Module: 6B: Energy Reserves and conservation...

DO IT-VIRTUAL-UNIVERSITY
6.2-Energy reserves!
School of Science and Applied
Management Economics Heat and light [energy] is neither created , nor lost but the three states of matter keeps it
in motion i.e [1] solids are causes to ware and tear or physical disintegration while [2]
>>[MODULE:-Six]<< living things born of a Zero are facilitated to grow an increment in size and weight thus
reserving heat and light which can be extracted upon death as a fossil [Fuel] heat and
light

Learning objectives! Fig:2

SUN
To understand the value of plants and animals in nature

Understanding energy and its sources, is crucial in understanding the logic behind costing
and pricing of goods/ physical items of value and services/ invisible products or the chemical
and physical aspects However, understanding energy and its sources cannot be complete
without questioning why do we need energy? And since what goes around comes around the Heat and light
need for energy is the source of energy. Rays=Energy
From the sun
Planet Earth

6.1-Introduction! Equator

Primarily, the north star [Sun] which is at the centre of the solar system, emits 6.3-Livingthings!
and immense amount of heat and light which facilitates the physical
transformation of matter from solid, to liquids and gases or in other words
which facilitates [1] the dead to transform into [2] the living over and over All living things [liquids] are born of a Zero or in other words [cell] being the smallest unit
through a [3] the gaseous process. of any living body. A zero is made up of two parts one is male and the other is female or
positive and negative which respond to day and night. The negative records the days
Fig:1 and the positive record the nights meaning that living cells are subject to age which is the
number of days and nights before the sun. Biologically this process is complete through
Solids Liquids Gases the digest system .height and weight is attained as the days and night go by. Anincremen
Non-living things Living things In visible t in height, also increases the weight and the more [Fossil fuel] we can extract upon
death

Fig:3
SUN

Melting Vaporization

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 - +1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

- +
HEAT+LIGHT=ENERGY Day Night
visible Invisible
Liquid Solid
 Module: 6B: Energy Reserves and conservation...
MODULE :Six

Energy sources
Fossil fuels have been classified according to their

1-occurence and preparation. [Where it is found]

6.4-The exchange
6.4-Energy system!
formation 2-the state of aggregation how it is prepared [solid, liquid or gas]

Heat and light, [energy] is the medium of exchange between life and death or 6.7- state of occurrence!
solids and liquids. The value of paper money is based upon the sun [heat and
light] plants and animals provide a stock value of fossil fuel and age or time is PRIMARY [NATURAL] source
a major factor in costing and pricing of items thus the saying [Time=money]
the cost of an item is the amount of heat and light it contains or used to make it
the durability is also dependant on age of the raw material Solid Liquid Gaseous

1-Wood 1-Crude Oil 1-Sun-light

6.5-Energy reservation process! 2-Peat 2-water [pure] 2-Natural Gas [Bio]
3-Lignite
Fig:4 When heat and light from the sun hits living 4-Dung
things, it causes them to burn just like wood 5.18-Take off!
only that the ashes are dropped within not
Solid food and outside i.e among humans and plants, the SECONDARY Prepared from the PRIMARY [NATURAL] source
water refill ashes form skeleton or the solid part of you
and unlike non-livingthings, living things eat
or refill this gap of lost humour with food Solid Liquid Gaseous
[solid and liquid] on a daily basis. And it is
this continuos feeding that gives the sun a 1-Charcoal 1-Kerosen 1-Gas
constant show down of burning and 2-Petroleum 2-Diesel 2-Water gas
creating ashes withing living things. The 3-Coal 3-Petrol 3-Oil gas
Heat and light body gaining size and weight. The amount 4-Briquette 4-Gasoline 4-Coke oven gas
from the sun of ash deposited in living things is 5-Coke 5-Tar 5-Coal
dependant on the amount of time a given 6-systhetic 6-Blast furnace
thing has been exposed to the sun it is this 7-LPG 7-Solar power
ash that gives living things much of their
weight and when the living things stop
refilling or upon death, becoming raw
Carbon The materials the ashes deposited into their 6.8-Characteristics of Good fuel
deposits in the BODY bodies become an ignitable source of fuel
skeleton 1-High calorific value [age factor] : A fuel should possess high calorific
or energy for heat and light. So date and
value [calorific value of a fuel can be defined as "the total quantity of heat
time is crucial in determining prices
liberated, when a volume of fuel burnt completely].

2-Moderate ignition temperature: Ignition temperature means the

6.6-Classification of fossil Fuels !
A fuel is a substance i.e a solid , liquid or gas containing ignitable heat and light
which can be classified according to age which is a major determinant to where
its found
As earlier seen old matter sinks to the bottom and young matter is on top yet it
all contains energy however the older the more energy it contains and the
younger the laser thus
lowest temperature to which the fuel must be pre-heated so that it starts burning
smoothly. If ignition temperature is low, the fuel can catch fire easily.
Low ignition temperature is dangerous for storage and transport of some Fuels
which can catch fire easily [benzine, Lpg etc]
On the other hand, high ignition temperature causes difficulty in handling
Low ignition will help in safe handling of sources of energy in storage and
transport therefore ideal fuel should have moderate ignition temperature.
 Module: 6B: Energy Reserves and conservation...
MODULE :Six

Energy sources 6.9-Comparative analysis of Fuels !

