HOMEWORK

by Darwin Quinteros
 DEFINE IN YOUR OWN WORDS:

It involves the development of a

LOGICAL
reasoning that makes it
It is the ability of a machine to possible to determine the

INTELLIGENCE AGENT REASONING

reason and think trying to appropriate means to achieve
simulate human cognition. an end.

ARTIFICIAL RATIONALITY
It is the ability to understand, Agent is something that acts It is a cognitive skill that we use
reason, know, learn and solve to analyze information, identify

INTELLIGENCE
problems. In this sense it patterns and relationships, and
resembles concepts such as apply rules or principles to
'understanding' and 'intellect'. reach a logical conclusion.
1.2 READ TURING’S ORIGINAL PAPER ON AI (TURING, 1950). IN THE PAPER, HE DISCUSSES SEVERAL OBJECTIONS TO HIS
PROPOSED ENTERPRISE AND HIS TEST FOR INTELLIGENCE. WHICH OBJECTIONS STILL CARRY WEIGHT? ARE HIS
REFUTATIONS VALID? CAN YOU THINK OF NEW OBJECTIONS ARISING FROM DEVELOPMENTS SINCE HE WROTE THE
PAPER? IN THE PAPER, HE PREDICTS THAT, BY THE YEAR 2000, A COMPUTER WILL HAVE A 30% CHANCE OF PASSING A
FIVE-MINUTE TURING TEST WITH AN UNSKILLED INTERROGATOR.

The objections that hold weight is the objection of the consciousness of machines cannot feel emotions in the same
way as humans. And the fact that machines only act based on their programming.
New objections can include things like computers are designed to be sequential rather than parallel, and if it is possible
for computer-based parallel cores to work fast enough to simulate a brain, chatbots are widely used (often to scam
people). This shows that if a person assumes that he is talking to a human being, he can be easily deceived.

WHAT CHANCE DO YOU THINK A COMPUTER WOULD HAVE TODAY? IN ANOTHER 50 YEARS?

I believe that the probability of passing the turing test is not yet possible since factors such as lack of emotions, are still
an inability of machines to hold a conversation without differentiating themselves from human.
1.3 ARE REFLEX ACTIONS (SUCH AS FLINCHING FROM A HOT STOVE) RATIONAL? ARE THEY INTELLIGENT?

Yes, despite being a reflex this acts from the rational, taking the example of the hot stove if we had the hand resting on
this stove, the action would be to quickly move the hand from that place being an action under the logic that keeping
the hand would hurt us.

1.4 SUPPOSE WE EXTEND EVANS’S ANALOGY PROGRAM SO THAT IT CAN SCORE 200 ON A STANDARD IQ TEST.
WOULD WE THEN HAVE A PROGRAM MORE INTELLIGENT THAN A HUMAN? EXPLAIN.

No, because an IQ test only focuses on pattern recognition, and if a program reaches 200 points it is likely that this
program is made only to pass this test but not a development beyond this, in terms of intelligence covers more, having
the influence of actions, perceptions and intuition, It is unlikely that a program achieves an intelligence equal to or
superior to that of humans.

1.5 THE NEURAL STRUCTURE OF THE SEA SLUG APLYSIA HAS BEEN WIDELY STUDIED (FIRST BY NOBEL LAUREATE ERIC
KANDEL) BECAUSE IT HAS ONLY ABOUT 20,000 NEURONS, MOST OF THEM LARGE AND EASILY MANIPULATED. ASSUMING
THAT THE CYCLE TIME FOR AN APLYSIA NEURON IS ROUGHLY THE SAME AS FOR A HUMAN NEURON, HOW DOES THE
COMPUTATIONAL POWER, IN TERMS OF MEMORY UPDATES PER SECOND, COMPARE WITH THE HIGH-END COMPUTER
DESCRIBED IN FIGURE 1.3?

The sea Aplysia has about the same cycle time as a human brain (10^3). So the computational power in terms of
memory updates per second = 20,000 / 10^3 = 2 x 10^7 memory updates per second. The computational power of the
high-end computer is 10^14 memory updates per second, so a high-end computer is twice as fast.
1.6 HOW COULD INTROSPECTION—REPORTING ON ONE’S INNER THOUGHTS—BE INACCURATE? COULD I BE WRONG ABOUT
WHAT I’M THINKING? DISCUSS.

Introspection is inaccurate since this thought is generated from a point of view. Having the possibility of being wrong.

1.7 TO WHAT EXTENT ARE THE FOLLOWING COMPUTER SYSTEMS INSTANCES OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE:

• Supermarket bar code scanners. It is a weak AI, focused only on reading code and relating to a price already defined
in its programming.

• Web search engines. It is a strong AI, expanded its use based on what the User consults having a wider and more
varied database.

• Voice-activated telephone menus. They are weak AIs being only able to answer only what is programmed in their
code if they reach the ability to dialogue with the user.

• Internet routing algorithms that respond dynamically to the state of the network. It is a strong AI being able to
recognize the network state and determine an action based on logic, routing to a network in better state.

1.8 MANY OF THE COMPUTATIONAL MODELS OF COGNITIVE ACTIVITIES THAT HAVE BEEN PROPOSED IN-VOLVE QUITE
COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS, SUCH AS CONVOLVING AN IMAGE WITH A GAUSSIAN OR FINDING A MINIMUM
OF THE ENTROPY FUNCTION. MOST HUMANS (AND CERTAINLY ALL ANIMALS) NEVER LEARN THIS KIND OF MATHEMATICS
AT ALL, ALMOST NO ONE LEARNS IT BEFORE COLLEGE, AND ALMOST NO ONE CAN COMPUTE THE CONVOLUTION OF A
FUNCTION WITH A GAUSSIAN IN THEIR HEAD. WHAT SENSE DOES IT MAKE TO SAY THAT THE “VISION SYSTEM” IS DOING
THIS KIND OF MATHEMATICS, WHEREAS THE ACTUAL PERSON HAS NO IDEA HOW TO DO IT?

