Credit Based Career Oriented Add on Diploma Course in Stress Management

Recognised by U.G.C

Conducted by

Department of Psychology

PATNA WOMEN’S COLLEGE

Autonomous

Patna University

3rd Cycle NAAC Accredited “A’’ grade with CGPA 3.58/4

“College with Potential for Excellence” (CPE) status accorded by UGC

Project Report

On

Stress and Stress Management among working women

ACC SM 03

2023

Under supervision of: Submitted by:

Dr Nupur Sinha Ritika Kiran

Assistant Professor Roll no- 748

Department of psychology BA, Sem 4

Patna Women College Psychology

 PATNA WOMEN'S COLLEGE
Autonomous
PATNA UNIVERSITY
3rd Cycle NAAC Accredited at 'A' Grade with CGPA 3.58/4
'College with Potential /or & Excellence'(CPE) status accorded by UGC

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project on “Stress and Stress Management among working
women” submitted by RITIKA KIRAN Registration no 21PWC00748 of Session 2022- 2023
in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the completion of Add-On Diploma Course in
Stress Management, is an original work carried out by her under the supervision of a teacher
of the Department during the period of January 2022 to April 2023.

(Supervisor) (Coordinator) (Examiner 1) (Examiner 2)

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and the final outcome of this research project work required a lot of guidance
and support from many people and I am extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of our project work. My marked appreciation to Dr Sister M. Rashmi A.C.,
Principal, Patna Women’s College for being guiding source of behind our work.

I would like to express our profound indebtedness to Dr Nupur Sinha, Assistant Professor,
Department of Psychology, Patna Women’s College, Autonomous, Patna university, who
magnanimously consented for the position of supervisor for our project. This research project
would have not been possible without her persistent enlightenment, proficient insight and
perpetual rationale. The accomplishment of this typescript would have not been attainable
without her consistent aid.

I would also like to express our sincere gratitude all the other faculty members of the
Department of Psychology for their invaluable suggestions throughout the course of the
project. I express our profound gratitude to our parents for allowing us to do the project and
indirectly guiding us. Last but not the least, I wish to extend my thanks to all the participants
of our study.

(Ritika Kiran)
 CONTENTS

Topic Pg no

▪ INTRODUCTION 1-7

▪ REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8 -9

▪ METHOD OF THE STUDY 10-11

▪ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 12-15

▪ SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS 16-17

▪ REFERENCES 18

▪ APPENDICES 19-20
 CHAPTER-I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Stress

Silverman, et al. (2010) Stress is a bodily reaction to a change which needs response,
regulation, and/or physical, psychological, and or emotional adaptation. Stress could
derive from any situation, condition, thought, or state; just need to cause frustration, anger,
nervousness, and or anxiety. Modern life is full of stress.

The origins of stress can mainly be traced to physical sciences (Schafer, 1998). During
the 17th century it was exceedingly used to denote affiliations and hardships experienced
by individuals and during the 18th century it came to be described mainly in terms of
pressure, strain or force (Cartwright and Cooper, 1997). The initial conceptualisation of
stress mainly focused on stress as an external stimulus. Though later it came to be
described as a response of an individual to certain disturbances. The study carried out by
Cannon can be mentioned in this context, where he mainly studied the fight and flight
reaction. The focus of the study by Cannon was on the effect that stress has on animals as
well as humans. Cannon also observed physiological changes in the participants of his
study and he attributed these changes, as displayed by individuals, to stress.

Hans Selye (1974) described stress as a response of the body to certain demand that
is made on it and he further stated that this response was nonspecific. Baum et al. (1981)
have defined stress as a “process in which environmental events or forces, called,
stressors, threatens an organism’s existence and wellbeing.

The relationship between stress and disease is now well established, but was not
always recognised. The word ‘stress’ is used in physics to refer to the interaction between
a force and the resistance to counter that force, and it was Hans Selye in 1936 who first
incorporated this term into the medical lexicon to describe the “nonspecific response of
the body to any demand “. Selye, who is known as the ‘father of stress research’,
disavowed the study of specific disease signs and symptoms, unlike others before him,
and instead focused on universal patient reactions to illness.
His concept of stress impacted scientific and lay communities alike, in fields as diverse as
endocrinology, complementary medicine, animal breeding and social psychology.

