Types of Power Plants

Power Plant Engineering

Power Plant Engineering
Art of designing and installing generating plant that will
result in maximum return on investment (profit) over the
expected life of the equipment. And also operating this
equipment to achieve reliable, continuous and cheap power
service.

Power Plant
A station or establishment which houses the prime-
movers, electric generators and auxiliaries, for conversion of
mechanical, chemical and/or nuclear energy into electrical
energy.
Importance of electrical energy
Electrical Energy is superior to all other forms of energy due to the following reasons:
1. Convenient Form - can be easily converted into other forms of energy (heat,
light)
2. Easy Control - electrically operated machines have simple and convenient
starting, control and operation
3. Greater Flexibility - easily be transported from one place to another thru
conductors
4. Cheapness - cheaper, overall economical use (for domestic, commercial,
industrial)
5. Cleanliness - not associated with smoke, fumes or poisonous gas
6. High Transmission Efficiency
GENERATION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
The conversion of energy available in different forms in nature
into electrical energy.

Electrical energy is produced from the forms of energy available in

the nature. However, it differs in one important aspect. Unlike other
commodities that were produced at will and consumed as needed,
electrical energy must be produced and transmitted to the point of use
at the instant it is needed. The entire process takes only a fraction of a
second. This instantaneous production of electrical energy introduces
technical and economical considerations unique to the electrical power
industry.
SOURCES OF ENERGY
1. FOSSIL FUELS
 Coal
 Petroleum
 Natural Gas
2. RENEWABLE SOURCES
 Solar
 Wind
 Hydroelectric
 Biomass
 Geothermal Sources
3. NUCLEAR POWERED SOURCES
 Fission
 Fusion
FOSSIL FUELS
 Burning coal, natural gas, and petroleum releases energy stored in the fuel as heat. (energy
contained by the fuels is from the sun)
 heat that is recovered upon combustion of the fuel
 For industrial industries, they use very pure coal called “coke” for extremely high temperatures
(primarily steel industries)
 Combustion of fossil fuels:
 Fuel is burned to heat water
 Steam from the boiling water spins turbines that power a generator
 Coal
 The higher the carbon content, the more cleanly and brilliantly the coal burns.
 Surface mining & underground mining
 States of Coal (lowest carbon content to highest)
 Lignite, bituminous, anthracite
HYDROELECTRIC
 Potential energy of water from higher elevation to lower elevation moving
spins the turbines
 Forebay is a storage area for water, must be deep enough, and penstock
should be submerged
 Water is to flow into the electricity generating system through the penstock
 Controlled high pressure water spins the turbines, allowing generator to
produce an electric current.
 Powerhouse contains and protects equipment for generating electricity.
 High pressure waters exits the system through draft tube.
Types of Hydroelectric Power Plants
 Micro Scale
 Smallest type of hydroelectric energy systems (less than
100KW)
 Small Scale
 can produce 100 – 30,000 kilowatts (kW) of electricity.
 may involve a small dam, or be a diversion of the main
stream, or be a run-of-the-river system.
 Large Scale
 capacity to produce more than 30,000 kilowatts (kW) of
electricity
Hydroelectric Power Plants Systems
Run-of-the-River Hydroelectric System
 System uses the river’s natural flow and requires little or no impoundment. It
may involve a diversion of a portion of the stream through a canal or penstock,
or it may involve placement of a turbine right in the stream channel. Run-of-the-
river systems are often low-head.

Impoundment Hydroelectric System

 The dam that holds water in a reservoir. The water is released when needed
through a penstock, to drive the turbine. Most large, high-head hydropower
facilities use impoundments.