It is a hypothesis, which seeks to explain how the vision system is handled, despite not being able to verify, it is a way of
seeing the action of vision although it finds the possibility that vision is a simple reflex action.
1.9 WHY WOULD EVOLUTION TEND TO RESULT IN SYSTEMS THAT ACT RATIONALLY? WHAT GOALS ARE SUCH SYSTEMS
DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE?

Evolved systems act rationally with the aim of adaptation, reasoning provides more possibilities for improvement,
having a greater ability to change and learn.

1.10 IS AI A SCIENCE, OR IS IT ENGINEERING? OR NEITHER OR BOTH? EXPLAIN.

In my opinion it is both because it is an area of study that generates new knowledge and in turn uses existing
knowledge for its development.

1.11 “SURELY COMPUTERS CANNOT BE INTELLIGENT—THEY CAN DO ONLY WHAT THEIR PROGRAMMERS TELL THEM.” IS THE
LATTER STATEMENT TRUE, AND DOES IT IMPLY THE FORMER?
At the moment this statement can be considered true since its development if it is limited to its programming,
preventing the development of an intelligence, however, the fact of reducing the limitations in its programming can
give an opening to reach a greater area of action.

1.12 “SURELY ANIMALS CANNOT BE INTELLIGENT—THEY CAN DO ONLY WHAT THEIR GENES TELL THEM.” IS THE LATTER
STATEMENT TRUE, AND DOES IT IMPLY THE FORMER?
It is false since their intelligence is not totally influenced by genes, the intelligence of animals is influenced in their level
of reasoning and intuition.
1.13 “SURELY ANIMALS, HUMANS, AND COMPUTERS CANNOT BE INTELLIGENT—THEY CAN DO ONLY WHAT THEIR
CONSTITUENT ATOMS ARE TOLD TO DO BY THE LAWS OF PHYSICS.” IS THE LATTER STATEMENT TRUE, AND DOES IT IMPLY
THE FORMER?
This statement is false since we cannot associate the influence of the laws of physics in the body with the level of
intelligence, since intelligence is the level of analysis in its action and thinking.
1.14 EXAMINE THE AI LITERATURE TO DISCOVER WHETHER THE FOLLOWING TASKS CAN CURRENTLY BE SOLVED BY
COMPUTERS:
a. Playing a decent game of table tennis (Ping-Pong). An artificial intelligence can perform this activity. Being
performed by a robot that has the ability to detect the ball approaching and be able to return it

b. Driving in the center of Cairo, Egypt. The automatic conduction already presents, however it still requires
improvement so although it conducts well in a less traveled area it still presents some risk of failure.

c. Driving in Victorville, California. Although automatic driving is already present, the use of this within a city can have
certain problems since the recognition of the vehicles around it still requires more development. In other words, he
would not perform the activity in complete safety.

d. Buying a week’s worth of groceries at the market. It cannot perform this activity on its own requiring human
supervision.

e. Buying a week’s worth of groceries on the Web. If you can always perform the activity, placing orders that are
previously scheduled.

f. Playing a decent game of bridge at a competitive level. If I could play bridge at a competitive level since I would have
a code with the mechanics of the game and the ability to analyze possible plays more quickly.

g. Discovering and proving new mathematical theorems. No, since AI is handled within its code being unlikely to
generate knowledge outside its database.

h. Writing an intentionally funny story. It cannot because by not having emotions and managing within the logic does
not achieve a clear understanding of what is considered comical.

i. Giving competent legal advice in a specialized area of law. If you could give legal advice based on the regulations and
laws that are loaded into your system.
1.14 EXAMINE THE AI LITERATURE TO DISCOVER WHETHER THE FOLLOWING TASKS CAN CURRENTLY BE SOLVED BY
COMPUTERS:

j. Translating spoken English into spoken Swedish in real time. Yes since the technology already allows speech
recognition and translation of what is said

k. Performing a complex surgical operation. autonomously can not perform an operation, this is only possible under the
intervention of a person

1.15 VARIOUS SUBFIELDS OF AI HAVE HELD CONTESTS BY DEFINING A STANDARD TASK AND INVITING RESEARCHERS TO
DO THEIR BEST. EXAMPLES INCLUDE THE DARPA GRAND CHALLENGE FOR ROBOTIC CARS, THE INTERNATIONAL PLANNING
COMPETITION, THE ROBOCUP ROBOTIC SOCCER LEAGUE, THE TREC INFORMATION RETRIEVAL EVENT, AND CONTESTS IN
MACHINE TRANSLATION, SPEECH RECOGNITION. INVESTIGATE FIVE OF THESE CONTESTS, AND DESCRIBE THE PROGRESS
MADE OVER THE YEARS. TO WHAT DEGREE HAVE THE CONTESTS ADVANCED TOE STATE OF THE ART IN AI? DO WHAT
DEGREE DO THEY HURT THE FIELD BY DRAWING ENERGY AWAY FROM NEW IDEAS?

Overall, these competitions have been crucial in driving AI technology forward by promoting healthy competition and
inspiring innovation. They have motivated researchers to create novel techniques and algorithms and have given them
the opportunity to evaluate and contrast various approaches. However, there is the possibility to deflect attention and
resources away from new concepts and areas of research. Therefore, it is important to strike a balance between
promoting healthy competition and encouraging exploration of new ideas and directions in AI research.