Inglise keele variandid

30.01 Standard language vs language standard are different. Standard language is the norm, the optinum for educational purposes, naturally spoken by the minority of speakers, educated people speak. Language standards- rules that the language speakers should follow, linguists and theorists make the norms, all members of society are required to follow these standards. Standard english- most widely accepted and understood among speakers, used in broadcasting, TV, news etc, spoken or written, among educated speakers. Learned as second or foreign language. It doesnt concern accent, but grammar ( I aint got none, aint, double negative), vocabulary, includes formal and informal styles ( I havent got a bloody ..) Pronounc. Is accent. RP- received pronounciation (standard English is associated with RP) eg. Queens english etc. 12-15% use and actually speak standard english, 3-5% of them use RP pronounciation. Standard english is not a seperate language, just a variety, not an accent. It is not a style,formal, neutral, informal. Traditionally British english is taught at schools. Standard english variety: EngEng RP BrEnglish NamEnglish (North-American english)USEng CanEng Social variation Other standard: Australian English (AusEng) S-African English(SAfEng) NZEng Regional variation

Non-standard variaties (often called dialect)

Stigmatised- marking as being bad, not good enough, regarded as socially lower than proper, inferior AusEng was being considered as non-standard and bad English, lack of acceptance- race in US or UK class Preposition at the end of a sentence is not considered as norm(informal). English should follow Latin tradition. It is normal if people judge people by their accents but it might be offensive- Standard language is not exclusive. If you lower the standard people dont accept it (nigger).

Grammatical and lexical differences throughout the world in the English language are insignificant, most oftenly the pronounciation is different, phonetical etc (native speakers).

Deviations from the standard

1.Working class speech is different from standard english.

2.Multiple negation (I didnt do nothing) can be used in jokes, emphasising 3.Aint- negative form of the word be/have. 4.The word never is to refer to a single occasion in the past (Ive never done it-> I didnt do it) 5.Extensional 3rd person s to 1st and 2nd person forms 6.Regularisation of be- we was, you was, they was 7.Regularisation of some irregular verbs- I drawed, I have drawed 8.Optional ly on adverbs- he writes real quick 9.Unmarked plurality on amounts of measurment after numerals- 10 pound, 20 year 10.Different forms of irrelative pronouns- the man as lives here, the man what lives here 11.Regularisation of reflexive pronouns- myself, herself, hisself, theirselves (ige: themselves) 12.A distinction between main and auxiliary verb do- you done it, did you Main auxiliary Expanding circle China, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea, Nepal, Saudi-Arabia, Taiwan, Russia, Zimbabwe etc. EFL-

Outer English was used as the language of power, nowadays, english is second (ESL)language: India, Bangladesh, Ghana, Keenia, Malaisia, Nigeeria, Pakistan, Filipiinid, Singapur, Sri-Lanka etc

Inner UK, US, Australia, NewZealand, Canada *English is native language(ENL)

2. lecture
Anglos, Saxons and Jutes. 1533-1603 Elisabeth I, 7 mln, 350-380 mln native speakers; the same amount as a second language. People emigrated from Ireland and England to North-America and Australia etc - First diaspora Second diaspora went to Asia and Africa (varieties of second language appeared) The Pale a boundary, a colony ; first sign of expansionism America was discovered 1492 the Cabot ?? family explored Canada, the final years of the 15th century The claims of England to Canada 1535 the statum? of wales

1553 the trade with West-Africa (present day Nigeria) 1580s first English settlements (Canada 1583, North-Carolina 1584) 1603 James I Scotland and England merged politically together formed United Kingdom 1607 the first lasting settlement Jamestown, Virginia, North America (Elisabeth I never married, hence the name) the plantation of Ulster, Ireland. The settlers had to be protestants to settle there. 1620 the English ship sailed to N-A, carried a group of puritans, reached Virginia. Organised the settlement Plymouth (now its a town). The present day Massachusetts. English started to spread in the southern parts of America a result of slave trade, slaves were transported from Africa, they were exchanged for sugar and rum. A new kind of English between the slaves and their capturers pidgins . 1763 Canada was seethed ?? British didnt recognise the declaration of independence for a while. Captain James Cook Australia, southern hemisphere, 1769 New Zealand, 1770 met the first kangaroo. Cook landed in the present day Queensland, in 1788 the first fleet landed in new south b, 1788 penal colony in Botany Bay, prisoners were brought from Britain and Ireland, 1780 new settlers began to arrive, they were from London and South East. Indigenous of original people. 1790s New Zealand British Maori people, 1840s-1850s from Britain, 1860s from Australia and Ireland, 1870-85 from United Kingdom, Scotland. (1650s the Dutch) South Africa 1795 British came, the Cape, South African Cape Colony, starting from 1820 started settling, from 1850s people from Yorkshire, the Midlands, 18 English was declared the official language, by the Black and the Africans Dutch was the first language and English was the second

18th and 19th centuries the second diaspora.

