W RLD

ENGLISHES
Varieties of the Universal Language
 WORLD ENGLISHES
The term World Englishes refers to the differences in the English
language that emerge as it is used in various contexts across the world.
Scholars of World Englishes identify the varieties of English used in
different sociolinguistic contexts, analyzing their history, background,
function, and influence.
 WORLD ENGLISHES
Languages develop to fulfill the needs of the societies that use
them. Because societies contain a diverse range of social
needs, and because these needs can differ across cultures and
geographies, multiple varieties of the English language exist.
These include American English, British English, Australian
English, Canadian English, Indian English, and so on.
 WORLD ENGLISHES
While there is no single way for a new variety of English to
emerge, its development can generally be described as a
process of adaptation. A certain group of speakers take a
familiar variety of English and adapt the features of that
variety to suit the needs of their social context.
 WORLD ENGLISHES
Such variations do not occur in terms of word choice only. They
happen also in terms of spelling, pronunciation, sentence structure,
accent, and meaning. As new linguistic adaptations accumulate
over time, a distinct variety of English eventually emerges. World
Englishes scholars use a range of different criteria to recognize a
new English variant as an established World English.
 Varieties of English refers to the different
kind of English used around the world
based on geographical locations. Several
major varieties are American, British,
VARIETIES
OF ENGLISH Australian, New Zealand and Black. Other
varieties have already been identified like
Singapore English and Philippine English
which are Identified as Variations based on
the Phonological and Lexical levels of use.
 AMERICAN ENGLISH

• American English(AmE). It is a variant of the English language

which is spoken mainly in the United States. About two-thirds of the
world’s native speakers of English live in America and speak this
variant.
• Prescribed to be used in the academe, in religious affairs, business, as
well as print and broadcast media.
 BRITISH ENGLISH

• British English (BrE). It is a variant of English language which is

spoken in the United Kingdom. Along with American English,
British English is one of the main variants taught in English as a
second language or English as foreign language programs.
• Oftentimes required to be used in most international business
transactions like research publications.
 AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH

• Australian English(AuE). It is another variant of the English

language which is Spoken in the Australia. Australian English began
to diverge from British English shortly after Australia was settled in
the late 18th century. This variety is similar to New Zealand English
and bears resemblance to certain dialects of South East England. Its
spelling corresponds to British English spelling.
 NEW ZEALAND ENGLISH

• New Zealand English(NZE). It is the variant of the English language

spoken as the first language by most people in New Zealand. New
Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in
pronunciation, with some key differences.
 BLACK ENGLISH

• Also called “African American Vernacular English”.

• American and British English as spoken by the black communities in
US and UK. It is also used to refer to black communities in
Caribbean and Africa.
• There are different varieties of this variant, but its two major sub-
varieties are African American Vernacular and British Black English.
 SINGAPORE ENGLISH
• Known as “SingEng or Singlish.”
• Considered the most popular medium of communication in the academe.
• Two main forms of the variant:
• Singapore English- the former generally resembles British English and is
used by Educated Singaporeans in formal context.
• Singlish- spoken typically by the less-educated and includes many
discourse particles and loan words from Malay, Mandarin, Chinese,
Hokkien and Tamil. It is commonly regarded with low prestige; therefore,
it is not used in formal communication.
 PHILIPPINE ENGLISH

• Related to American English in terms of spelling and grammar. Besides

the Filipino language, the English language is native to the Philippines
and is considered an official language. Non-native pronunciations
abound in the spoken language, and grammatical flaws are oftentimes
inevitable. Hence, code-switching is prevalent in formal and more
likely in informal situations.
BRIEF HISTORY OF
W RLD ENGLISHES
 BRIEF HISTORY OF
WORLD ENGLISHES
• 1965
Linguist Braj Kachru (1932-2016) publishes his first
journal article, entitled “The Indianness in Indian English.”
In the article, he lays the theoretical groundwork for the
idea of World Englishes by interpreting how English is
nativized in India, delineating some of its unique
sociological and cultural aspects, and showing that “Indian
English” is a unique variety of English which is neither an
American or British English.
BRIEF HISTORY
ABOUT
WORLD ENGLISHES