Note: There are low-head and high head hydropower

systems, generally, low-head is less than 20 feet high.
SOLAR
 Directly converting sun rays into usable energy source using solar collectors or solar
panels
 Two ways solar can be converted to energy:
 Solar thermal applications – using energy of sun to directly heat air or liquid
 Photoelectric applications – use of photovoltaic cells to convert solar to electrical

Two types of Solar thermal collectors:

 Flat plate collector - contain absorber plates that use solar radiation to heat a carrier fluid,
either a liquid like oil or water, or air, (around 800C). (Residential applications).
 Concentrating collectors – larger scale applications such as air-conditioning, rays are
concentrated into one area by means of reflective mirrors. (higher temperature)

Photovoltaic Cells
 Depends on the semiconductor’s silicon content; low maintenance; remote applications
 Photovoltaic panel, generally, 40% efficiency
WIND
 Clean and cheap energy. (Relatively consistent wind-flow is required)
 Main cause of wind: difference in atmospheric pressure due to differences in
temperature, warm air rises over the colder air, thus, causing the wind to flow.
 Long blades or rotors catch the wind and spin. (rotors are placed atop of towers to take
advantage of stronger winds up high)
 Spinning movement leads to transformation of mechanical energy into electrical energy
through a generator
 Battery is also important, it serves as backup system to provide energy and can be a
storage of extra energy.
 Minimal speeds at which the winds need to blow are 8 miles per hour for small turbines and 13
miles per hour for large turbines.
 Ideally wind-powered generators can be conjucted into other renewable sources such as solar
which makes a hybrid power producing device. Windmill power plants are usually connected
into a utility grid, it serves as a supplement to other forms of energy because average wind
turbines only generates about 25% of the time which is also why a wind power plant have the so
called wind farm wherein many windmills were placed.
GEOTHERMAL
 Pressurized steam from superheated water beneath the earth’s surface
can be used to power turbines and thus generate electricity.
 It have limitations because geothermal vents are not widely available.
Artificial vents were being drilled in the ground to reach the hot rocks
below and then injected with water for production of steam.
 Most of the time, source of heat is far too deep.
OCEAN ENERGY
 Two source of energies from the ocean:
 Tidal energy
 Simplest generation of it involves a dam known as barrage, across an inlet. Sluice gates
on the barrage allow tidal basin to fill on the incoming high tides and to empty through
the turbine system on the outgoing tide, also known as ebb tide. It is a two way system
generating system (incoming and outgoing tides).
 Tidal barrages can change the tidal level in the basin and increase the turbidity in the
water.
 Tidal fences can also harness the energy of tides. It has vertical axis turbines mounted
in a fence. All water that passes is forced through the turbines. These turbines are like
the wind turbines but they are more expensive and heavier.
 Wave energy
 One way of harnessing wave energy is to bend or focus the waves into a narrow
channel, increasing their power and size. It can be channeled into a catch basin or use
directly to spin the turbine.
 Only few wave harnessing plants are there in the world, they have a potential of
producing energy for a small local community.
NUCLEAR ENERGY
 Nuclear fission
 Unstable atom splits into several smaller fragments or fission products, about
equal to half the original mass. The process also releases extra neutrons then split
additional atoms, resulting in a chain reaction that releases a lot of energy.
 Uranium is the element used as a fuel in nuclear power plants. Nowadays,
enriched uranium is commonly used. (enriched means there is an amount of
plutonium combined with uranium)
 Nuclear fusion
 It is a nuclear process, where energy is produced by smashing together light
atoms. Two or more atomic nuclei come close enough to form one or more
different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons and/or protons). The
difference in mass between the products and reactants is manifested as the
release of large amounts of energy. It is the opposite reaction to fission, where
heavy isotopes are split apart.
 Fusion energy, simply, is the exact opposite of fission energy, which comes from
splitting an atom and is widely used to power nuclear plants and weapons.
Comparison of energy sources
CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS BY THE
TYPE OF FUEL AND TYPE OF PRIME MOVER
INSTALLED
 BY FUEL
 In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine, which
transforms thermal energy, often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy
 Nuclear power plants use a nuclear reactor’s heat to operate a steam turbine
generator.
 Fossil fuel powered plants may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of
Natural gas fired plants may use a combustion turbine.
 Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks.
 Renewable energy plants may be fueled by waste from sugar cane, municipal solid
waste, landfill ethane, or other forms of biomass.
 In integrated steel mills, blast furnace exhaust gas is a low-cost, although low-energy-
density, fuel.
 Waste heat from industrial processes is occasionally concentrated enough to use for
power generation, usually in a steam boiler and turbine.
CLASSIFICATION OF POWER PLANTS BY THE
TYPE OF FUEL AND TYPE OF PRIME MOVER
INSTALLED
 BY PRIME MOVER
 Steam turbine plants use the pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a
turbine.
 Gas turbine plants use the heat from gases to directly operate the turbine. Natural-gas
fuelled turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply peak energy during periods
of high demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded plants.
 Combined cycle plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler and
steam turbine which use the exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce electricity. This
greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and most new base load power plants
are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas.
 Internal combustion reciprocating engines are used to provide power for isolated
communities and are frequently used for small cogeneration plants. Hospitals, office
buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup
power in case of a power outage. These are usually fueled by diesel oil, heavy oil, natural
gas and landfill gas.
 Microturbines, stirling engine and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low cost
solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water treatment
plants and waste gas from oil production.
Definitions:
FUEL:
is any substance, natural or artificial which upon combustion releases heat energy.
COMBUSTION:
chemical reaction in which certain elements of the fuel combined with oxygen causing
an increase in temperature of the gases
if oxidation proceeds so rapidly that light is emitted
(union of oxygen with combustible materials)
light or heat or both can be produced
OXIDATION:
reaction in which a substance combines with oxygen
e.g. Aluminum and oxide = Aluminum Oxide
FUELS
Classification of Fuels:
1. Solid Fuels
Coal, coke, wood, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shells, rice husks, and
briquetted fuels
2. Liquid Fuels
Crude petroleum and its distillates (gasoline, alcohol, kerosene, disel,
bunker and other fuel oils)
3. Gaseous Fuels
Natural gas, artificial gas, blast furnace gas, liquefied petroleum gas, methane,
acethylene, propane

