and summarized knowledge of the topic Evolution of Man specifically focusing on
the stages of man`s evolution.

1.4. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.

The purpose of this study is to establish the effective teaching and learning through use of a
chart showing the evolution of early man in a class room setting and it advantage to learners
and teachers in dissemination of knowledge and skills to the student with the availability of this
resource.

1.5. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.

The following are objective of the study:
(i) Educate learners with reality hence help learners to understand the topic better.
(ii) To break monotony and boredom of classroom setting, this gives both the teacher and
learners opportunity to practically participate in situational experience
(iii) Learners will be able to differentiate various stages through which man evolved.
(iv) It will encourage learners to actively participate in teaching and learning process since it
helps students understand the concept.
(v) Learners will be able to identify features through which man evolved.

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1.6. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS.
There will be question that will come up when the research will be carried out in koiwa
secondary school :
1. Is the charts effective in teaching and learning.
2. Will the availability of these teaching aids improve the performances of the subject .
3. How will the charts made available to the learner?.
4. What are the challengers to be experienced in coming up with the charts.

1.7.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

At the end of this study the research will be able to have chart which can make the teaching
and learning interesting. The student will also acquire knowledge and skills such as those of
collecting data, analyzing and presentation.

1.8. SCOPE OF THE STUDY { LIMITATION}

In the research carried out it will have some limitation such as :
1. Inadequate funds to visit the site to collect data.
2. Limited time for the collection of the data.

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CHAPTER TWO.
LITERATURE RIVIEW
2.1. Introdution
Charles Darwin (1959) The Origin of species by means of natural selection, popularly
known as the origin (1859).
Mary and Louis Leakey (1948) discovered the remains of Dryopithecus at Rusinga Island
near Lake Victoria.
Dr. Louis Leakey (1961) discovered the first remains of Kenyapithecus at Fort Ternan in
Kericho district.
Mary Leakey (1959) discovered the Australopithecus at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.
Jonathan Leakey (1964) discovered the Homo habilis at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania.

2.2. Aegytopithecus

This is the earliest ancestor of human was an ape- like creature whose skull was
discovered in the Fayum depression in Egypt. It was dated 33 million years ago and it
probably evolved to a different species due to environmental changes. It likely
resembled modern day New WorldMonkeys, and was about the same size as a modern
howler monkey which is about 56 to 92cm long.
Aegyptopithecus lived in the Fayum area of northern Egypt. This area was heavily
vegetated, subtropical, had many trees and seasonal rainfall. Aegyptopithecus is
thought to have been a herbivorous creature that specializes in eating fruits. Was
named Aegyptopithecus meaning Egyptian ape.
Characteristics of Aegyptopithecus
(i) The teeth of Aegyptopithecus were those of herbivore.
(ii) Aegyptopithecus was small of about 4 kilograms.
(iii) It was highly adapted to the forest life.
(iv) It had stereoscopic vision and hands which could enable it to jump skillfully from one
tree to another.

2.3.Dryopithecus

The remains of Dryopithecus africanus were found on Rusinga island in Lake Victoria, Kenya
in1948 by Mary Leakey and Louis Leakey.
The creature of Dryopithecus was namsed proconsul and dated back to about 20 million years
ago. A male specimen was estimated to have weighed 44kg in life. Dryopithecus likely
predominantly ate ripe fruit from trees, suggesting a degree of suspensory behavior to reach
them. They lived in a seasonal, paratropical climate and may have built up fat reserves for
winter

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Characteristics of Dryopithecus

(i)He had a smooth forehead.

(ii)He was like a chimpanzee in size
(iii)He had long teeth like other animals
(Iv)He walked on four

2.4.Kenyapithecus (Ramapithecus)

As forests began to give way to grasslands a more advanced creature named Kenyapithecus
appeared between 15 to 12 million years ago.
The first remains of Kenyapithecus were discovered at Fort Ternan in Kericho District, Kenya,
in1961 by Dr. LouiSs Leakey assisted by his wife Mary. The remains were estimated to be
between15 and 12 million years old.
This being was more human-like than his predecessors because of the small canines and could
occasionally walk on two legs without falling over. They ate fruits and vegetation and lived on
caves.

Characteristics of Kenyapithecus
(i)He had small teeth.
(ii)Weighed between 18 and 36 kilogrammes.
(iii)He walk on two legs.
(iv)Had a larger brain capacity.