West Africa The Slave Trade pidgin languages English was known as the lingua franca. East Africa Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe the countries that were extensively settled by English colonies, David Livingstone. They were British protectorates. Later they bought their independence. But English still remains, even if its the second language. South Asia

India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan during the second half of the 18th century. British sovereignty. 1835 British educational system was introduced in India. English is an associate official language in India. Hindi has influenced the English spoken in India, distinctive but not a standard variety.

South East Asia, East Asia, South Pacific more influence from English language. Singapore, Hong Kong, Malaysia, the Philippines tok talk etc, the pidgin sounds By the beginning of the 19th century t 1800 the population 5 mln ppl 1900 - 76 mln ppl in the end of 20th century - close to 250 mln 1803 Louisiana was bought from the French, 1819 Florida was bought from Spain. Before 1750s, everybody thought of themselves as English people who lived overseas. After that they began to have a different sense of identity, so they began independent, this changed the flavour of English they used. The degree of English linguistic differences grew even more. Also military strengthened the people.

English, French, German the three most important languages in EU. The language of Internet, international tourism etc

3. lecture
British English, it covers all varieties, all regions, social levels, standards and non-standard forms; but not scots nor welsh. Welsh English, Scottish English, Irish English. English-speaking people didnt outnumber the local people so English was influenced greatly. Queens/Kings/public schools/BBCs/posh higher class English.

4. lecture
Cockney very distinctive accent, intentionally made, cryptical, deliberate used in a sense of community, used by traders, in the market place, to produce collusion, used by criminals to confuse the police. Eric Partridge bowl of water daughter bawl of chalk walk rabbit and pork to talk trouble and strife wife you and me tea butchers hook to look frog and toad road coblers awls balls, crap and nonsense three penny [threepni] bits tits Chelsea blue jew take a butchers at these pistols take a look at these breasts britneys beers I havent a scooby clue = Scooby doo Prince of Wales Charles WELSH there are some distinctive lexical and grammatical differences, but its not much different from English English, its a relatively young dialect. South-Wales was originated by the Bristol, Mid-Wales was influenced by Midlands, Birmingham. North Northern England, Liverpool. Welsh uses schwa , where RP uses [a] Singing they were. Coming tomorrow he is. They cant do that, too. (not permitted in Standard English) I do go to chapel every Sunday. Theres strange it was how strange it was Where = where to? Where to is your mom?

Lexical or vocabulary, not very formings from welsh into welsh English, isted = to sit, bod = to be A delight in languages rise get or buy; Ill rise the drinks. tidy good or nice; thats a tidy car

5. lecture IRELAND
Great Famine, potato crops were b, great immigration to North America, the Irish Free State Irish Independence Day, Southern Ireland was declared a republic, price choice schwa abbot rabbit mouth [maith] If I had the doing of it again, Id do it different. If I could do itId do it differently. Hot News Perfect Tense preposition after + gerund we are after booking our holiday we have just booked our holiday present perfect present continuous how long have you been here how long are you here placing do or does before the habitual word I do be drunk, Im drunk its he I do be thinking of habitual activities I wonder if he has come I wonder has he come (south Irish) thats me away Im going now to go the messages to go shopping he gets doing it hes aloud Im not myself Im not feeling well youre well mended you are looking better it would take you to be early

6. USA
The definition of standard is problematic, because theres a great variety of accents Mississippi the king of rivers, the boiling water etc Wall Street the head separated from the native population.. Brooklyn, Harlem also from the Dutch times The French Colony in Louisiana, its capital New Orleans (from French). English bought USA in 1803. The French influence was already settled. Pennsylvania Dutch this variety of German. 1783 The Declaration of Independence, after that the colonies started to go west-wards In the west you cant see where have the people come from, but in the east you can, belt-like character, the most distinctive dialects had already been established by the 18th century, the North, the Mid-Land and the South. Ebonics political term sometimes my ears be itching, she nice North-American Consonants the glottal stop (before n e.g. button, bottle) the final t (that man) would often be unreleased intervocalic t (better) [d]; latter, ladder [d]; twenty [n], winter-winner [n], interesting [n] [lj] -> [j] million

