Module: 20 Network Theorems [4ELE]

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DO IT-VIRTUAL-UNIVERSITY

School of Applied Science Fig:2

>>[MODULE:-20]<<

[Hot
[Coldness]
Learning objectives!

To understand the relationship between heat and its sorrounding

[Heat/Power- Pressure Exalted Resistance from
Source [Pump] on Heat/ Power the cold

20.1-Introduction!
20.4-The sun and the world /Matter
In the beginning, the whole world was dead containing Matter the raw material for
Plants and animals. In simple terms the world was [1] Solid, [2] Dark and [3] Cold The sun divided the world into two [1] Hot and [2] Cold . The area above the earth is
Symbolically represent as [0] and mathematically expressed as [-]. And then One filled with hot, invisible energy known as POWER. While the one below is Cold, visible
night God created Heat symbolically represented as [1] and mathematically and filed with ENERGY. Upon creation, Power was created from Energy.
expressed as [+]. However God was faced with two challenges [1] The source of
Heat, the sun had no space in the world and [2] The sun was to small compared to the
atmosphere. Symbolically the problem can be expressed as 0<1 or -<1 or darkness
is more than Light or solids are more than Gases .

20.2-The sun twinkles

The fact that 0<1 or the sun is smaller than the atmosphere God come up with a Fig:3
solution and that is forcing heat through the cold, solid , dark world by the second. The
sun produces heat by twinkling an ON and OFF continuos process which saves it
from getting consumed by the atmosphere!

Fig:1
Before-The sun After -The sun

20.5-Power and Energy

Negative or [0] [0] and [1] or -+-
Power is the heat from the sun, and since the heat from the sun has a penetrative ability
over matter, Energy is the amount of heat contained in matter or any given solid. And its
20.3-Resistance and Pressure
dependant upon the time taken from its point of death. See periodic table.
Mathematical Power is [+] and Energy is [-] Power can be without Energy and Energy
The relationship between the sun or heat and the atmosphere is that of resistance
cannot be without Power thus both Power and Energy are always proportionate to
and pressure. While the sun [heat] inserts pressure on the atmosphere, the
each other
atmosphere responds with resistance
..
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MODULE : 20
Capacitor, Transistor and Carbon Resistor
20.6-The Image of God !
Without the Sun, there would be no Life and thus no one would have known
God thus the image of God is well presented in the creation of the sun. Before
the sun the world was dead and peaceful thus God disorganised the dead
[Matter] thus God is not an organiser but a disorganiser and when he created
man in his own image he expected him to start from where he had stoped.
20.7- God’s world!
The role of man starts which understanding God’s world!. The world is like a
swimming pool filled with Power and flowered with energy. Power is hot air
while Energy is cold air while power is invisible, Energy is visible.
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20.9-God’s will
There are five things man can do to fulfil God’s plan of creating him in his own image in
order to carry on the work of disorganising scientifically embroiled as work done!
[1] By turning hot air into cold air
[2] By turning coldness into hotness
[3] By turning cold matter into hot matter [raising the dead into plants animals]
[4] By turning hot matter into cold matter [killing the living plants and animals]
[5] all in all by turning Power into energy or energy into power.
20.10-The matrix of Power & Energy
A matrix is an organisational structure, in which two or more lines of command ,
responsibility or communication may run through the same individual. Both power and
energy or Hot and cold air go through man. We breath in OXYGEN and breath out
carbon dioxide, same time we eat Plants and animals and output matter [dead plants
and animals]. Thus the human body is an assembly of parts which can enable it relate
with hot and cold. A process that involves turning hot into cold and cold into hot what is
known as God’s will or WORK DONE.