4. Atomic Fuels
Natural uranium, thorium and artificially produce fuel like plutonium
Some properties of Fuels
1. Analysis of composition
a. Proximate Analysis – is an analysis of the composition of fuel which
gives on mass basis, the relative amounts of moisture content, volatile matter,
fixed carbon and ash.
b. Ultimate Analysis – is an analysis of the composition of fuel which
gives, on mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur ash and moisture
2. Heating value or Calorific Value
a. Higher heating Value or Gross Calorific Value – is the heating value
obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the liquid state.
b. Lower Heating Value or Net calorific Value – is the heating value
obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the vapor state.
Calorific value of fuels
• The amount of heat produced by the complete combustion of a unit weight of fuel

• The greater the calorific value, the larger its ability to produce heat
• For solid and liquid fuels, cal/gm or kcal/kg. For gaseous cal/litre or kcal/litre
Advantages of liquid fuels over solid
fuels
Advantages of solid fuels over liquid
fuels
Design of Power Plant

 Selection and placing of necessary power-generating

equipment
 Aim: maximum return from a minimum of expenditure over
the working life
 Operation of power plant
 Provide cheap, reliable and continuous service
Generating Stations/Power plants
 Prime mover coupled to an alternator for production of power
 Prime mover (steam/water turbines) converts energy from some other form
into mechanical energy.
 Alternator converts mechanical energy of the prime mover into electrical
energy.
 Electrical energy produced by the generating station is
transmitted and distribution thru conductors to the customers.
 For modern generating station, several auxiliary equipment and
instruments to ensure cheap, reliable and continuous service.
Types of Power plants according to their
Prime Mover
 Steam
 Reciprocating engines
 Turbines
 Hydraulic
 Impulse Wheel
 Reaction Wheel
 Propeller and Adjustable-blade-type Wheel
 Internal Combustion
 Oil, Diesel
 Gas
* Note: Thermal Powerplant – steam, diesel, gas turbine & nuclear
Types of Power plants according to their
Prime Mover
 Steam
 Reciprocating engines
 Rapidly disappearing from the use in power plant
 Accounts for lower economy with large floor space required
 High first cost
 Turbines
 Low first cost
 Low maintenance and attendance
 Economy of space and foundation
 Absence of oi in condensed steam
 Freedom from vibration
 Uniform angular velocity
 High efficiencies for large variation in load
Types of Power plants according to their
Prime Mover
 Hydraulic
 Impulse Wheel
 Suitable for very high heads
 Reaction Wheel
 Has much wider limit
 Applicable to a large class of developments
 Medium heads
 Propeller and Adjustable-blade-type Wheel
 Efficiencies are a little below those of the reaction wheel
 Developed to fill the demands of very low-head developments.
Types of Power plants according to their
Prime Mover
 Internal Combustion
 Oil, Diesel
 Adaptable to rather small power plants particularly those which have a very low load
factor.
 Diesel engine can be started up cold and loaded to its full capacity without any
appreciable drop inefficiency.
 They are used to a considerable extent in sections of the country where oil can be
obtained readily and cheaply.
 Maintenance and operating costs are very low compared to steam plants.
 Gas
 Limited to power plants supplying those industries which obtain gas as a by-product.
Classification of Power Plants
REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Law of Gases
1. Boyle’s Law
P1 V1 = P2 V2
2. Charles’ Law
V1 T2 = V2 T1
3. Gay Lusaac’s Law
P1 T2 = P2 T1