Southern, Northern, Eastern The South It covers South-Eastern area, linguistically it can be divided into two regions the lower south and the inland south. E-Virginia, E-North Carolina, E-South Carolina, N-Florida, S-Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, S-E Texas. vowels like [i] [ae] [e] add an extra schwa (e.g. bid [bijed], bed [bejd], bad [baejd] high [ha:]/[a:], time t[a:]m [e] , [i] pin, pen they merge with a schwa [z] - > *d+ isnt, wasnt iddnt etc; business bidness

Central Eastern and Western Areas Central Eastern (S-E New York State, most of New Jersey, E-Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland) [ai] nighttime neit-taim [e], [ae], [a] Northern Cities Chainshift

Western Area [o] -> [a] caught, taught [ae] -> [e] only before r marry merry, carry cerry [i:] [i] [a] -> hurry harry [a] [o] borrow, sorrow, sorry; sari (some Indian clothing) = sorry [ju] -> [u] student, new, mountain dew,

Northern (Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, N-Ohio, N-Pennsylvania, N-New York, W-Vermont) These accents are generally similar to those in west, but they are going through a change/a process (Northern Cities Chain Shift - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_cities_vowel_shift). Which concerns following vowels [ae], [e], [a] [a] -> [ae-a]: John, Jan, Johnny [ae] -> [e] and adding a schwa e/i: Ann, Ian [e] -> ~[a]/[ae] : best = bust

N-E area has two subdivisions Eastern New England and NYC, New Englands English is close to English English. Jiddish, Irish, Irish English, Italian. NYC accent as well as non- the intrusive r and the linking r are the typical features, as for rp [i, e, u] -> e [a:] -> [a ] bard, calm, father [:] -> [] (tagurpidi 3 plus schwa) bird [ai] [a-i] / [oi] ride

Webster

The Comparison and Differences of British English and American English 2. lecture Articles to be in hospital, go to uni, in prison, to go to bed, school half ; BE half Margaret Thatcher the British Prime Minister arrived in London today. if one tries hard enough, one always succeeds if one tries hard enough, he/she will always succeeds if one tries hard enough, they will always succeed different (from, to) EE, US E than we tend to disagree foodwise

7. CANADA
Canadian English Pronunciation Canadian raising- rice; mouth (ai au = ei ai) night time = [neit] time the distinction between cot and caught , they are pronounced alike T-flapping the sound t sounds like d (water, ladder-latter, waiting wading) T-deletion Toronto torono; interesting in-eresting route or rote etc depends on the region hostail or hostile, follows US English agein, ageinst (again, against) shine shone

Different styles Have you got a match Can E - do you have a match US E - have you a match E conserv. Canajan, Eh? eh? = yes? right?; solely = could you repeat what you just said?; can mark interest, agreement dove, snuck (dive-dived, sneak-sneaked)

Vocabulary indigenous people were Canadian, the words which were borrowed, did not have a name in Canadian. (travel, survival etc) moose, chipmunk, cash a place for storing the supplies,

8. AUSTRALIA
- broad (exhibits distinct regional feature) - general (standard form) - cultivated(culture, British RP) migrants (not immigrants) AUS E intonation is flatter than in RP, speech rhythms are slow, more space between stressed words and syllables, the consonants are very similar to RP, in general vowels are closer and more frontal, than in RP; vowels as I and U are diphthongised

Concise Oxford companion to the EE language Tom McArthur Peter Trudgill, Jean Hannock

9. New Zealand
Wellington capital, land of the long white cloud, Maori population (Polynesian origin) 1988 - Aotearoa New Zealand 1) I -> schwa 2) a cup [a kap] butter [bata] 3) castle, dance [a] = [a:] 4) i+schwa = e+schwa 5) grown growen 6) boot - /bu:t/ ( = schwa) 7) y haepi (happy) 8) t -> /d/ They use -ise instead of -ize (N-Am English) a joker a guy

South Africa Natal, Eastern Seaboard (Major Settlements, golds and diamond mines) white speakers of East Cape region, white members of the Transval working class /bla/, /grahapa/ pidgin (Nigeria, etc) berin funeral (->bury) dek