2.5.Australopithecus
This is the earliest hominid closer to modern man. They first appeared in the savannahs of
eastern and southern Africa some 4 million years ago. The fossil remains of Australopithecus
were first discovered at Taung in Botswana by Raymond Dart in 1924. There are four different
types of Australopithecus have been identified.

(1)Australopithecus anamensis
It is believed to be one of the oldest Australopithecus with an age of 4 million years. Its fossils
were found at Kenapoi and Allia Bay of Lake Turkana by Dr. Meave Leakey, Dr. Allan Walker.

(2)Australopithecus afarensis
This hominid lived between 4 and 3 million years ago. The remains were found at Laetoli
inTanzania and at Tugen Hills in Baringo District.

(3)Australopithecus africanus
He lived between 3 and 2.5 million years ago. He was light and slender and his height was about
1.5 million. His brain was small, with large teeth, jaws and skull.

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(4)Australopithecus robustus

This was the biggest and most recent type of Australopithecines, weighing 68 kg. This one was
strong with a massive jaw and brain of about 530cm3 tall, heavy and apparently vegetarian. He
ate fruits, nuts and raw tubers. He lived between 2 and 1.5 million years ago.

Characteristics of Australopithecus
(i)He had an upright posture.
(ii)He had powerful teeth and jaws.
(iii)He had a large skull.
(iv)He was 1.5 metres tall.

2.6.Homo habilis
The fossil remains of Homo habilis were discovered at Olduvai Gorge in 1964 by Jonathan
Leakey. He lived between 2.5 and 1.5 million years ago. He is reported to have made pebble
tools and was omnivorous. He used these tools to butcher and skin animals and he is the first
human ancestor to have used tools.

Characteristics of Homo habilis

(i)He had thumb like modern man
(ii)He was about 5 feet in height.
(iii)Had a brain capacity of 500 to 800cm3
(iv)He made pebble tools.

2.7.Homo erectus
He lived between 2 million and 200,000 years ago. His remains have been found in Harder
Ethiopia. He made Acheulian tools such as hand axe. He was the first man to invent fire.

Characteristics of Homo erectus

(i)He made refined tools.
(ii)He communicated well using speech.
(iii)He had upright posture.
(iv)He had large brain capacity.
(v)Was large in stature of 5.5 feet tall.

2.8.Homo sapiens
He appeared 200,000 and 150,000 years ago. Fossil remains were found at Eliye springs to the
west of Lake Turkana,Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya. There are three sub-species of Homo
sapiens.

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(1) Rhodesian man
This sub-species was discovered in modern Zambia. He had straight legs and walked with long
strides. The Rhodesian man`s brain and skull were very similar to those of modern man.

(2) Neanderthal man

His skeleton was found in Neander valley in Germany in 1856. He was heavily built with a thick
skull, broad shoulders and bushy eye brows like an ape. The Neanderthal man was a nomad
gathering and hunting deer wild pigs and wild sheep

(3) Cro-magnon man

Fossil remains of cro-magnon man indicate that he was almost like the modern man except he
was taller, stronger and with bushy eye-brows. He cooked with fire and made improved tools.
He cooked with fire and made improved tools. His fossil remains were found in western Europe.

Characteristics of Homo sapiens

(i) Had small teeth.
(ii) He had steep rounded forehead.
(iii) Had a large stature of about 6 feet tall
(iv) He had straight legs.
(v) He walked on twos with long strides

2.9.Homo sapien sapiens

They were discovered between 6 and7 million years ago. Homo sapien sapiens has a more
advanced faculty for curiosity and intelligence. They have made many inventions which have
made life much more comfortable.

Characteristics of Homo sapien sapiens

(i) Had a high intellectual capacity with a large brain of over 1400cc.
(ii) He made garments from hides using bone needles.
(iii) He spoke with well refined speech.

