Text 1 is for number 1-5

While company layoffs often appear, at first glance, to be the most decisive and effective method by
which a business can save money and recover costs, they provide only a short-term solution to a company’s
problems and may prove to be detrimental to a company in the long-term. The costs of downsizing can
sometimes outweigh its benefits. Evidence repeatedly suggests that layoffs rarely reduce a company’s costs
by as much as expected and that layoffs can significantly reduce a company’s performance. This can often
lead to reduced stock values and insecurity among shareholders.
Employers, looking at salaries as strictly a budget item, may forget that employees are not merely an
expense, but a long-term investment. Wages can be better understood as payments into an employee’s
capital of skill and commitment. The announcement of a round of layoffs can undermine this important
investment. Layoffs not only affect those low-performing employees whose jobs have been cut, but they
also create an atmosphere of uncertainty, which causes others to leave. Layoffs can therefore lead to a
reduction in the quality and productivity of the overall staff.
If a reduction in payroll expenses does not already seem to be eclipsed by the reduction in
performance, also consider the possible affect that this might have on shareholder morale. Layoffs
communicate to the stockholders that a company is in severe crisis. They can therefore lead to a decline in
stock value which often, in turn, compounds the very problem that the layoffs sought to resolve.

1. What is this text mainly about ?

(A) the importance of budget analysis 4. According to the text, which of the following is
(B) the negative effects of downsizing staff least important to the overall success of a
(C) the best way for companies to increase business ?
stock value (A) employee commitment
(D) the various factors that contribute to (B) payroll expenses
shareholders morale (C) shareholder confidence
(E) the reduction in payroll expenses (D) employee skill
(E) stock holder
2. The word “detrimental”, in paragraph 1, is
closest in meaning to .... 5. The word “compounds” in the final sentence of
(A) positive the text is closest in meaning to ….
(B) temporary (A) multifaceted
(C) superficial (B) complex
(D) harmful (C) makes greater
(E) beneficial (D) chemical combinations
(E) sepulchre
3. According to the text, why does a company lose
high-performing workers in a round of layoffs ?
(A) they are usually the highest paid and
therefore the first to be laid off
(B) they often leave voluntarily due to the
climate of uncertainty
(C) they usually leave because they are
worried about stock value
(D) they become frustrated with their
coworkers’ lack of productivity.
(E) they often stay due to the climate of
uncertainty

Text 2 is for number 6-10

 Florence Nightingale was the pioneer of modern nursing. Born into a wealthy and well-connected British
family in Florence, Italy she was named after the city of her birth, as was her older sister born at Parthenope. A
brilliant and strong-willed woman, she rebelled against the expected role for a woman of her status, which was
to become an obedient wife. Inspired by what she understood to be divine calling, Nightingale made a
commitment to nursing, a career with a poor reputation and filled mostly by poorer women.
Traditionally, the role of nurse handled by female "hanger-ons" who followed the armies - they were
equally like to function as cooks or prostitutes. Nightingale was particularly concerned with the appealing
conditions of medical care for the legions of the poor and indigent. She announced her decision to her family in
1845, evoking intense anger and distress from her family, particularly her mother.
Florence Nightingale's career in nursing began earnest in 1851 when she received four-month training in
Germany as a deaconess of Kaiservverth. She undertook the training over strenuous family objections
concerning the risk and social implications of such activity, and the Chatolic foundations of the hospital. While
at Kaiserwerth, Florence reported having her most important intense and compelling experience of her divine
calling.
Nightingale's work inspired massive public support through out England, where she was celebrated and
admired as "The Lady of The Lamp" after the Grecian lamp she always carried in her tireless evening and night-
time visits to injured soldiers. Nightingale's lamp also allowed her to work late every night, maintaining
meticulous medical records for the hospital, and writing personal letters to the family of every 20 soldier who
died in the hospital.
In 1883, Queen Victoria awarded Florence with the Royal Red Cross and in 1907 she became the first
woman to be awarded the Order of merit. She couldn't leave her bed after 1896 and died on August 13,1910.