Shalev, Yehuda, & McFarlane, (2000) Stress is a normal psychophysiological response

to events which result in the sense of threat, sadness, Dysphoria, and imbalance in people.
American Psychiatric Association (2014) Stress is described as a sense of being
overwhelmed, worry, destruction, press, exhaustion, and lethargy. Therefore, stress can
influence people in every age, sex, race, and situation and can result in both physical and
psychological health.

Behnoudi (2005) Stress is a situation in which individual is forced to act, and cannot
bear the received mental tension. In other words, stress means readjustment of individual
with new situations and conditions. Whenever a change occur in life, individual is
confronting with stress.
Kumari, et al. (2009) Stress is bodily response to any demand. Stress could be caused
by either good or bad experiences.

The other form, eustress, results from a “positive” view of an event or situation, which
is why it is also called “good stress.” Eustress helps you rise to a challenge and can be an
antidote to boredom because it engages focused energy.

That energy can easily turn to distress, however, if something causes to view the
situation as unmanageable or out of control. Many people regard public speaking or
airplane flights as very stressful—causing physical reactions such as an increased heart
rate and a loss of appetite—while others look forward to the event. It’s often a question of
perception: A positive stressor for one person can be a negative stressor for another.
Changes in our lives-such as going to college, getting married, changing jobs, or illness-
are frequent sources of stress. Keep in mind that changes that cause stress can also benefit.
1.1.1 Causes of stress

The most frequent reasons for “stressing out” fall into three main categories:

1. The unsettling effects of change

2. The feeling that an outside force is challenging or threatening you

3. The feeling that you have lost personal control.

Life events such as marriage, changing jobs, divorce, or the death of a relative or friend are
the most common causes of stress. Although life-threatening events are less common, they can
be the most physiologically and psychologically acute.

They are usually associated with public service career fields in which people experience
intense stress levels because of imminent danger and a high degree of uncertainty—police
officer, fire and rescue worker, emergency relief worker, and the military.

• Increased academic demands

• Changes in family relations

• Financial responsibilities

• Changes in social life

• Exposure to new people, ideas, and temptations

• Awareness of sexual identity and orientation

• Preparing for life after graduation.

Everyone experiences stress, whether it is within family or outside the family, workplace,
study business, organization. Most of the women experiences stress in family due to crowded
and unhygienic living condition, conflict, urbanization and lack of motivation from family
members and lack of job satisfaction. All this physical exertion leads to musical fatigue.

This fatigue leads to muscular exhaustion and fatigue. The stress of being a working women
is made up of these factors.

There are many causes of stress. women share many of the same sources of stress, such as
money matters, job security, health, and relationship issues. Perhaps a little more unique to
women are the many roles they take on. In today’s society, women’s roles often include family
obligations, caregiving for children and/or elderly parent (statistically more likely to be a
woman) and work responsibilities as well as other roles. As demands increase to demands
increase to fulfil these roles, women can feel overwhelmed with time pressures and unmet
obligations.

1.1.2 Types of stress

1. Physical stress

This type of stress include trauma related to injury, infection, surgery, etc., environmental pollution like
pesticides, noise, radiation, etc. viral and bacterial related illness cause physical stress. In the present
pandemic situation covid-19 is quiet prevalent source of physical stress.

2. Psychological stress

The stress developed due to fear, frustration, sadness, anger, grief, can be termed as emotional stress.
Emotional stress, cognitive stress and perceptual stress fall under this category. Anxiety, panic attack,
and sense of being out of control can be termed as cognitive stress which also falls under psychological
stress. Person belief, attitude, view towards world also cause perceptual stress.

3. Psychosocial stress

The stress related to inter personal relationship, isolation, marriage difficulties, broken marriage,
difficulties with spouse, siblings, children, family member, lack of social support system, lack of
resource, loss of job are known as psychosocial stress.

