Module: 19 Heat

P-1
DO IT-VIRTUAL-UNIVERSITY
19.3-Matter in signs and symbols
School of Applied Science
>>[MODULE:-19]<< Of the three states of matter, dry matter contains more heat, followed by liquid heat
while solid matter does not contain any heat.
Fig:2

[+-] hot and cold or mixed

[+] [-] [+] [-] [+] [-] [+] [-] [+] [-] Matter known as compound
matter
Learning objectives!

To
Dry Matter known
[+][+][+][+][+][+][+][+] ][+]][+]][+]][+]][+]
as element
19.1-Introduction!

Heat is a hot gas produced by the sun east of the earth. It travels by way of
being attracted to cold air another invisible gas produced by the atmosphere
west of the earth a process known as radiation. Thus it's a natural rule that the [-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-][-] Cold Matter also
amount of heat present in the air must have an equal amount of coldness. known as element
Please note: the atmosphere is filled with positive and negative energy and
Oxygen is key to burning.

Mathematically, heat is represented by [+] a positive sign while coldness by a

19.4-The periodic table
[-] negative sign. Mathematically expressed, heat travels serially in the form
of [+-+-+- etc] The periodic table, classifies matter into [1] Metals and [2] non-metals where metals
are elements of dry matter [+], while non-metals are elements of solid matter [-]
Amongst both metals and non-metals, there are variations in degrees of dryness
[hotness] and also among non-metals are degrees of coldness. Among metals, an
increase in dryness reduces weight while an increase in coldness among non-mtals
SUN [+] [-] [+] [-] [+] [-] [+] [-] [+] Atmosphere
[-] increases their weight.
[+] [-]

Fig:3
500
Fig:1 400 Metals
19.2-The earth! 300 100+
200 Degrees
The earth is a solid natural piece of matter which lies between the sun and the 100
atmosphere. Thus being a solid, it absorbs energy from both ways. From the
east, its absorbs [1] Hot gases, [2] Hot and cold gases] while from the west it 100
absorbs only cold gases. The energy stored in the earth can thus be classified 200
into three major divisions, [1] A mixture of hot and cold energy known s Non-metals 300
compound energy, [2] Hot energy and [3] cold energy . Which in return give 100-Degrees 400
us three classifications of matter based on the energy contained [1] 500
compound matter, [2] Dry matter and [3] cold matter. By default matter is a
compound thus the two, dry and cold matter are also known as elements or
items of matter.
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MODULE : 19 P-2

Fig:13 A.C [+] Heat

19.5-Electrical power transmission Fig:5

A.C [-] Power

Neutral
Power transmission is the movement of current electricity from [1] A.C [-] Heat
production to [2] consumption or where it is needed. From the generator to 37degrees
a load. Current electricity is running heat which is a man made invention A.C Heat
which breaks the natural rules upon which moving heat travels. While
moving heat travels in serries of hot and cold, current or running electricity
A.C Power
travels in parallels of hot and cold or [++++++++] and [----------]. Thus in
order to move hot energy we need a [++++] plus ,plus material or element
thus not all elements can transport current electricity. Which gives us three
classifications of matter according to power transmission.
Sunlight
+ - Atmoshpere

[1] conductors, [2] semi-conductors and [3] poor conductors.

Mathematically expressed, conductors are [++++] , semiconductors are [+-
+-] while Poor conductors are [----] going back on the periodic table, metals
are good conductors, compounds are semi-conductors while cold
elements are poor conductors. A.C [+]Power
Neutral

A.C [+]Heat
37degrees

A.C [-] Heat

19.6-Colour codes

In order to avoid accidents in electrical engineering, the following colour codes

are used to identify the type of energy flowing. [1] BLUE for cold or negative
[2] BROWN for Neutral or earth and [3] RED for hot or positive and should be
observed at all times!
Atmospheric pressure is natural cooling effect of the earth, as it rotates around, it
attracts and immense amount of cold air or energy all the time. Thus when current
Fig:4 electricity is produced, its subject to a natural energy loss from the atmosphere. In order
19.7 The atmospheric pressure
to reduce energy loss we need to use materials that are both dry and heavy such as
copper. And to avoid using them as thick objects thus copper is used in forms of wires.
Small wires reduce energy loss to the atmospheric pressure which maximises current
Energy content 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,1213,14,15,16,17,18,19,10
electricity energy transfers.
Level of dryness
The variations in weight of dry matter [metals] is also a variation in efficiency of energy
Weight or degree transfer which is known as potential difference.
of compactnes
20.19,18,17,16,15,14,13,12,11,10 9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,1,
 Module: 19 Heat
MODULE : 19 P-3
19.10-Effects of current heat!

