COURSE TITLE:-

COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOY

TOPIC:-

SCHEMA ABOUT RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

COURSE CODE:-

312

SUBMITTED BY:-

Mahnoor(22017111-022)

SUBMITTED TO:-

SIR NABEEL

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SCIENCE

 Table of Content

Title ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1

Introduction--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Characteristics------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4

Assimilation and Accomodation----------------------------------------------------------------- 5

Schema,Racial Discrimination------------------------------------------------------------------- 6

Victimisation and Health Issues------------------------------------------------------------------ 7

Modification----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8

Suggestions------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 9

Conclusion------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10

References-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
Introduction:
Definition Of Schema:
By C Nickerson,A schema is a knowledge structure that allows organisms to interpret and

understand the world around them. Schemata are a method of organizing information that

allows the brain to work more efficiently. A schema is a mental concept that informs a person

about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations. A collection of basic

knowledge about a concept or entity that serves as a guide to perception, interpretation,

imagination, or problem solving. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development put the concept at

the forefront in cognitive science.

Schema theory is a branch of cognitive science concerned with how the brain structures

knowledge. Schema is an organized unit of knowledge for a subject or event based on past

experience.Individuals access schema to guide current understanding and action (Pankin,

2013). For example, a student’s self-schema of being intelligent may have formed due to past

experiences of teachers praising the student’s work and influencing the student to have

studious habits.

Historical Background:

. F.C. Bartlett, in his book, Remembering (1932), was the first to write extensively about

schemas in the context of procedural memory. Procedural memory is a part of long-term

memory responsible for organisms knowing how to control their bodies in certain ways in

order to accomplish certain tasks, also known as motor skills.The Swiss psychologist, Jean

Piaget, best known for his work on child development, was the first to create a cognitive

development theory which included schemas.

Piaget (1976) saw schemas as mental structures alterable by new information. In Piaget’s

theory, new information can be added or assimilated into current schemas — ideas that

people have about how the world functions.

new information that cannot be integrated into an organism’s current schemas can create

cognitive dissonance. When this happens, the schemas must change to accommodate new

information.

Characteristics:
Definition highlights several important features of schemas as noted by Rumelhart (1984):

Schemas have variables,

Schemas can be embedded, one within another,

Schemas represent knowledge at all levels of abstraction,

Schemas represent knowledge rather than definitions,

Schemas are active processes,

Schemas are recognition devices whose processing is aimed at evaluating how well new
information fits into itself.
Assimilation:
Piaget argued children and adults have schemas that dictate their behavior. A schema is the

processing of knowledge and the understanding of how and why the world works the way it

does. Assimilation is taking in new information from the world and applying it to existing

schemas. An example of assimilation would be a child implementing a social rule at school

that is not a social rule at home. For example, child who speaks more than one language. The

child understands and speaks the first language at home, the one they learned from their

parents. The child learns a different language and a different way of communicating at

school. The social rule of the child's family unit would be for the child to speak their native

language at home. This is assimilation because the child aligns the two mental schemas of the

two languages and speakseach one at the appropriate time in the two different social settings,

at home and at school.

Accomodation:

Accommodation is when someone takes existing ideas and changes them into ideas which

more correctly fit the situation. For example, a child might believe in mythical characters that

are part of their culture around holidays and use these stories of the mythical characters to

value holidays. When the child learns the mythical characters are not real, and they still find a

way to value the cultural holiday (or not value it), this would be an example of the

accommodation.
Schema:

Racial Discrimination:

Racial discrimination is any discrimination against any individual on the basis of their skin

color, race or ethnic origin. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with,

socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group.

Equality Act:

The Equality Act 2010 says you must not be discriminated against because of your race.

In the Equality Act, race can mean your colour, or your nationality (including your

citizenship). It can also mean your ethnic or national origins, which may not be the same as

your current nationality. For example, you may have Chinese national origins and be living in

Britain with a British passport.

Race also covers ethnic and racial groups. This means a group of people who all share the

same protected characteristic of ethnicity or race.