4. Psycho-spiritual stress

In this type of stress there is crisis of value, meaning and purpose of life and life become joyless. People
with this type of stress become such that in the place of having productive, satisfying work fell life as
joyless. Meaning less and purpose less which leads them towards psycho-spiritual stress. In this there
are some of the categories are related to adolescent’s stress. some source of stress for youth are school
or college demand and frustration, negative thoughts or feeling about themselves, changes in their
bodies, problems with friends, unsafe living environment/neighbourhood, separation or divorce among
parents and chronic or severe problem in the family. Prolonged stress can cause high blood pressure,
weaken the immune system and contribute to disease such as obesity and heart disease. It can also lead
to mental health problem such as anxiety and depression disorders that are becoming more common in
youth. Research shows that academic stress leads to less well- being and an increased likelihood of
developing anxiety or depression. Additionally, students who have academic stress tend to do poorly in
school. This shows how this stress can keep students from doing as well as they could.
5.Acute Stress

Acute stress is your body's immediate reaction to a new challenge, event, or demand - the fight or flight
response. As the pressures of a near-miss automobile accident, an argument with a family member or a
costly mistake at work sink in, your body turns on this biological response. Isolated 10 episodes of acute
stress should not have any lingering health effects. In fact, they might actually be healthy for you - as
these stressful situations give your body and brain practice in developing the best response to future
stressful situations.

6. Chronic Stress

If acute stress isn't resolved and begins to increase or lasts for long periods of time, it becomes chronic
stress. Chronic stress can be detrimental to your health, as it can contribute to several serious diseases
or health risks, such as heart disease, cancer, lung disease, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver.

7. Episodic acute stress

Episodic acute stress is when acute stresses happen on a frequent basis. This can be
because of repeatedly tight work deadlines. It can also be because of the frequent high-
stress situations experienced by some professionals, such as healthcare workers.

8. Time Stress

The kind of stress is the resultant of one’s worry about time or the lack thereof. One worry about the
number of things that one has to do, and fear that will fail to achieve something important. One might
feel trapped, unhappy or even hopeless. This stress is common in all facets of lives.

9. Situational Stress

This stress occurs in a scary situation that one has no control over. This stress is not anticipated by the
individual and as such it is always sudden.
1.2Stress Management

The first step is understanding better—how to react in different situations, what causes stress,
and how to behave when feel stressed. The following steps are:

1. Make a To-Do list. Decide what is really important to get done today, and what
can wait. Prioritize the work which are important.
2. Practice facing stressful moments. Think about the event or situation expect to
face and rehearse reactions. Find ways to practice dealing with the challenge. If
speaking in front of a group frightens, practice doing it.
3. Examine the expectations. Try to set realistic goals. It’s good to push self to
achieve, but make sure expectations are realistic. Watch out for perfectionism. Be
satisfied with doing the best. Nobody’s perfect— allow people the liberty to make
mistakes, and remember that mistakes can be a good teacher.
4. Live a healthy lifestyle. Get plenty of exercise. Eat healthy foods. Allow time for rest and
relaxation. Find a relaxation technique that works for you—prayer, yoga, meditation, or
breathing exercises. Look for the humour in life. Learn to accept change as a part of life.
Nothing stays the same. Develop a support system of friends and relative. Believe in self
and potential. Remember that many people from disadvantaged backgrounds have gone
on to enjoy great success in life.

Here are some other strategies for dealing with stress:

• Schedule time for vacation, breaks in the routine, hobbies, and fun activities.

• Try to arrange for uninterrupted time to accomplish tasks that need the concentration.

• Avoid scheduling too many appointments, meetings, and classes back-to-back. Allow breaks to
catch breath. Take a few slow, deep breaths whenever feel stressed.

• Become an expert at managing time. Read books, view videos, and attend seminars on time
management.

• Learn to say “no.” Setting limits can minimize stress. Spend time on main responsibilities and
priorities rather than allowing other people’s priorities or needs to dictate how to spend time.

• Exercise regularly to reduce muscle tension and promote a sense of well-being.

• Tap into support network. Family, friends, and social groups can help when dealing with stressful
events.
1.3 working women

“Workplace stress” is the response people may experience when presented with work demand and
pressure that are not matched to their knowledge and ability and which challenge their ability to cope.
Beheshtifar and Nazarain [2013] reported that occupational stress was a perception of discrepancy
between environmental demands (stressors) and individual capacities to fulfill these demands.
Occupational stress was more, where there was more discrepancy in perceptions.

