Department of Applied Mathematics

Delhi Technological University, Delhi

ASSIGNMENT 3
2022-2023
.
Subject Code : MA-102 Course Title : Mathematics-II

1. Determine the singular points of the following differential equations and clas-
sify them as regular and irregular.

(a) (1 − x2 )y 00 + 2xy 0 + n(n + 1)y = 0.

(b) x2 (1 − x)y 00 + (x − 2)y 0 − 3xy = 0.
(c) y 00 + (ln |x|)y 0 + 3xy = 0.

Answer
(a) x = ±1, regular. (b) x = 0, irregular and x = 1, regular. (c) x = 0,
irregular.

2. Find the power series solution of the following differential equations:

(a) (1 + x2 )y 00 + xy 0 − y = 0 about x = 0.
(b) (1 − x2 )y 00 − 2xy 0 + 2y = 0 about x = 0.

Answer
1 1 1 7 8
(a) y(x) = a0 1 + x2 − x4 + x6 −
 
x + · · · + a1 x.
2 8 16 144
 2 1 4 1 6 
(b) y(x) = a0 1 − x − x − x − · · · + a1 x.
3 5
3. Find the power series solution of the following initial value problems.

(a) y 0 − x2 y = 1, y(0) = 2.
(b) y 00 + 2xy 0 + (1 − x2 )y = 0, y(0) = −2, and y 0 (0) = 2.

Answer
2 1 1 6
(a) y(x) = 2 + x + x3 + x4 + x + ···.
3 4 9
7 4 9 5
(b) y(x) = −2 + 2x + x − x3 −
2
x + x5 + x6 + · · · .
12 20 24
4. Use the method of Frobenius to find series solutions of the following differential
equtions in some interval 0 < x < R.

1
 (a) 2xy 00 + (x + 1)y 0 + y = 0.
(b) x2 y 00 + x(2 + x)y 0 − 2y = 0.

Answer
∞
! ∞
!
X (−1)n+1 2n n! X (−1)n
(a) y(x) = a0 1+ xn+1 + a1 x1/2 n n!
xn .
n=0
(2n + 1)! 2
 n=0
x2 x3 x4
  
1 1 1
(b) y(x) = a0 x − + − − . . . + a1 − + .
4 4.5 4.5.6.7 x2 x 2

5. Show that for n = 0, 1, 2, 3 the corresponding Legendre polynomial is given by

1 dn 2
Pn (x) = (x − 1)n .
2n n! dxn

6. Find two linearly independent solutions of the Bessel equation of order 3/2 for
all x > 0.

7. Define Legendre polynomial Pn (x).

 If m and n are non-negative integers then
Z 1 0 if m 6= n
show that Pn (x)Pm (x)dx = 2
−1  if m = n.
2n + 1
8. Show that x = 0 is a regular singular point of hypergeometric differential
equation x(x − 1)y 00 + (3x − 1)y 0 + y = 0. Hence, find a power series solution
about x = 0.

9. Show that Chebyshev’s equation (1 − x2 )y 00 (x) − xy 0 (x) + a2 y(x) = 0 with

a ∈ (0, ∞) has the following linearly independent power series solutions
∞
"n−1 #
X 1 Y
y1 (x) = 1 + (4k − a ) x2n and
2 2

n=1
(2n)! k=0
∞
"n−1 #
X 1 Y
y2 (x) = x + (4k 2 + 4k + 1 − a2 ) x2n+1 .
n=1
(2n + 1)! k=0

10. Given n ∈ N and x ∈ (0, +∞). Prove the following identities.

(a) xJv0 (x) = vJv (x) − xJv+1 (x).

(b) xJv0 (x) = −vJv (x) + xJv−1 (x).
(c) 2Jv0 (x) = Jv−1 (x) − Jv+1 (x).

2
(d) 2vJv (x) = x[Jv−1 (x) + Jv+1 (x)].
d −v
(e) (x Jv ) = −x−v Jv+1 (x).
dx
d v
(f) (x Jv ) = xv Jv−1 (x).
dx
×××