TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
1. There are many habits I’ve gained
while working from home: snacking when
desired, taking the dog for a midmorning
walk, talking to myself and settling in for a
daily nap. That last one will be especially
painful to give up if or when I return to an
office; my naps have become essential
downtime that act as afternoon pick-me-
ups. Why do my naps feel so needed and
so revitalising? And will I have to live
without?
There are two biological processes
that contribute to daily drowsiness, says
Sara Mednick, a professor of cognitive
science at the University of California at
Irvine and author of Take a Nap! Change
Your Life.
The first system is the circadian: It
prompts you to stay awake when it’s light
out and asleep when it’s dark. In the
middle of the day, it causes the hormone
cortisol to start decreasing from its
morning high and your core body
temperature to slightly dip; losing heat
helps you fall and stay asleep. The second
is the homeostatic: It makes you sleepier
the longer you’ve been awake. As the day
progresses, it continually increases your
“sleep pressure,” causing you to have a
growing need for sleep. Together, at
midday, these create “kind of a perfect
storm that makes people tired,” Mednick
says.
For many people who are sleep-
deprived, a short shut-eye session is the
ticket, Mednick says. “Your mood gets
better, your creativity, your perceptual
processing, your memory processing.”
Mednick has found that nappers
perform as well on a pattern-recognition
task as people who have slept overnight.
She has found that naps enhance creative
problem-solving. Naps can boost and
restore brain power. Toddlers who nap
express more joy. Adults nappers can
tolerate frustration longer and feel less
impulsive. Naps may help protect older
people from cognitive decline and
dementia. Runners can use naps to
improve endurance. People who nap once
or twice a week have a lower risk of
cardiovascular disease. Memory is better
after a nap. 1ndo n it goes.
Source: washingtonpost.com
What can we conclude from the effects of
taking a nap discussed in paragraph 5?
A. The effects of napping include both
psychological and physiological
advantages.
B. If done correctly, napping can have a
huge range of health benefits.
C. Taking a nap does not only help with
metabolism, but also with mood
regulation.
D. Children are more affected by naps
than adults are.
E. The advantages of napping for the
human brain are its most significant
effects.
2. There are many habits I’ve gained
while working from home: snacking when
desired, taking the dog for a midmorning
walk, talking to myself and settling in for a
daily nap. That last one will be especially
painful to give up if or when I return to an
office; my naps have become essential
downtime that act as afternoon pick-me-
ups. Why do my naps feel so needed and
so revitalising? And will I have to live
without?
There are two biological processes
that contribute to daily drowsiness, says
Sara Mednick, a professor of cognitive
science at the University of California at
Irvine and author of Take a Nap! Change
Your Life.
The first system is the circadian: It
prompts you to stay awake when it’s light
out and asleep when it’s dark. In the
middle of the day, it causes the hormone
cortisol to start decreasing from its
morning high and your core body
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
temperature to slightly dip; losing heat
helps you fall and stay asleep. The second
is the homeostatic: It makes you sleepier
the longer you’ve been awake. As the day
progresses, it continually increases your
“sleep pressure,” causing you to have a
growing need for sleep. Together, at
midday, these create “kind of a perfect
storm that makes people tired,” Mednick
says.
For many people who are sleep-
deprived, a short shut-eye session is the
ticket, Mednick says. “Your mood gets
better, your creativity, your perceptual
processing, your memory processing.”
Mednick has found that nappers
perform as well on a pattern-recognition
task as people who have slept overnight.
She has found that naps enhance creative
problem-solving. Naps can boost and
restore brain power. Toddlers who nap
express more joy. Adults nappers can
tolerate frustration longer and feel less
impulsive. Naps may help protect older
people from cognitive decline and
dementia. Runners can use naps to
improve endurance. People who nap once
or twice a week have a lower risk of
cardiovascular disease. Memory is better
after a nap. 2ndo n it goes.
Source: washingtonpost.com
The author uses the word ‘daily’ in the
2nd paragraph mainly to….
A. demonstrate the intensity of
drowsiness
B. put forward an idea about drowsiness
C. emphasize the importance of the
word drowsiness
D. show that the drowsiness must occur
everyday
E. indicate which specific drowsiness
3. There are many habits I’ve gained
while working from home: snacking when
desired, taking the dog for a midmorning
walk, talking to myself and settling in for a
daily nap. That last one will be especially
painful to give up if or when I return to an
office; my naps have become essential
downtime that act as afternoon pick-me-
ups. Why do my naps feel so needed and
so revitalising? And will I have to live
without?