It has been described as an emotional experience associated with nervousness, tension and strain,
brought about by factor related to work. Job stress affects both men and women, although there are
some gender differences in certain aspects. In general, women are more likely than men to experience
physical symptoms of stress, such as fatigue, irritability, headaches and depression. Women are also
more likely than men to cope with job stress with unhealthy behaviours, such as poor eating habits. For
working women, care giving and balancing work/life issues is a significant stressor. Well over half of
the caregivers in the United States are women and 59 per cent are also employed. Specifically, women
are the primary caretakers of children, including children who have a chronic illness such as asthma
now the leading cause of school absence as well as the cause of more than 15 million days of less
productive work or absences per year. Overall, working women who are also caregivers often face work
adjustments, including reduced hours, taking leaves of absence and even quitting their jobs, according
to a report sponsored by The National Alliance for Caregivers.

Bhuneshwari (2013) conducted a case study on psychological and physical stress undergone by
married working women working in different teaching institutions. Researches revealed that stress in
married working women is caused due to long working hours, various family and official commitments,
harassments and improper work-life balance. Such type of stress leads to various problems such as
prolonged headaches, hypertension and obesity. The researcher cleverly concludes that stress can be
relieved from institutional support, balancing work and life by spending some time with family,
entertainments, yoga and rest.

Not surprisingly, women are more than twice as likely as their male counterparts to report the
benefits of having employer provided support systems that offer counselling or support groups. Low
salaries, lack of opportunity for advancement and heavy workloads have more than one- third of
Americans reporting feeling chronic work stress. And women are feeling it more acutely than ever.
After decades of making progress in the work force. Many women are feeling less valued than man.
Man
 CHAPTER-II

2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Work–life balance is determined as an employee’s perception that multiple domains of personal

time, household care, and workplace are maintained and mixed with a minimum of role conflict
(Clark, 2000; Ungerson & Yeandle,2005). Work–family balance reflects an individual’s
orientation across different life roles, an interroll phenomenon (Marks and MacDermid, 1996).

Work-life balance is a central issue in all types of employment as dual-career families

have become coarse and high work demands with long working hours have become the norm.
The importance of helping employees achieve a symmetry between the demands of their
workplace and their home lives has been stressed. Demographic changes as seen in the
increasing number of women in the workplace and dual career families have generated an
increasingly diverse workforce and a greater need for employees to balance their work and
non-work lives (Bharat, 2003 Komarraju, 1997Rajadhyaksha & Bhatnagar, 2000; Ramu, 1989;
Sekharan, 1992).

The oppression of women in society is an issue of growing concern, both in academic

fields and everyday life. Despite research on the historical and economic basis of women's
position. Weber (1969) provided the classic conception of power as the chances of one actor in
a social relationship to impose his or her will on another.

Recently, Berger and Luckmann (1967) have discussed power from a perspective which
broadens the sense of 'imposing one's will' on others. They define power as a question of
potentially conflicting definitions of reality; that of the most powerful will be 'made to stick.'
That particular people have the power to construct and enforce their definition of reality is due
to socially prevalent economic and political definitions of reality. Imposing one's will can be
much more than forcing someone else to do something.

Berger and Kellner (1970) have argued that at present, with the increasing separation of
public and private spheres of life, intimate relationships are among the most important reality
maintaining settings. They apply this arrangement specifically to marriage. The process of daily
interaction in the marital relationship is, ideally.
 Kirchmeyer (2000) views living a balanced life as ‘‘achieving satisfying experiences in all
life domains, and to do so requires personal resources such as energy, time, and commitment
to be well distributed across domains’’.

Work-Life Balance Programs (WLBPs) developed by employee friendly organizations can

be a good solution to solve the problems of work-life balance. WLBPs have been found to
increase employee control over time and place of work (Thomas & Ganster, 1995) and reduced
work- family conflict (Kossek & Ozeki, 1998) and stress (Thompson & Prottas, 2006).