Current heat or electricity, causes [1] heat in metals, which causes them to expand. It
can also be used to [2] isolate cold air from a metal element which causes it to become
a magnet. Thus based on the above, we can measure or establish how much running
heat is present by measuring the degree of expansion of a metal or its level of
19.8-Resistance! attraction if we go by the magnetic attraction or its measured by its impact. Thus
traditional electrical current measuring devices use magnetic coils or restarts
The opposition offered by a substance to the flow of running heat [electric However with the advancement of digital technologies to day most electrical
current] is called resistance. Since current is the flow of [+] energy also measuring tools are computerised using written programs or software for data analysis
called free electrons, resistance is the opposition offered by the substance and communication.
to the flow of [+] electrons. This opposition occurs because atoms and
molecules of the substance obstruct the flow of these electrons. Curtain
substances [e.g metals such as silver, copper, aluminium etc] offer very
little opposition to the flow of electric current and are called conductors. On
the other hand those substances which offer high opposition to the flow of
[+] electrons [i.e, flow of [+] electrons] are called insulators e.g glass,
rubber, dry wood etc.
19.11-Electrical instruments and measurements!

Electrical energy is being used in the manufacture of many commodities in order to

ensure quality and efficiency , it is important that we should be able to measure
accurately the electrical quantities involved. The instruments used to measure
Fig:6 electrical quantities e.g [current, voltage, power , energy etc] are called electrical
instruments . These instruments are generally named after the electrical quantity to be
measured. Thus the instruments which measure current, voltage, power and energy
are called ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeters and energy meter respectively. The
accuracy, convenience and reliability of of electrical instruments are mainly
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 11 12 13 141 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 responsible for the widespread use of electrical methods of measurents.

19.12-Types of electrical instruments

19.9-Factors upon which Resistance depends!
Even among conductors, there are variations in resistance due to
1- depends upon the nature of material
2-changes in temperature
3-the length of the material has a direct proportionality
4-the cross section of the area covered by the conductor
There are mainly three types
[1] Indicating instruments: those instruments which indicate the value of the electrical
quantity at a time when it is being measured e.g ammeters, voltmeters and
wattmeters
[2] Integrating instruments: these measure and record or register total quantity of
electricity in ampere hour or electrical energy in watt hours in a given time such
instruments are ampere hour meter and watt hour metter
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MODULE : 17 P-4
Capital= Machinery + Men 19.14-Volt

A magnet is a piece of matter [dead plants and animals] which contain only positive
energy in other words when the sine wave turns flat the area which follows inside the
earth is called a magnet due to its ability to attract cold energy and metal like
substances. Magnets are extremely cold and their natural ability to attract will depend
on their degree of coldness thus magnetic power and heat don't mix! When a magnet is
heated it will lose its magnetic ability
[3] Recording instruments. Those instruments which give a continuous
record of the variations of the electrical quantity to be measured are called
recording instruments. Recording voltmeters are used in power supply
stations to record the voltage of the supply mains during the day while
recording ammeters are employed in supply stations for registering the
current taken from the batteries

19.13-Principles of operation of electrical instruments!

An electrical instrument essentially consists of a movable element and a

scale to indicate or register the electrical quantity measured. The movable
element is supported on jewelled bearings and carries a pointer or sets of
dials. The movement of the movable element is caused by utilising one or
more of the following effects of current or voltage. 19.15-Magnetic field

1-Magnetic effect........................ Moving-iron instruments
2-Electrodynamic effect............... [i] Permanent magnet moving coil
[Ii] Dynamometer type
3-Electromagnetic induction........ Induction type instruments
4-Thermal effect........................... Hot wire instruments
5-Chemical effect......................... Electrolytic instruments
6-Electrostatic effect.................... Electrostatic instruments
Magnets contain hot air [+] energy between [57-71] degrees which atmospheric
pressure turns to temperatures between [57-71] cold [-] thus at room temperature 37+
and 37- degrees, a magnet would try to neutralise its position by attracting hot air of up
57-71 degrees from the area around it something that compromises the natural flow of
energy [hot and cold] or sine wave. The hot air surrounding a magnet is what is known
as magnetic field

Fig:7

[TYPE of instrument Effect on how it works Suitable for instrument

[1] Moving-iron instruments
[2] Permanent magnet moving coil
[3] Dynamometer type
[4] Induction type instruments
[5]Hot wire instruments
[6]Electrolytic instruments
[7]Electrostatic instruments
1-Magnetic effect........................ 1-d.c and a.c.......... 1-Ammeter, Voltmeter
2-Electrodynamic effect............... 2-d.c only............... 2-Ammeter, voltmeter
3-Electrodynamic effect 3-d.c and a.c....... 3-Ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter
4-Electromagnetic induction........ 4-a.c only........ 4-Ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter, energy metter
5-Thermal effect........................... 5-d.c and a.c......... 5-Ammeter, voltmeter
6-Chemical effect......................... 6-d,c only.............. 6-Ampere-hour meter
7-Electrostatic effect.................... 7 d.c and a.c....... 7-Voltmeter only