PLURALITY

OF

ENGLISH
Linguists- no single true version.
Non-linguists- hold strong views
about what constitutes 'global
English' or a 'lingua franca'.

― Irene M. Pepperberg
Braj Kachru(1985)
A linguists, he constructed a model of the
different uses of English around the world. This
model is comprised of three concentric circles,
which he labelled: the inner circle, the outer
circle and the expanding circle.”
 Kachru’s
3 Concentric
Circle
“the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition and the functional
domains in which English is used across cultures and language”
-Kachru,1985, p.12
Expanding Circle

Outer Circle

Inner Circle
Inner Circle
English is first
language.
e.g. United Kingdom,
United States of America,
& Australia.
320- 380 million
e.g. You will go to United
Kingdom, you have to adjust and
use their language, or the
Standard English language.
Outer Circle
English is a second
language.
e.g.
India, Nigeria,
& Philippines.
300- 500 million
e.g. Philippines uses written
documents in English but
frequently uses Filipino
language.
 Expanding Circle
English is learned as a second
language.
e.g.
India, Nigeria,
& Philippines.
300- 500 million
e.g. Chinese people using
standard English for importing a
product outside their country.
JENNIFER
JENKIN
- perspective challenges the
distinction between speakers of
English, suggesting the use of the
term 'World Englishes' to encompass
all varieties, irrespective of the circle
they fit into.
 PHILI
PPINE
ENGLIS
H
- Filipino portrayal of Philippine English is a unique that can also be
used in English Language.
 Philippine English

• The (Ph) adopted

English after the
●English is ● Unique
Phil.-Am. War, with
constitutionally vocabulary,
Thomasites
recognized as an grammar, and
influencing its rapid
official language. pronunciation.
integration.
 -
Vocabulary
Philippine English vocabulary reflects the country's
diverse culture, blending indigenous and Western
influences.
e.g. 1. Early Additions: "abaca" and "taclobo
2. Borrowings: "balikbayan box" and "despedida party
3. Word Formation: "batchmate"), blending
("mani-pedi"), and direct translations ("comfort room").
 Grammar
• -Philippine English exhibits distinctive
grammatical features influenced by
imperfect learning in schools.
e.g.
1. Verb Form Variation
2. Article Usage: "going to United Kingdom"
3. Verb Complementation: "cope up with"
and "result to“.
 Pronunciation
- Philippine English pronunciation involves unique
consonant and vowel features. The prosody differs,
showcasing a syllable-timed rhythm distinct from U.S.
English.
e.g. 1. Consonant Pronunciation
fish - pish / vase – (base) / flower – (plawer)
2. Vowel Variations
long vowel: sheet – (shit) short vowel: three – (tree)
Colloquial Filipino English:

● Nosebleed
-Standard English- a condition in which you are
bleeding from your nose.
-Philippine English- when a foreigner comes up to
them and asks a question in English.
● Traffic, As in!
Thank
you for
listening!