The knowledge economy has created greater access for women coupled with factors such
as changes in marital patterns and smaller families. This has led to an increase in the number
of working women and, hence, working mothers (Grossman, 1981).

The selection of one stress reduction technique is mostly a matter of one outlook. Keegen
(2003) suggested alternative therapies to overcome stress. Therapies are acupuncture
aquatherapy and aromatherapy murphy (1996) is the combination of behavioural therapy and
relaxation technique in stress management. It can be effective in enhancing individual physical
health outcomes that are targeted for change.

2.2 OBJECTIVE

❖ To identify level of stress among working women.

❖ To find stress management technique of working women.
❖ To find corelation between stress management and stress among working women.

2.3 HYPOTHESIS

➢ Working women will have moderate level of occupational stress.

➢ They will have low/poor level of stress management.
➢ There will be negative corelation between Stress Management and Stress among
women
 CHAPTER-III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

The present chapter comprises the following subsections :

3.1. Sample

3.2 Psychological Tests Used

3.3 Design

3.4 Procedure of data collection

3.1 Sample

The purpose of the study was to assess the level of stress and managing stress among working
women. A total of 30 working women was taken as sample in the study. The age range of working
women was taken as sample in the study was 25-35years.

3.2 Psychological Test used

The following tools were used for the measurement of variables in the study.

1. The occupational stress index by Dr A.k. Srivastava and Dr A.P. Singh.

2. Stress Management scale by Dr Vandana Kaushik and Dr Namrata Arora Charpe.

A brief description of the tests used is given below:

3.2.1 Occupational Stress Index

Occupational stress index purpose to measure the extent of stress which employees perceive
arising from various conditions of their job. The scale consists of 46 items, each to be rated on
the five-point scale. Out of 46 items 28 are ‘true-keyed’ and rest 18 are ‘false-keyed’.

Reliability – Reliability index by spilt half (odd – even) Method Cronbach alpha -coefficient
for the scale as a whole were found to be .935 and .90 respectively.

Validity – The validity was determined by computing coefficient of correlation between the
scale. And the various measures of job attitudes and job behaviour. The employee scores on the
index is likely to positively to correlate with the scores on the measures.
3.2.2 Stress management Scale

The Stress Management scale had 36 items in all. The pattern was so developed as to be
comprehendible.

Reliability – The reliability was found by calculating the coefficient of scores by test retest
and split half method.

Test retest - The accuracy of this method rests on the assumption that the participation and
fundamentally the same during two test period.

Split halves – Method was used to calculate the reliability estimate of the scale.

Validity – the tool was validated to ensure its dependability in recognizing the stress
management technique.

3.3 Design of the study followed

This was a non-experimental study so no specific design was followed.

3.4 Procedure of data collection

After taking permission from the Head of the Department of Psychology, Patna Women’s
College. The working women were clarified about the present study. Assurance regarding the
confidentiality of their responses was given. After which the questionnaire was distributed to
them. And through the google forms also I have collected the data. The working women were
asked to answer the questions honestly and earnestly. After completion, the questionnaire was
collected from the working women and they were appreciated for their cooperation.
 CHAPTER-IV

4.1 RESULT AND DISSCUSION

The quantitative method is used in this study. And sample of this study is 30. There are various
level of stress and management of stress is shown.

➢ Hypothesis-1- Working women will have moderate level of occupational stress.

Total score(x) Mean SD

4114 137.13 18.00

Table 1
Range of N Level of
scores occupational stress

46-122 4 Low
123-155 21 Moderate
156-230 5 High

Level of Occupational Stress

N=5, N=4,
17% 13%
low
moderate
high

N=21,
70%
Hypothesis 1 – It has been observed that working women has long working hours and have
much work pressure do to. which it was that working women will have stress

The table no -1 is showing the range of score (156-230) high level of stress, (123-155) range
of score is indicate moderate level of stress, whereas (46-122) range of score is for low level
of stress.

Out of 30, (5) sample were in the category of high level of stress. (21) sample are in the
category of moderate level of stress. Out of 30. (40) sample were in the category of low level
of stress. And Mean =137.13

The obtain result in table No1 is showing maximum no of sample (30) in that 21 of the
category of moderate level of stress. So given hypothesis is accepted.