There are two biological processes
that contribute to daily drowsiness, says
Sara Mednick, a professor of cognitive
science at the University of California at
Irvine and author of Take a Nap! Change
Your Life.
The first system is the circadian: It
prompts you to stay awake when it’s light
out and asleep when it’s dark. In the
middle of the day, it causes the hormone
cortisol to start decreasing from its
morning high and your core body
temperature to slightly dip; losing heat
helps you fall and stay asleep. The second
is the homeostatic: It makes you sleepier
the longer you’ve been awake. As the day
progresses, it continually increases your
“sleep pressure,” causing you to have a
growing need for sleep. Together, at
midday, these create “kind of a perfect
storm that makes people tired,” Mednick
says.
For many people who are sleep-
deprived, a short shut-eye session is the
ticket, Mednick says. “Your mood gets
better, your creativity, your perceptual
processing, your memory processing.”
Mednick has found that nappers
perform as well on a pattern-recognition
task as people who have slept overnight.
She has found that naps enhance creative
problem-solving. Naps can boost and
restore brain power. Toddlers who nap
express more joy. Adults nappers can
tolerate frustration longer and feel less
impulsive. Naps may help protect older
people from cognitive decline and
dementia. Runners can use naps to
improve endurance. People who nap once
or twice a week have a lower risk of
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
cardiovascular disease. Memory is better
after a nap. 3ndo n it goes.
Source: washingtonpost.com
What do the processes in paragraph 3 tell
us about our body?
A. The sleep pressure is one of our
body’s weaknesses.
B. Sleep is a relaxing mechanism of the
brain.
C. The body regulates sleep through
biological processes.
D. There are two ways for our body to
take a nap.
E. We can control the body’s need for
sleep in two days.
4. There are many habits I’ve gained
while working from home: snacking when
desired, taking the dog for a midmorning
walk, talking to myself and settling in for a
daily nap. That last one will be especially
painful to give up if or when I return to an
office; my naps have become essential
downtime that act as afternoon pick-me-
ups. Why do my naps feel so needed and
so revitalising? And will I have to live
without?
There are two biological processes
that contribute to daily drowsiness, says
Sara Mednick, a professor of cognitive
science at the University of California at
Irvine and author of Take a Nap! Change
Your Life.
The first system is the circadian: It
prompts you to stay awake when it’s light
out and asleep when it’s dark. In the
middle of the day, it causes the hormone
cortisol to start decreasing from its
morning high and your core body
temperature to slightly dip; losing heat
helps you fall and stay asleep. The second
is the homeostatic: It makes you sleepier
the longer you’ve been awake. As the day
progresses, it continually increases your
“sleep pressure,” causing you to have a
growing need for sleep. Together, at
midday, these create “kind of a perfect
storm that makes people tired,” Mednick
says.
For many people who are sleep-
deprived, a short shut-eye session is the
ticket, Mednick says. “Your mood gets
better, your creativity, your perceptual
processing, your memory processing.”
Mednick has found that nappers
perform as well on a pattern-recognition
task as people who have slept overnight.
She has found that naps enhance creative
problem-solving. Naps can boost and
restore brain power. Toddlers who nap
express more joy. Adults nappers can
tolerate frustration longer and feel less
impulsive. Naps may help protect older
people from cognitive decline and
dementia. Runners can use naps to
improve endurance. People who nap once
or twice a week have a lower risk of
cardiovascular disease. Memory is better
after a nap. 3ndo n it goes.
Source: washingtonpost.com
Which question is answered by paragraph
5?
A. Why do many people take naps?
B. What are the benefits of naps?
C. What are the drawbacks of taking
naps?
D. What makes naps better than
sleeping overnight?
E. Why does our body need naps?
5. A complete skeleton of a 19- or
20-year-old Homo sapiens was found
during 2020 excavations at a site called
Liang Tebo, in remote Sangkulirang-
Mangkalihat region of eastern
Kalimantan. Early human remains are
scarce in the region, and the researchers
involved in this study suggest this may be
the oldest known burial of a modern
human that has ever been found in the
region’s islands. During the dig, the find
took on a whole new level of intrigue as
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
the team discovered that the skeleton’s
lower leg was entirely missing. The limb
had been not broken or smashed, but
cleanly removed, and the archaeologists
found unusual bony overgrowth on the
remaining fragments of the tibia and
fibula. That overgrowth matched
overgrowth seen in modern clinical cases
of amputations.
