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But modern day LANs are all switched LANs with full duplex
operation, CSMA/CD is not needed mostly (why?)
Switched LANs also use full duplex operation, which means that devices can transmit and receive data simultaneously on separate
channels. This eliminates the need for CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection), which was a technology
used in older Ethernet LANs to manage access to the shared communication medium and avoid collisions between data packets.
CSMA/CD was designed for half-duplex Ethernet LANs, where devices could not transmit and receive simultaneously on the same
communication channel. In such LANs, devices had to listen for activity on the network before transmitting their own data to avoid
collisions with other devices. If a collision occurred, CSMA/CD detected it and triggered a backoff algorithm to retry transmission.
With full duplex operation, devices on a switched LAN can transmit and receive data simultaneously without worrying about
collisions, because each device has its own dedicated communication channel. This greatly improves the efficiency and
performance of the LAN, making it more suitable for modern data-intensive applications.
Relation Between the Standards
Standards now are from IEEE
“Ethernet LAN” and “IEEE 802.3 LAN” used interchangeably
Frame format for both standards the same except for small
difference
TCP/IP implementations use original Ethernet-2 frame format,
no LLC (network layer directly uses Ethernet frames)
Both types can coexist on the same LAN (will discuss how later)
Minimum Frame Size
A frame must take more than 2τ time to send (τ = max. one-way
propagation delay) to detect collision
An example scenario:
Two machines A and B located at the far ends of the cable
A starts sending a frame at time 0
Frame almost at B at time τ –δ
B starts sending a frame at time τ – δ
Collision occurs at time τ
Jam signal gets back to A at time 2τ
If A has finished transmitting the frame (before 2τ time), the collision is missed
Minimum frame size of 10 Mbps Ethernet = 64 bytes
Slot time = time to transmit the minimum sized frame = 512bits/10Mbps =
51.2 microseconds for 10 Mbps Ethernet
If a station transmits for 1 slot time and does not detect any collision, it will be
able to finish its transmission
What about Fast Ethernet (100 Mbps) and Gigabit Ethernet (1 Gbps)?
What if it is <46, then pad it with 0's
7 1 6 6 2 46-1500 4
IEEE
PA SFD DA SA LEN LLC PDU PAD FCS 802.3
8 6 6 2 46-1500 4
#
How receiver will detect end of frame
(as data size is variable) ?
0000.0c12.3456
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.
Hexadecimal numbers are often used in computing and digital systems to represent values, such as memory addresses or color
codes. Each hex digit represents four binary digits, or bits, which means that a 12 hex digit number represents 48 bits of information.
Interoperation Between Ethernet and
802.3
All protocols type values standardized have values
greater than 1536
Max. length field value in 802.3 frame = 1500
If length/type field value ≤ 1500, it is a 802.3 frame,
else it is a Ethernet-2 frame
It is also possible to carry protocols using type field
inside a 802.3 field (SNAP headers)
Not discussed in this course
Some Terminologies
without repeaters you can put atmost
Segment 100m distance = segment length
LLC
DSAP SSAP CTRL Data
PDU