➢ Hypothesis 2- Working women will have low/poor level of stress management.

Total score(Y) Mean SD

3331 111.03 17.05

Table 2

Level of Stress
Range of
N Management
score
3 Very good
134-145
7 Good
121-133
6 Moderate
105-120
9 Poor
92-104
5 Very poor
80-91
 Level of Stress Management

N=5, N=3,
17% 10%
N=7, very good
23% good
N=9, moderate
30%
N=6, poor
20% very poor

Hypothesis 2- It has been observed that working women are poor in managing stress to
Balancing work and family roles had become a key personal and family issue for many
societies. Work and family are the two most important aspects in people’s lives and, contrary
to the initial belief that they are distinct parts of life. which it was hypothesised that working
women would have poor level of stress management.

Out of 30 sample (9) women of them poor level of stress management that is higher than all
the sample. (3) women have very good level of management. (7) women have good level of
management. (6) women have moderate level of management. (5) women have very poor level
of management. And mean= 111.03

The obtain result in table No1 is showing maximum no of sample (30) in that 9 of the
category of poor level of stress. So given hypothesis is accepted.
Hypothesis -3 -There will be negative corelation between stress and stress management

Table 3

variables r Level of
significance

Occupational stress
P<0.01
Stress management -0.19

Hypothesis- 3- There is a negative corelation between occupational stress and stress

management. r (-0.19), which is significant at 0.01 level of significance. The value of
coefficient of correlation clearly indicates a negative correlation between the two variables i.e,
stress management and stress of work. This means that higher the stress lower will be the stress
management among working women. Thus, the result confirmed the hypothesis i.e,” There will
be a negative correlation between stress and stress management among working women.

Stress Management among working women were poor so there were stress among them. Work
and family roles had become a key personal and family issue for many societies. Balancing
Work and family are the two most important aspects in people’s lives and, contrary to the initial
belief that they are distinct parts of life; these domains are closely related. In all countries the
economic development requires an integration of both male and female labour forces. That is
men and women both have to contribute to development process of the country as the labour
of women contributes to economic growth and poverty reduction.
 CHAPTER -V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Summary

Balancing work and family roles had become a key personal and family issue for many
societies. Work and family are the two most important aspects in people’s lives and, contrary
to the initial belief that they are distinct parts of life; these domains are closely related (Ford et
al., 2007).

Occupational stress defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur
when the requirement of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker
(AL-Hussami, 2008). From that definition, Occupational stress is chronic conditions caused by
situation in the workplace that mat negatively affect an individual’s job performance and their
overall wellbeing (Yahaya et al., 2009).

The table no -1 is showing the range of score (156-230) high level of stress, (123-155)
range of score is indicate moderate level of stress, whereas (46-122) range of score is for low
level of stress. The obtain result in table no-1 is showing maximum no of sample (30) in that
21 of the category of moderate level of stress. So hypothesis is accepted. Thus result shows
that working women have moderate level of stress.

In stress management Out of 30 sample (9) women of them poor level of stress management
that is higher than all the sample. (3) women have very good level of management. (7) women
have good level of management. (6) women have moderate level of management. (5) women
have very poor level of management. Maximum women have poor level of management.

There is a negative corelation between occupational stress and stress management. r (-0.19)
When there will be stress there will be poor level of stress management.
Conclusion

on the basis of the analysis on the result following conclusion were drawn.

• Working women were having moderate level of stress.

• They have poor level of stress management.
• And there will be negative corelation between Stress Management and stress

Suggestions

Following suggestion for minimizing stress were given for working women

• Keep a journal for a week or two to identify which situations create the most stress and
how you respond to them.

• Develop healthy responses.

• Establish boundaries.
• Learn how to relax.
• Talk to your supervisor.
• Get some support.
• They should balance between occupational work and family by focusing on urgent
work

Limitation

➢ Quantitative study of 30 sample was done.

That was small sample, that is why no depth study was done.
➢ And this was a non-experimental study so no specific design was followed.
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APPENDICES