Further investigations showed
that the bone developed atrophy,
indicating the part of the limb that
remained was a stump with limited use.
Investigations into this remodeling of
bone structure showed some six to nine
years of such changes. “This confirms that
the surgery was not fatal, not infected
and likely occurred during late childhood,”
says Tim Maloney, who specializes in the
archaeology of Borneo at Griffith
University, in Australia, and co-authored
the study.
To perform a successful
operation, prehistoric surgeons must have
had knowledge of anatomy. They sliced
through not only bone but muscles, veins
and nerves in such a way that the patient
didn’t bleed to death or go into a fatal
state of shock. Their scalpels were likely
the flaked lithic edges common to the era:
a stone called chert, which can produce
extremely sharp edges. Afterwards the
surgeons may have employed a
tourniquet or cauterizing, though neither
would leave clear evidence on the
skeleton and so remain unknown
possibilities.
What seems certain, however, is
that the patient enjoyed a considerable
level of post-op care. “It is highly unlikely
that this individual could have survived
the procedure without intensive nursing
care, including blood loss and shock
management, and regular wound
cleaning,” Maloney notes. He believes the
successful operation implies that the
community also had some understanding
of antiseptic and antimicrobial
management to prevent fatal infection. In
this, their foraging lifestyle and forest
environment might have proved to be
advantages.
Source: smithsonianmag.com (with
modifications)
Which information indicates the
assertion that the early human survived
the suggested amputation?
A. The skeleton does not include a lower
leg part.
B. The bone of the amputated leg shrunk
in size.
C. The amputated part was cleanly
removed.
D. The remaining part of the leg shows
no signs of infection.
E. There could have been a post-op care.
6. A complete skeleton of a 19- or
20-year-old Homo sapiens was found
during 2020 excavations at a site called
Liang Tebo, in remote Sangkulirang-
Mangkalihat region of eastern
Kalimantan. Early human remains are
scarce in the region, and the researchers
involved in this study suggest this may be
the oldest known burial of a modern
human that has ever been found in the
region’s islands. During the dig, the find
took on a whole new level of intrigue as
the team discovered that the skeleton’s
lower leg was entirely missing. The limb
had been not broken or smashed, but
cleanly removed, and the archaeologists
found unusual bony overgrowth on the
remaining fragments of the tibia and
fibula. That overgrowth matched
overgrowth seen in modern clinical cases
of amputations.
Further investigations showed
that the bone developed atrophy,
indicating the part of the limb that
remained was a stump with limited use.
Investigations into this remodeling of
bone structure showed some six to nine
years of such changes. “This confirms that
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
the surgery was not fatal, not infected
and likely occurred during late childhood,”
says Tim Maloney, who specializes in the
archaeology of Borneo at Griffith
University, in Australia, and co-authored
the study.
To perform a successful
operation, prehistoric surgeons must have
had knowledge of anatomy. They sliced
through not only bone but muscles, veins
and nerves in such a way that the patient
didn’t bleed to death or go into a fatal
state of shock. Their scalpels were likely
the flaked lithic edges common to the era:
a stone called chert, which can produce
extremely sharp edges. Afterwards the
surgeons may have employed a
tourniquet or cauterizing, though neither
would leave clear evidence on the
skeleton and so remain unknown
possibilities.
What seems certain, however, is
that the patient enjoyed a considerable
level of post-op care. “It is highly unlikely
that this individual could have survived
the procedure without intensive nursing
care, including blood loss and shock
management, and regular wound
cleaning,” Maloney notes. He believes the
successful operation implies that the
community also had some understanding
of antiseptic and antimicrobial
management to prevent fatal infection. In
this, their foraging lifestyle and forest
environment might have proved to be
advantages.
Source: smithsonianmag.com (with
modifications)
What is the significance of the expression
“the find took on a whole new level of
intrigue”?
A. To emphasize the importance of the
information that follows
B. To provide an example for the
findings of the early human remains
in Liang Tebo
C. To elaborate the finding of the oldest
modern human burial site
D. To introduce the information about
the finding of an advanced surgery
method
E. To introduce the comparison between
early and modern methods of
amputation
7. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Putting people in isolated cells
damages their brain.
B. Possession of power and control
alters human behavior.
C. People enjoy pleasure from others’
stress and anxiety.
D. The researchers had planned the
outcome of the experiment.
E. Money incentives don’t help people
to endure torture.
8. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
What is the main idea of paragraph 4?
A. The experiment was stopped early
due to dangerous reactions of the
participants.
B. Prison guards will always be hostile
toward prisoners.