4. General Gas Law (Combined Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law)

P1 V1 T2 = P2 V2 T1
REVIEW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1. Isometric or Isochoric or Isovolumic Process
Is an internally reversible constant volume process of a working substance
2. Isobaric Process
is an internally reversible constant pressure process of a working
substance
3. Isothermal Process
is an internally reversible constant temperature process of a working substance
4. Isentropic Process (reversible adiabatic process)
is an internally reversible constant entropy process of a working substance
*Adiabatic process – reversible process in which there is no flow of heat between a
system and its surroundings
5. Polytropic Process
is an internally reversible process during which PVn = C, where n is constant
Internal Combustion Engine
is an engine where the generation of heat is effected inside the work producing unit.
*The combustor and the work producing unit are the same and the products of combustion
eventually become the working fluid. (e.g. gas, diesel)
1) Otto Cycle (Gasoline Engine) – Nicholas Otto
 Ideal or air-standard cycle for spark-ignition engine, commonly known as gasoline
engine.
 All spark ignition engines are designed for gasoline fuels.
 Constant Volume combustion cycle
Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression
Process 2 – 3: Isometric Heat Addition
Process 3 – 4: Isentropic Expansion
Process 4 – 1: Isometric Heat Rejection
Internal Combustion Engine
is an engine where the generation of heat is effected inside the work producing unit.
*The combustor and the work producing unit are the same and the products of combustion
eventually become the working fluid. (e.g. gas, diesel)
2) Diesel Cycle (Rudolf Diesel)
 Ideal or air-standard cycle for compression-ignition engine (Diesel Engine)
 Constant pressure combustion cycle
Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression
Process 2 – 3: Isobaric Heat Addition
Process 3 – 4: Isentropic Expansion
Process 4 – 1: Isometric Heat Rejection
Internal Combustion Engine
is an engine where the generation of heat is effected inside the work producing unit.
*The combustor and the work producing unit are the same and the products of combustion
eventually become the working fluid. (e.g. gas, diesel)
3) Dual Combustion Cycle
 Cycle with constant volume and constant pressure combustion cycle.
 Limited-pressure cycle
Process 1 – 2: Isentropic Compression
Process 2 – 3: Isometric Heat Addition
Process 3 – 4: Isobaric Heat Addition
Process 4 – 5: Isentropic Expansion
Process 5 – 1: Isometric Heat Rejection
TYPES OF POWERPLANT ACCORDING TO
USE/DEMAND
 Base Load Plant
 Plant that assumed load requirements under normal conditions.
 Regulating Plant
 Plant capable of carrying load for the time interval either during off-peak or peak
periods and usually responds to changes in system frequency.
 Peaking Plant
 Plant that is normally operated to provide power only during peak load periods.
 Reserve or Stand-by Plant
 For peak or system deficiencies
Types of Plant Reserves
 Cold Reserve
 Portion of the installed reserve kept in operable condition and available for
service but not for immediate loading
 Operating Reserve
 Refers to capacity in actual service in excess of peak load
 Hot Reserve
 Refers to units available, maintained at operating temperature and ready for
service although not in actual operation
 Spinning Reserve
 Generating capacity connected to the bus ready to take load.
STEAM
POWER
PLANT
A generating
station which
converts heat
energy of coal
combustion into
electrical
energy.
STEAM POWER PLANT
STEAM POWER PLANT
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. Coal and ash handling arrangement