Fig:4
5 4 3 2 1

5
East West
Hot

4
Cold
[+]/[1] [-]/[0] Fig:5
[[+]
5 4 3 2 1

3
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 5 [-]
2 4

2
3 3
4 2
5 1

1
20.8- The role of man in nature 20.11-God’s will/ Work done

The role of man in nature is to disorganise God’s world what is scientifically
known as work done! Work done is an interruption of the natural existence and
flow of [1] Power and [2] Energy. Work done is not all about organising, its
about disorganising what is organised.
Three are three conditions which must exist in the process of converting power into
energy or energy into heat.
[1] Force or pressure which comes from hot air
[2] Resistance which comes from matter or cold opposing the existence of heat and
[3]Speed or motion. Heat causes an expansion of coldness while coldness causes a
contraction of hotness. Thus speed or motion can be positive or negative.
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20.16-The sensory organs
Capacitor, Transistor and Carbon Resistor
The human body, receives heat and sends out coldness into the environment through
its sensory organs. The organs are connected to the brain where heat turns into cold
and coldness turns into heat before it can be sent out.
The five basic senses are [1] Eyes, [2] Mouth, [3] Ears, [4] Tongue and [5] Skin.
20.12-Types of Heat
20.17-Nerves and blood vessels
Heat or power, can be classified according to source. Thus we have [1] direct
heat [D.C] which is received directly from source, and [2] Indirect heat which is
received from a secondary source or energy reserve from dead plants and The nerves in the body are responsible for transporting heat from the environment
animals [A.C] around through the sensory organs which it transports to the brain. While the blood
vessels transport oxygen away from the body. Thus the nerves are [+] Positives while
SUN Dead Plants the Vessels are negatives [-]
and animals

5
2

4
[[+] nerves Fig:7
Fig:6
Direct Heat/ Power indirect Heat/ Power 5 4 3 2 1

3
D.C/ POWER A.C/ ENERGY
1 2 3 4 5
20.13- The body and power! [-] Vessels

2
God is the engineer of all engineers and the human body so far is the greatest
Power and Energy installation. Whatever man can do is just a replicar of the

1
human body and that's why biology is the foundation of all electrical
engineering works and designs.

20.14- Electrical Network!

20.18-Resistance and Pressure
Just like in the human body, an electrical network, is any arrangement of
electrical energy source , resistance, and other circuit elements is called an
electric network. The term circuit and network are used synonymously.
20.15- The Human brain
The human brain is the center of POWER AND ENERGY in the human body .
Its an assembly where [1] hot air meats cold air and [2] cold air meats hot air.
The body parts responsible for sending hot and cold air to the brain are known
as senses
The co-existence of positive and negative energy in the human body introduces us to
resistance and pressure. The nerves and vessels are natural enemies. Thus
transporting heat through the nerves to the brain does not come without a threat. And in
the same way transporting oxygen to the brain doesn't come without a challenge .Thus
God hard to come up a solution for neutralising the co-existance of both nerves and
vessels in the body without interfering with each other. .before reaching the brain. And
the answer is in FATS. Fats protect the body from extreme coldness and same time
from extreme heat. Thus neutralising both resistance and pressure.
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20.22-Valves
Capacitor, Transistor and Carbon Resistor
The relationship between the heart and lungs can not be without a valve an organ that
only allows oxygen to enter into the heart and stopping blood from coming into the
lungs. Thus the relationship between A.C and D.C power cannot be without a valve

20.19-Capacitors
20.23-Transistor-switch
Once positive and negative energy is produced, moving it around to where its
required [circuit] is subject to resistance and pressure just in the same way as
the human body. Capacitors are artificial fats which neutralise a power circuit
from excessive heat and coldness. They are like batteries they store power
which they relise when there is a temperature drop.
Capacitors come in different sizes and designs
Fig:8
Two words are combined [1] Transit and [2] Resistor. A transistor is an electrical device
which can allow supply of D.C and A.C Power to the same circuit or object just like the
case of Lungs and the Heart in the human body. It can also control the direction of power
by allowing only A.C power to go through and stopping D.C supply . Transistors come in
different sizes and shapes
Fig:9

[Direct supply Indirect supply

[D.C] [A.C]