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
C. The researchers had already predicted
how the guards and prisoners would
behave.
D. The guards and prisoners showed
wholesome behavior towards each
other.
E. The experiment was stopped because
it did not produce the desired results.
9. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
What can be concluded from the behavior
of the participants?
A. Their behavior was influenced by the
situation they were put into.
B. Both the guards' and the prisoners'
behavior took an unexpected turn.
C. The participants are well-adjusted to
their new environment.
D. The prisoners had a hard time
developing an assertive behavior.
E. The guards' unpredictable behavior
was probably brought on by past
trauma.
10. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
The sentence “... the interactions were
hostile or even dehumanizing” implies ....
A. the isolated condition of prisoners
was dangerous for their mental health
B. the prisoners rebelled and started
attacking the guards
C. the guards became aggressive and
abusive toward the prisoners
D. both the guards and the prisoners felt
depressed and anxious
E. the guards started to sympathize
more with the prisoners
11. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
If we were to add a beginning paragraph
preceding the text, what would it most
likely talk about?
A. The researchers’ academic credentials
B. The psychology faculty of Stanford
University
C. The selection of the volunteers
D. The background of the experiment
E. The mechanism of the experiment
12. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
Which of the following is true about the
experiment?
A. The participants must be free of
criminal records and not have any
health issues.
B. The guards were divided into three
teams that worked eight-hour shifts.
C. The experiment was cancelled not
even halfway ot the intial schedule.
D. The prisoners started to get abusive
due to the excessive freedom they
had.
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
E. The researchers doing the experiment
used the volunteer guards to observe
the prisoners.
13. The researchers set up a mock
prison in the basement of Stanford
University's psychology building and then
selected 24 undergraduate students--with
no criminal background, lacked
psychological issues, and had no significant
medical conditions--to play the roles of
both prisoners and guards. The volunteers
agreed to participate during a one to two-
week period in exchange for $15 a day.
The simulated prison included
three six by nine-foot prison cells. Each cell
held three prisoners and included three
cots. Other rooms across from the cells
were utilized for the jail guards and
warden. One tiny space was designated as
the solitary confinement room, and yet
another small room served as the prison
yard.
The 24 volunteers were then
randomly assigned to either the prisoner
group or the guard group. Prisoners were
to remain in the mock prison 24-hours a
day during the study. Guards were
assigned to work in three-man teams for
eight-hour shifts. After each shift, guards
were allowed to return to their homes
until their next shift. Researchers were
able to observe the behavior of the
prisoners and guards using hidden
cameras and microphones.
While the Stanford Prison
Experiment was originally slated to last 14
days, it had to be stopped after just six due
to what was happening to the student
participants. The guards became abusive,
and the prisoners began to show signs of
extreme stress and anxiety. While the
prisoners and guards were allowed to
interact in any way they wanted, the
interactions were hostile or even
dehumanizing. Five of the prisoners began
to experience severe negative emotions,
including crying and acute anxiety and had
to be released from the study early.
According to Zimbardo and his
colleagues, because the guards were given
total freedom, they began to behave in
ways they would not usually act in their
everyday lives or other situations. The
prisoners, placed in a situation where they
had no real control, became passive and
depressed.
Source: verywellmind.com (with
modifications)
The experiment involved volunteers who
_______ to take part as guards and
prisoners in exchange for money.
Which of the following best fills the
blank?
A. Consented
B. Yielded
C. Dissented
D. Abided
E. Obeyed
14. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.
source: bbc.com
People often mistakenly classify coffee as
a type of plant to which peanuts,
chickpeas or lentils belong. Is this
statement supported by the passage?
Which information can prove it?
A. Supported, the passage mentions that
coffee is grown in Ethiopia, a place
where the other plants are mentioned
to not grow in.
B. Supported, the passage states that
coffee is not a legume, unlike the other
plants which fit the definition of the
word.
C. Not supported, the passage mentions
how coffee was spread to the
westerners through the Middle East,
same as the other plants.
D. Not supported, coffee was stated to be
able to reduce someone’s risk of dying
from heart problems, much like the
other plants.
E. Supported, it is mentioned that coffee
is beguiling, whis is a quality the other
plants are not exactly known for.
15. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.
source: bbc.com
Which of the following statements is
incorrect about coffee based on the text?
A. China is gradually becoming an
emergin market for coffee.
B. Coffee became more popular in the
western world thanks to the Yemeni
Sufis that drank coffee outside Africa.
C. How coffee first got produced and
consumed outside Ethiopia is still a
question yet to be answered.