2. Steam Generating plant Boiler
 Boiler
 Superheater
 Economizer
 Air preheater
3. Steam Turbine
4. Alternator
5. Feed Water
6. Cooling Arrangement

 About 50% to 60% of the total operating cost consists of fuel purchasing and its
handling
Choice of Site

1. Supply of fuel
2. Availability of water
3. Transportation facilities
4. Cost and type of land
5. Nearness to load centres
6. Distance from populated areas
EQUIPMENT
A modern steam power plant is highy complex and has numerous equipment and auxiliaries
1. Steam Generating Equipment
 Boiler - Water Tube Boiler - Fire Tube Boiler
 Boiler Furnace
 Superheater - Radiant Superheater - Convection Superheater
 Economizer
 Air preheater – Recuperative Type - Regenerative Type
2. Condensers
3. Prime Movers
 Impulse turbines
 Reaction Turbines
4. Water Treatment Plant
5. Electrical Equipment
 Alternators
 Transformers
 Switchgears
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. Reservoir
2. Dam
3. Surge tank
4. Valve House
5. Penstock
6. Power House
7. Tailrace/Tailwater
Choice of Site

1. Availability of water
2. Storage of water
3. Cost and type of land
4. Transportation Facilities
Constituents
1. Hydraulic Structures
 Dam
 Spillways
 Headworks
 Surge tanks
 Penstock

2. Water Turbines
 Impulse Turbines
 Reaction Turbines - Francis & Kaplan
3. Electrical Equipment
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
DEFINITIONS:
 Reservoir
stores the water coming from the upper river or water falls.
 Head Water
is the water in the reservoir
 Spillway
is a weir in the reservoir which discharges excess water so that the head of
the plant will be maintained
 Dam
is the concrete structure that encloses the reservoir
 Slit Sluice
is a chamber which collects the mud and through which the mud is
dischaged
 Valve
is a device that opens or closes the entrance of the water into the
penstock
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
DEFINITIONS:

 Trash Rack
is a screen which prevents the leaves, branches and other water
contaminants to enter into the penstock
 Penstock
is the channel that leads the water from the reservoir to the turbine
 Surge Chamber
is standpipe connected to the atmosphere and attached to the penstock
so that the water will be at atmospheric pressure.
 Generator
is a device that converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into
electrical energy.
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
DEFINITIONS:

 Hydraulic Turbine
is a device that converts the energy of water into mechanical energy.
 Tail Race
is channel which leads the water from the turbine to the tail water
 Tail Water
is the water that is discharged from the turbine
 Draft Tube
is a device that connects the turbine outlet to the tail water so that the
turbine can be set above the tailwater level.
Types of Hydraulic Turbines
1) Impulse Turbines
 Also known as Tangential Wheel or Pelton Wheel
 A turbine that utilizes kinetic energy of high velocity jet which acts upon
a small part of the circumference at an instant.
 Movement of the water is tangential
 Suited for (very) high head plants (150 m and above) & low volume of
water
 No exact value for critical head, hence heads are given in range.
 Has no draft tube.
 Typical turbine efficiencies are in the range of 80% to 90%
 Higher efficiencies are associated with turbines having two or more
runners.
Types of Hydraulic Turbines
2) Reaction Turbines
 A turbine which develops power from the combined action of pressure and
velocity of the water that completely fills the runner and the water
passages.
 Movement of water for reaction turbines can bee radial for Francis type
and axial for Propeller/Kaplan type.
 Reaction turbine has draft tube which keeps the turbines up to 5 m (15ft)
above the tailwater.
 Reaction turbines’ conversion efficiency is usually higher than that of
impulse turbine.
 Reaction turbines’ conversion efficiency is about 85% to 95%
Types of Reaction Turbines
A. Francis Type
 For medium head
 James B. Francis of California who developed such turbine type for which
conversion efficiency in range of 90 to 94%
 Movement is radial
B. Propeller & Kaplan Type Reaction Turbines
 For very low head
 Propeller (Fixed Blade) – a type of reaction turbine with reduced number of fixed
blades. The flow is inward flow axial. Suited for low head plant and has usual
conversion efficiency is 80%.
 Kaplan (Adjustable Blade) – a type of reaction turbine with a movable blades. The
flow is inward flow axial. Suited for low headed and large volume flow of water
and usual conversion efficiency of more or less 93%.
 Movement is axial
DIESEL POWER PLANT
A generating station in which diesel engine is used as the prime mover for
the generation of electrical energy.
*Diesel engine is an excellent prime mover for electric power generation in
capacities of 101 to 5070 HP. These are widely used in hotels, utility companies,
municipalities and private industries.
DIESEL POWER PLANT
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. Diesel generator set (Stationary diesel engine)