6. The word 'meticulous' in paragraph 4 is closest

in meaning to... 9. Which of the following is INCORRECT about
(A) famous (D) thorough Florence Nightingale?
(B) useful (E) abundant (A) she took care the medical report
(C) excessive accurately
(B) she came from a prosperous family
7. What appreciation did Florence Nightingale (C) she started her career in nursing seriously
get for all her effort in nursing? (D) she became the inspiration throughout
(A) she was admired as “The Lady of The England
Lamp” by the public (E) she possessed a divine power of nursing
(B) she was awarded at the Royal Red Cross
(C) she was regarded as pioneer in modern 10. What can be inferred from the phrase “She
nursing undertook the training over strenuous family
(D) she started her career in nursing seriously objections concerning the risk and social
(E) she was given four-month training at implications of such activity”?
Kaiserwerth (A) She was a resolute person
(B) She risked her life
8. Why did the role of nurse have poor reputation (C) Her family supported her decision
at that time? (D) She didn’t want to care about her family
(A) because it was filled with poorer women anymore
(B) because it was a job only for a rebellious (E) Her family’s reputation was bad at that
(C) because it was thought to be the same as time
prostitutes
(D) because it could cause the separation in
families
(E) because it was against the expected role of
women

Text 3 is for number 11-15

No student needs to be told that grammar is complex. By changing word sequences and by adding a
range of auxiliary verbs and suffixes, we can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken
place or is soon to take place, and perform many other word tricks. All languages, even those of so-called
'primitive' tribes have clever grammatical components. The Cherokee pronoun system, for example, can
distinguish between 'you and I' and 'you, another person and I'. In English, all these meanings are summed up
in the one, crude pronoun 'we'. So the question is - who created grammar?
At first, it would appear that this question is impossible to answer. Many historical linguists are able to
trace modern complex languages back to earlier languages, but in order to answer the question of how complex
languages are actually formed, the researcher needs to observe how languages are started from scratch.
Amazingly, however, this is possible.
Some languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade. At that time, slaves from different ethnicities
were forced to work together. Since they had no opportunity to learn each other's languages, they developed a
makeshift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowner.
They have little in the way of grammar, and in many cases it is difficult for a listener to deduce when an event
happened, and who did what to whom. Interestingly, all it takes to become a complex language is for a group of
children to be exposed to it when they learn their mother tongue. Slave children did not simply copy the strings
of words uttered by their elders, they adapted their words to create a new, expressive language.
Further evidence can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf. The creation of such language s
was documented quite recently in Nicaragua. Previously, all deaf people were isolated from each other, but in
1979 a new government introduced schools for the deaf. Although children were taught speech and lip reading
in the classroom, in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures that they
used at home. Each child used the signs differently, and there was no consistent grammar. However, children
who joined the school later developed a quite different sign language. Although it was based on the signs of the
older children, the younger children's language was more fluid and compact, and it utilized a large range of
grammatical devices to clarify meaning.

11. In paragraph 1, why does the writer include 13. All the following sentences about Nicaraguan
information about the Cherokee language? sign language are true, EXCEPT :
(A) To show how simple, traditional (A) It has been created since 1979
cultures can have complicated grammar (B) It is based on speech and lip reading
structures (C) It incorporates signs which children
(B) To show how English grammar differs used at home
from Cherokee grammar (D) It was perfected by younger children
(C) To prove that complex grammar (E) It was created in playgrounds
structures were invented by the
Cherokees 14. The word ‘makeshift’ in paragraph 3 is closest
(D) To demonstrate how difficult it is to in meaning to :
learn the Cherokee (A) complicated and expressive
(E) To show how good Cherokee pronoun (B) simple and temporary
system is (C) extensive and diverse
(D) private and personal
12. What can be inferred about the slaves' pidgin (E) changing and useful
language?
(A) It contained complex grammar 15. Look at the word 'consistent' in paragraph 4.
(B) It was based on many different This word could best be replaced by which of
languages the following?
(C) It was created by the land-owners (A) natural (D) uniform
(D) It was the root of English (B) predictable (E) precedent
(E) It was difficult to understand, even (C) imaginable
among slaves