• 1984
Kachru formally introduces the
term “World Englishes” at the
Teachers of English to Speakers
of Other Languages (TESOL)
Conference along with the global
profile of English. Later, he
proposes the three concentric
circles model. Both papers are
subsequently published.
THREE
CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES MODEL

The inner circle refers

to the countries where
English is used as the
primary language, such
as the USA, Britain,
Canada, New Zealand,
and Australia.
THREE
CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES MODEL

The outer/middle
circle denotes those countries
where English usage has
some colonial history. This
includes nations such as
India, Bangladesh, Ghana,
Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria,
Pakistan, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka,
Tanzania, and Zambia.
 THREE
CONCENTRIC
CIRCLES MODEL
The expanding circle includes countries
where English is spoken but where it does
not necessarily have a colonial history or
primary/official language status. This
includes nations such as China, Japan, South
Korea, Egypt, Nepal, Indonesia, Israel,
Korea, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, USSR, and
Zimbabwe. Any country where English is
regularly spoken (even in limited contexts—
e.g., for international business) that does not
fall under the first two categories is
considered to be in the expanding circle.
CLASSIFICATION F
WORLD ENGLISH
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORLD ENGLISHES

• English as Native Language

  English as Native Language (ENL) is English that used by the people base on where
English had born and come from. The characteristics of English as native language are
people use English as primary language, and also spoken of English are dominate the
usefulness of language in a country. Kachru (1992) state that the model of English as
native speaker is inner cycle. Inner cycle is an agglomeration of englishes base on
usefulness and numbers of spoken English. The countries and numbers of spoken
English in the inner cycle
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORLD ENGLISHES

• English as Second Language (ESL)

English as second language is language that people using as substitute language in the
communication. For many reason, English is very important for peoples to speak and learns, such as
to find job, to study in the overseas, and also to work in the foreign company. English as second
language is also having same functions and position in the society, such as most of peoples is using
English as formal language and official language. However, most of peoples are also using local
language for daily activities, such as doing conversation in the traditional market, to talks with parent,
and other. Hence, the existence of English as second language in a country is very important, but it is
not indicating that this language as main language in the country. The classification of English as
second language is suitable with Kachru’s model in world Englishes, which the Outer Cycle. Outer
cycle is the agglomeration of English base on usefulness of English in the world, such as it can be
found in English as second language.
 CLASSIFICATION OF WORLD ENGLISHES

• English as foreign language (ESL)

is English that spoken not normally in the daily activities. In this word, the use of English for
spoken is not important enough and restricted use for formal place, such as at school and the
higher education. In the school, students are having less opportunity and they are also having
little motivation to express and benefit English. The obstacle to apply English as foreign
language for a country is people prefer to use local language than English to communicate
each other. However, the strength that may find in English as foreign language is people felt
proud because their able to use English, and also they can enrich their knowledge. The
classification of English as foreign language is suitable with Kachru’s model in world
Englishes, which is the expanding cycle. The expanding cycle is a cycle that describes the
use of English as foreign language.
SPREAD F
ENGLISH
 SPREAD OF ENGLISH
Kachru
• According to Kachru(1992) the global spread of English can be explained
in terms of two dispersal transportations.
• The first dispersal was within the Inner Circle where a monolingual English-
speaking Population migrated on a relatively large scale to countries like
North America, Australia, And New Zealand.
• The Second is the dispersal of the outer and Expanding Circle was the result
of the colonization of Asia and Africa by the British.
 SPREAD OF ENGLISH

Quirk(1998)
• At the same time Quirk(1988, cited in Kachru 1990) states that language
spreads due to demographical, econocultural and imperial factors.
Schneider(2011)
• Globalization is an important factor in the spread of English.
THE NATIVATION CONTINUUM OF WORLD
ENGLISHES

1. Diffusion
English is Spread as a result of colonization,
globalization or by any other means.
THE NATIVATION CONTINUUM OF WORLD
ENGLISHES

2. Induction
English is officially accepted as language used for
education, trade, communication etc.
THE NATIVATION CONTINUUM OF WORLD
ENGLISHES

3. Customization
Local languages start to reshape English slowly by
giving it a local touch. Indigenous words form and
Structure get incorporated into English
THE NATIVATION CONTINUUM OF WORLD
ENGLISHES

4. Native Recognition
People start to use English unconsciously without
associating with its parent varieties.