2. Fuel supply system
3. Air intake system
4. Exhaust system
5. Cooling system
6. Lubricating system
7. Engine starting system
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
A generating station which employs gas turbine as the prime mover for the
generation of electrical energy.
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
SCHEMATIC ARRANGEMENT

1. Compressor
2. Regenerator
3. Combustion chamber
4. Gas turbine
5. Alternator
6. Starting motor
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
Is the facility in which the electrical energy is produced from hot spring,
steam vent or geyser.
Geothermal energy – is heat energy naturally occurring with the earth. It
comes from two words “geo” meaning earth and “thermal” meaning concerning
heat.

DEFINITIONS:

 Magma
A molten metal within the earth which is basically nickel-iron in
composition whose stored energy heats the surrounding water thereby producing
steam or hot water. Its temperature reaches as high as 1200oC.
 Well-bore product
The effluent coming out from the geothermal well produced after
drilling. This can be purely steam or hot water, or a mixture of both.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
DEFINITIONS:

 Steam-dominated geothermal field

Refers to a geothermal plant with its well producing all steam as the
well-bore product
 Liquid-dominated geothermal field
Refers to a geothermal plant in which the well-bore product is
practically all hot water (pressurized)
 Fumarole
is a crack in the earth through which geothermal substance passes.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
SOURCES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:

1) Hydrothermal Fluids
- Basically made up of hot water, steam and minerals. It is the only form of energy
currently being tapped for significant commercial heat and electric energy supply.
2) Geopressurized Brines
- Represent a special subset of hydrothermal fluids typically found at depths
exceeding 3 km and is characterized as hot water existing at pressures above the
normal hydrostatic gradient and containing dissolved methane.
3) Hot Dry Rock
- Is a water free, impermeable rock at high temperature and practically drilling depth
to extract energy, high pressure water maybe injected through one or more wells to
create new or to enhance existing natural fracture system with limited access to
ground water flow.
4) Magma
- Is characterized by or partially molten rock with temperatures reaching as high as
1200 degree Celsius
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

1) Dry or Superheated Geothermal Plant

- The Geothermal source is vapor dominated where steam directly runs the turbine.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

2) Separated Steam or “Single Flashed Geothermal Power Plant”

- The geothermal source is hot water dominated which employs the use of steam
separator that re-injects hot water of the steam that goes to the turbine.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

3) Separated Steam/Hot-Water-Flash or “Double Flash Geothermal Power

Plant”
- A flasher is employed and located at the hot water end of the steam separator
whose purpose is to further extract the steam which were not extracted in the
separator and such steam is then directed to the turbine’s low pressure side.
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

4) Single Flashed Plant with Pumped Wells

- This employs down-hole pump in production wells for better steam recovery
GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
TYPES OF GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

5) Binary Geothermal Plant

- This uses two working fluids, one is the steam from the production well, the other
is feedwater where the heat exchanger serves the function of the boiler.