OUT PUT
20.20- Uses of capacitors/ fats!
20.24-Carbon resistors
The uses of capacitors in the circuit are just similar to the uses of fats in the
human body
Carbon dioxide is the term given to dead or hot air symbolically represented as [++++]
and when its absorbed by matter it creates carbon . Thus carbon materials are [+++]
Capacitors have many uses in electronic and electrical systems including
The absence of cold air in carbon means that carbon will resist fresh air from passing
computers and some of the uses are [1] energy storage [2] pulsed power and
through it since fresh air is [+-+-]. In engineering carbon is used to create elements
weapons, [3] power conditioning [4]power factor correction, [5] suppression
known as CARBON RESISTORS Mathematical speaking , division and subtraction are
and coupling [6] decoupling, [7] noise filter and snubbers, [8] motor starters, [9]
the same i.e 4/2=2 is the same as 4-2=2
signal processing [10] Tuned circuits, [11] sensing [12] changing the dielectric
In electrical engineering resistors are used to reduce low voltage supplies of D.C power
[13] changing area between plates , [14] changing the effective area of the
by way of subtraction i.e from 3volts to 1
plates used for touch screen technology

20.25-The colour codes

20.21- The Lungs and Heart
Since a carbon resistors is physically very small, it is more convenient to use a colour
code indicating resistance value than to imprint the numerical value
We breath in before we eat. Thus the human body is powered by [1] Fresh Air
which is captured from the air around us through the body into the lungs. Fig:10 Colour code for resistance value Colour code for Tolerance
Known as D.C POWER. The lungs send cold air into the heat where its mixed
with blood and transported to the brain. Thus [2] the heart is a secondary Black 0 Green 5 Gold 5%
source of Energy. The amount of energy in the body varies from time to time Brown 1 Blue 6 Silver 10%
based on what we have eaten thus the term Alternating Power [A.C] Red 2 Violet 7 No colour 20%
Orange 3 Grey 8
Yellow 4 White 9
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20.31-D.C Network Terminologies
Capacitor, Transistor and Carbon Resistor
[1] Active element:
An active element is one which supplies electrical energy to the circuit.
[2] Passive element:
A passive element is one which receives electrical energy and then either convert it
20.26-Electrical tools heat [resistance] or stores it in an electric field [capacitance] or magnetic field
[inductance].
Despite the fact that negative energy can be seen in the form of copper wires
and other conducting materials, positive energy can not be seen yet its highly
A B C
dangerous to human life. Thus the following power tools are a must have in the Fig:11
life of an electrical engineer.
R1 R3
20.27-Electrical Test light

A tester light is such an important electrical tool. Its used for detecting or E1 R2 E2
investigating the presence of positive energy in any given wire! Never ever
touch an electrical wire before testing to known weather it has positive charge
on not.

20.28- Digital -Multimeters ! D

A digital multimeter is also known as a multi tester! Also known as a VOM [Volt-
Ohm-Meter] Is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several
measuring functions in one unit. It has the ability to measure voltage, current
and resistance thus a perfect tool for testing Resistors, capacitors and for both
A.C and D.C power.
Once power is produced, its supplied to an electrical circuit where power is
turned into energy or energy into power in order to attain what is known as work
done. Capacitors, resistors and transistors are an integral part of any power
circuit, thus with a multimeters, and a tester electrical investigations can go on
smoothly
In the figure above, there are three passive elements namely R1, R2, and R3. These
passive elements [i.e resistance in this case] receive energy from the active elements
[i.e E1 and E2] and convert it into heat.
20.32-Node
A node of a network is an equipment surface at which two or more circuit elements are
joined. Thus in the above figure R1 and E1 are joined at A and hence A is the node,
similarly B,C,and D are nodes.
20.33-Junction

20.29- Units of measure A junction is that point in a network where three or more circuit elements are joined. In
the above figure there are only two junction points B and D. That B is a junction its clear
from the fact that three circuit elements R1,R2, and R3 are joined at it. Similary point D
Power is measured in VOLTS, Resistance is measured in OHMs and is a junction because it joins three circuit elements R2, E1 and E2
capacitance is measure in farads named after a man called farad. Most small
capacitors store microfarads [uF] or Pico farads [pF]
20.34-Branch