[1] Liquid fuels Advantages

They possess
1-Higher calorific value per unit mass than solid fuels.
2-They burn without forming dust, ash, clinkers
3-They are easy to transport, through pies cost of transportation
3-Los moisture content: Moisture content of the fuel should be low, will be less.
because moisture reduces the heating value and it will affect low energy 4-They easy and clean in use and economic in labour.
release. 5-They require less air for complete combustion.
4-Low non-combustible matter content: After combustion, the non- 6-No wear and tear of grate bar and cleaning of fires.
combustible matter remains, generally in the form of ash or clinker. The non-
combustible matter also reduces heating value besides additional cost of storage, Disadvantages
handling and disposal of the waste products produced. Each %
of non combustible matter in fuel means a heat loss of about 1.5%. 1. The cost of liquid fuel is relatively much higher as compared to
Hence, a fuel should have low content of non-combustible matter. solid fuels.
5.18-Take off!
2-Cost of storage is very high.
5-Moderate velocity of combustion:- the temperature attained by 3-Greater risk of fire hazards.
combustion of a fuel depends upon its velocity of combustion besides its calorific 4-They give bad odour.
value and the space used for combustion. If the rate of combustion is low, then the
required high temperature may not be possible because a part of
the heat liberated may get radiated, instead of raising the temperature on
the other hand; to high combustion rates are also not required. [2]-Natural or primary fuels:- which are found in nature as such eg.
Wood, peat, coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.
6-Products of combustion should not be harmful:- Fuel on burning
should not give out objectionable and harmful gases which may act as
physiological poison for human lives in the nearby area. In other nor gaseous [3] Artificial or secondary fuels:- are those which are prepared from the
products of a combustion should not pollute the atmosphere. Gases like primary fuels. Eg. charcoal, coke, kerosene oil, diesel oil, petrol, coal
carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, phosphine etc. are gas, oil gas, producer gas, blast furnace etc. The second classification is
some of the harmful gases. based upon their state of aggregation like (1) solid (2) liquid (3) gaseous
7-Low cost:- A good fuel should be readily available in bulk at a cheap Solid fuels Advantages:
rate. 1-They are easy to transport
8-Easy to transport:- Fuel must be easy to handle, store and transport 2-They are convenient to store without any risk of spontaneous
at a low cost solid and liquid fuels can easily be transported from one place to explosion
another. On the other hand transportation of gaseous fuel is costly and can even 3-The cost of production is low
cause fire hazards. 4-They possess moderate ignition temperatures
9-Combustion should be easily controllable. combustion of the fuel
Should be easily started or stopped, when required. Disadvantages:
10-Should not undergo spontaneous combustion: Spontaneous 1-The ash content is high.
ignition can cause fire hazards. 2-Their large proportion of heat is wasted during combustion. In
other words their thermal efficiency is low.
11-Storage cost in bulk should be low. 3-They burn with clinker formation.
4-For efficient burning of fuels specially constructed burners and
12-Fuel should burn in air efficiency without much smoke. spraying apparatus are required.
5-Choking of sprayers is drawback in oil firing.
13-In case of solid fuel, the size should be uniform so that combustion is regular.
 Module: 6B: Energy Reserves and conservation...
MODULE :Six

Energy sources 6.11-Energy/ fossil fuel conservation !

Talking about heat and light conservation is not logical in uganda because the
energy itself has not been extracted . To make sense the energy should first
be extracted we are still peasants on top and thus mining has also not been
6.10-Mineral resources! ventured into. Energy conservation must be made a major personal and
national issue for those who have a moved a step forward and following are
Fig:5 SUN some steps to be taken.
1-using energy saving systems such heating and light
2- making good use of day time
3-EnergyEfficiency-buildings designed to lower requirements for
artificial, heating ,cooling and light
Rain fall Rain fall 4-avoiding sub standard goods [nigina] type and going for Products
with longer life span
5-Improve energy conversion, shortage, and transmission efficiency.
5-The direct use of the sun solar power than generators, gas etc
6-The recycling of materials and reuse of containers and the
5.18-Take elimination
off! of unnecessary packaging.

Earth’s
87654321
Core 6.12-Estimation of energy requirements!

The amount of heat and light required for production depends on the process
to be undertaken during production and heavily determined by weather its
primary production or secondary production. Further still energy requirement
refers to power requirement for production process in the Industries this factor
is based on the following factors.
Dead plants and animals [fossils] through leaching are moved by water
towards the centre of the globe and since they contain energy reserves this 1-Production capacity of the organisation.
means below the planet there are energy reserves [mineral] deposits the 2-Nature of product industry is producing.
more you dig the more valuable they become. However mining is a labour 3-Capacity of the Industry to store energy.
intensive activity which requires plenty of food 4-Capacity to Invest with reference to energy,
above factors determines energy requirement
Gaseous Fuels Advantages:

1-They can be conveyed easily through pipelines. n summary

2-They can be choked at moment notice.
3-They have high heat content. Fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon, which burns and gives
4-Their combustion can be readily be controlled. large amount of heat such heat can be used as energy for production primary
5-They are clean in use. source of fuels are coal petroleum and oils.
6-They do not require special burners. There are two source of fuels.

Disadvantages: (1) occurence and preparation and

[2]-the state of aggregation
1-Very large storage tanks are required.
2-they are highly inflammable.
3-They are more costly as compared to solid and liquid fuels