Harassment:

Harassment occurs when someone makes you feel humiliated, offended or degraded.

Harassment can include, for example, racial slurs, offensive or derogatory remarks about a

person's race or color, or the display of racially-offensive symbols.

Although the law doesn't prohibit simple teasing, offhand comments, or isolated incidents

that are not very serious, harassment is illegal when it is so frequent or severe that it creates a

hostile or offensive work environment or when it results in an adverse employment decision.

Victimisation:

When you are treated badly because you have made a complaint of race related

discrimination under the Equality Act. It can also occur if you are supporting someone who

has made a complaint of race related discrimination.

For example:

The young man wants to make a formal complaint about his treatment. His manager

threatens to sack him unless he drops the complaint.

Health Issues:

Racism had huge mental health impacts on young people who experience it, including:

 ongoing feelings of sadness, anger, depression and being left out.

 headaches, increased heart rate, sweating, trembling and muscle tension.

 a constant fear of being verbally or physically attacked.

 not wanting to go to school.

 having little or no trust in anybody apart from family.

―Racism makes me question myself and why things have to be this way . I wondered one

day what it would be like to be white and how much better life would probably be. That

was a low point.‖

Modification:

New information that falls within an individual's schema is easily remembered and

incorporated into their worldview. However, when new information is perceived that does

not fit a schema, many things can happen. One of the most common reactions is for a

person to simply ignore or quickly forget the new information they acquired.[28] This can

happen on an unconscious level— meaning, unintentionally an individual may not even

perceive the new information. People may also interpret the new information in a way

that minimizes how much they must change their schemata. For example, Bob thinks that

chickens don't lay eggs. He then sees a chicken laying an egg. Instead of changing the

part of his schema that says "chickens don't lay eggs", he is likely to adopt the belief that

the animal in question that he has just seen laying an egg is not a real chicken. This is an

example of disconfirmation bias, the tendency to set higher standards for evidence that

contradicts one's expectations.This is also known as cognitive dissonance. However,

when the new information cannot be ignored, existing schemata must be changed or new

schemata must be created.

Piaget suggested that we grow intellectually by adjusting our schemas when new

information comes from the world around us. Schemas tend to be easier to change during

childhood but can become increasingly rigid and difficult to modify as people grow older.

Schemas will often persist even when people are presented with evidence that contradicts

their beliefs.In many cases, people will only begin to slowly change their schemas when

inundated with a continual barrage of evidence pointing to the need to modify it..
 Suggestions:

 We should focus on core values,strength which can motivate people to succeed.

 We should help ourself and think carefully.

 Challenge and face racist discrimination.

 Report discrimination content,inequality and injustice.

 Cut poverty among society.

 Expand health coverage and access to care.

 Laws have been used to work against discrimination.

 Treat equally beyond the racial discrimination,inequality and injustice because we all are

equals.

 Educate yourself. Education is the best way to overcome these discriminations.

 Raising awareness through education can help addresshealth equity.improving resource

coordination can also help populations most harmed by ealth disparities.

Conclusion:

We can stop discrimination by not judging people by how they look.If someone is different it

doesnot mean they should be treated differently.

If someone having different thoughts,ideas and views ,it doesnot mean we should treat them

different.Everyone have their own point of view and thinking way , so we should respect

everyones view and decisions.

Every people have equal rigts to treat them equally and with justice according to laws.We

should treat every person equally and respect them eyond their color,dress,hair,looks

and race .

A complete strategy to prevent and addresshuman rights issues should include anti-

harassment and anti-discrimination policies

The effects of discrimination can have a damaging impact on the victim. Aside from

increased stress, it can also cause anxiety disorders, depression, substance abuse problems,

reduced self-esteem, loss of self-control, anger management problems and suicidal thoughts

and attempts.So,we should overome the discrimination.

.
References:

https://www.simplepsychology.org/what-is-schema

https://www.study.com/academy/lesson/assimilation and accomodation.html

hhtps://www.thoughtco.com/social-sciences/psychology

https://www.verywellmind.com/schema-2795873#toc-how–schemas-modify

https://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/schema-psychology