20.30- A Pair of insulated pliers
Electrical pliers are vital in the cutting of wires since wires are an integral part of
positive energy pliers are helpful in cutting wires and for removing the
insulation covers
A branch is that part of a network which lies between two junction points. Thus in the
above figure there are three branches BAD, BCD and BD merely consists of R2
20.35-Loop
A loop is any closed path of a network thus ABDA, BCDB, ABCDA are the loops
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20.39-D.C Network problems
Capacitor, Transistor and Carbon Resistor
A network problem is a question how to deliver maximum the required amount of power
to a resistor since different resistors require different amounts of power. This requires a
formula involving various ways on how to connect the resistors to the power or active
elements in a circuit. The most common D.C network theorems and techniques are:
20.36-Mesh
[1] Maxwell’s mesh current method
[2]Superposition theorem
A mesh is the most commonly elementary form of aloop and cannot be further
[3] Norton’s theorem
divided into other loops thus in our previous figure, Loops ABCDA and BCDB
[4] Millman’s theorem
qualify as meshes because they cannot be further divided into other loops.
[5]Nodal analysis
However the loop ABCDA cannot be called a mesh because it encloses two
]6] Thevenin’s theorem
loops ABDA and BCDB
[7]Max power transfer theorem
[8] Delta or star or delta transformation theorem.

20.37- OHMs Law ! 20.40-Electrical laws

The ohm’s law is a predictor of current or how much power is left after an The above mentioned theorems formulate the electrical laws governing electrical net
encounter with a resistor or when power meets resistance what is left of the working and the most common laws are:
power. Power is measured in VOLTS while resistance in Ohms thus current left
is symbolically represented by [I] thus I=
VOLTAGE [AV]
20.41-Kirchihoff’s current Law
CURRENT [I] =
RESISTANCE [R]
[1] Kirchihoff’s current law: the sum of all current entering a node is equal to the sum of
all current leaving the node.
Given the following resistance over 6volts, the power flowing would be!
20.42-Kirchihoff’s Voltage Law

Voltage [v] Resistance [Ohms] Current [amps] [2] Kirchihoff’s voltage law: the directed sum of the electrical potential differences
around a loop must be zero
6 Volts 1 Ohm 6 Amp
6 Volts 2 Ohm 3 Amp
6 Volts 3Ohm 2 Amp A B C Fig:13
6 Volts 4Ohm 1.5 Amp
6 Volts 5Ohm 1.2 Amp R1
6 Volts 6 Ohm 1 Amp R3

Fig:12
E1 R2 E2
20.38-Power rating !
Work done is when power meets resistance and goes through it at a
predetermined speed i.e 3 amp , 1 amp and this is what is known as power
rating. Once the voltage supplied is below the power rating there will be no
work done that why its important to know the average consumption of each D
load on a network and weigh it against the power supplied to see it the
elements will function normally. By getting enough power
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20.9-Parallel circuits
Capacitor, Transistor and Carbon Resistor

Fig:15

20.43-Ohms law

[3] Ohm’s law: the voltage across a resistor is equal to the product of the
resistance and the current flowing through it.

[4] Norton’s theorem; any network of voltage or current sources and

resistors is electrically equivalent to an ideal current source in parallel with a
single resistor.

[5] Thevenin’s theorem: any network of voltage or current sources and

resitors is electrically equivalent to a single source in series with a single
resistor.
[6] Superposition theorem: in a linear network with several independent
sources, the response in a particular branch when all the sources are acting
simultaneously is equal to the linear sum of individual responses calculated
by taking one independent sourced at a time

20.44-Mesh current method Fig:14 E2

20.9-Serrial circuits
A B C

R1 Fig:16
R3

E1 R2 E2

D
20.45-Observation !

Given the above mentioned laws on voltage and current, electrical networks or
circuits are not straight line in most cases are broken lines. The above
mentioned laws necessitated the use multilevel electrical boards with
connections running up and down. With jumpers making interconnections
among elements E2