D. Coffee can prevent us from getting
some dangerous diseases such as
diabetes.
E. Coffee had come out of Africa even
before the westerners found out
about it.
16. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.
source: bbc.com
Which sentence below is the best fit for
the blank in paragraph three?
A. Many businesses grew out of these
specialized coffee houses.
B. The early drinkers were firm believers
in its medicinal properties.
C. Not only did the patrons drink coffee
and engage in conversation, but they
also listened to music, watched
performers, played chess and kept
current on the news.
D. Coffee began to replace the common
breakfast drink beverages of the time
— beer and wine.
E. Missionaries and travelers, traders and
colonists continued to carry coffee
seeds to new lands, and coffee trees
were planted worldwide.
17. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.
source: bbc.com
“Coffee was first spread and consumed
outside of Ethiopia by the sufis in Yemen.”
Is it possible to dispute this statement
using information mentioned in the
passage?
A. Yes, since it’s mentioned that the
Middle East and Ottoman Empire also
contributed to its spread.
B. Yes, as it is stated that the Oromo
people were the first to discover the
benefits of coffee.
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
C. No, as it is especially stressed how the
historic records indicated that they
were the first drinkers of coffee.
D. No, because all other peoples
mentioned in the passage started
consuming coffee after the Sufis.
E. Yes, since it is hinted that there exist
mixed accounts about how coffee
spread outside of Africa.
18. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.
source: bbc.com
If coffee houses ______ to the middle east
and Ottoman Empire, Western traders
probably wouldn’t have brought coffee
back home.
A. Didn’t spread
B. Hadn’t spread
C. Wouldn’t spread
D. Wouldn’t have spread
E. Were not spread
19. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.
source: bbc.com
“More than two billion cups of coffee are
drunk every day and for many, working life
would feel impossible without it.”
What meaning does the modal ‘would’
carry in this context?
A. it shows a possibility
B. it shows a request
C. it shows a habit in the past
D. it shows a hypothetical situation
E. it shows a wish
20. More than two billion cups of
coffee are drunk every day and for many,
working life would feel impossible without
it. As traditionally tea-drinking countries
like China are seduced by coffee’s charms,
it may soon become the world’s favourite
drink. What is driving this insatiable thirst,
and how has the beverage come to
conquer the world? Coffee’s story starts in
the lush highlands of Ethiopia, the natural
homeland of the delicate Coffee arabica
plant. Although they are called “coffee
beans”, the plant is not a legume, and the
fruits of the coffee tree look more like
cherries when they are first picked. The
seeds inside are extracted and dried
before the process of roasting turns them
into the hard, nutty nodules we feed into
our grinders.
The Oromo people from Ethiopia
are thought to have been the first to have
noticed the stimulating effects of these
“beans”, and coffee still remains an
important element of their traditional
cuisine. Exactly how and when it spread
beyond Ethiopia is still the subject of many
legends, but the available historic records
suggest that the Sufis of Yemen were the
first truly devoted drinkers outside Africa
in the Middle Ages. Its caffeine helped
them to continue their practices late into
the night, while the roasting of the bean
was apparently taken as an analogy for the
transcendence of the human soul.
Coffee houses soon spread across
the Middle East and the Ottoman Empire,
where they caught the attention of
Western traders, who took the beguiling
drink back to their home countries in the
17th Century. (...). One newspaper advert
in 1657 described the drink as “having
many excellent virtues, closes the orifice of
the stomach, fortifies the heart within,
helps digestion, brights up the spirit.”
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
Some studies suggest that coffee
can offer some protection from certain
common diseases. A recent review of the
evidence by Susanna Larsson at the
Karolinska Institute in Sweden found that
each cup of coffee per day is associated
with a 6% reduction in the risk of type 2
diabetes. Laura Van Dongen at
Wageningen University, meanwhile, has
found that regular coffee drinkers were at
least 20% less likely to die from heart
disease.

source: bbc.com

According to the passage, coffee is proven

to have many _____ including association
with lower risk of getting diabetes and
death from heart diseases.

Which one is the best fit to fill the blank?

A. Perks
B. Gratifications
C. Comforts
D. Welfares
E. Conveniences
TO UTBK #5 Zenius
Literasi Bahasa Inggris
Kunci Jawaban
1. A
2. E
3. C
4. B
5. B
6. A
7. B
8. A
9. A
10. C
11. D
12. C
13. A
14. B
15. B
16. B
17. E
18. B
19. D
20. A