The Cultural and Economic Practices of Early Man

What is culture?
Culture is the way of life of a people-customs, language and social institutions.
The things that early humans made and used formed their material culture. Early man’s culture
can be understood through study of Stone Age or Paleolithic periods

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a) Tools
The hominids made tools from stone referred to as Oldowan tools or Pebble tools. The tools
were named after Olduvai Gorge where they were found. They were made by Australopithecus
and Homo erectus. They were also known as pebble tools because they were made of stones.
Among the findings in Olduvai George were the chopper, fist hatchet (core tools) and several
flake tools.
The second phase of the Old Stone Age was marked by tools called Acheulian tools, named
after the site of St. Acheul in France. They were made by Homo erectus e.g. the hand axe and
cleavers .The Hand axe had multiple uses, from cutting, skinning, scraping animal skins, digging
and sharpening bone and wood.
b) Hunting and Gathering
The early Stone Age people lived in small groups and were able to hunt for food using
sharpened rocks and sticks. They used simple hunting methods of chasing wild animals and
throwing stones at them. They also made traps by digging large pits on the paths used by
animals as they went to water sources. They ate raw meat from small animals like lizards and
rodents
Women gathered edible fruits, eggs and roots- they had a balanced diet.
c) Shelter and Clothing.
Humans during this period found shelter in caves and tree-tops.
Their bodies were very hairy therefore were able to keep themselves warm .Moreover, the
savannahs were also warm enough.

CHAPTER THREE.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY.

3.1. Introduction
This chapter dealt with the research methodology and consists the research design of the target
population, sample of the study, sampling techniques, research instruments, piloting of the
instruments, data collection procedures and data analysis techniques

3.2. Research Design

According to (Cooper and Schindler, 2010), research design is the strategy for study and the plan
by which the strategy is to be carried out specifying the methods and the procedure for the data
collection, measurement, and analysis of data. This study design was descriptive survey design.
This is a method of collecting information by interviewing or administering a questionnaire to a
sample of individuals

3.3. Population and Sampling

Sampling means selecting a given number of subjects from a target population as representatives
of that population. According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2013), sampling is the process of

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selecting a few cases in order to provide information that can be used to make judgment about a
much larger number of cases.
3.4. DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE.

Data collection methods

Luckily, there are several tools available for primary data collection. The methods range from traditional
and simple, such as a face-to-face interview, to more sophisticated ways to collect and analyze data.

3.4.1.Documents and records

Sometimes you can collect a considerable amount of data without asking anyone anything. Document-
and records-based research uses existing data for a study. Attendance records, meeting minutes, and
financial records are just a few examples of this type of research.

Using documents and records can be efficient and inexpensive because you’re predominantly using
research that has already been completed. However, since the researcher has less control over the
results, documents and records can be an incomplete data source.

3.4.2Oral histories

At first glance, an oral history might sound like an interview. Both data collection methods involve asking
questions. But an oral history is more precisely defined as the recording, preservation, and
interpretation of historical information based on the opinions and personal experiences of people who

were involved in the events. Unlike interviews and surveys, oral histories are linked to a single
phenomenon. For example, a researcher may be interested in studying the effect of a flood on a
community. An oral history can shed light on exactly what transpired. It’s a holistic approach to
evaluation that uses a variety of techniques.

3.4.3Interview

If you asked someone completely unaware of data analysis how to best collect information from people,
the most common answer would likely be interviews.

Almost anyone can come up with a list of questions, but the key to efficient interviews is knowing what
to ask. Efficiency in interviewing is crucial because, of all the primary data collection methods, in-person
interviewing can be the most expensive.

3.5.Data analysis, techniques/ plan

The data collected will be analyzed using simple statistics. The questionnaires will be checked
for completeness, accuracy of information and uniformity. The questionnaires will be checking
to see if there will be errors and omissions adequate information and legibility and relevant
response.
Data will be analyzed using statistical package for social science and software program.
Quantitative data is to clarify information, give explanation and opinions that may have not been

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captured in the questionnaires. Information will be then generated and presented in the form of
graphs, tables and charts indicating frequency and percentages.

REFERENCES
1. Assa Okoth (2012), History and Government form one, Nairobi, Kenya Literature
Bureau.
2. Cecilia N. Kairu (2012), Golden Tips History and Government,Nairobi, Moran
Publishers.
3. Dr. Mueni Kio (2009), Explore History and Government form one,Nairobi, Longhorn
Publishers.
4. Kapiyo J. et al (2011) The evolving World History and Government course form
one,Nairobi,Oxford University Press.
5. Pricilla Kivuitu (2010) Milestones in History and Government form one,Nairobi,
Longhorn Publishers.

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