Protocol layering and data

Each layer takes data from above

 adds header information to create new data unit
 passes new data unit to layer below

source destination
M application application M message

Ht M transport transport Ht M segment

Hn Ht M network network Hn Ht M datagram
Hl Hn Ht M link link Hl Hn Ht M frame
physical physical
 Protocol Headers
Data Link Header IP Header TCP Header Trailer

Pre DA SA 0800h version H L … 6 … TCP Header Data FCS

Ether Type
0x0800 Internet Protocol, Version 4
(IPv4)
0x0806 Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
0x8100 IEEE 802.1Q-tagged frame
0x86DD Internet Protocol, Version
6 (IPv6)
0x8847 MPLS unicast
0x8848 MPLS multicast
Protocol
1: Internet Control Message
Protocol (ICMP)
2: Internet Group
Management Protocol (IGMP)
6: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
17: User Datagram Protocol
(UDP)
89: Open Shortest Path First
(OSPF)
 Ethernet
“dominant” LAN technology:
 First widely used LAN technology

 Simpler, cheaper than token LANs and ATM

 Kept up with speed race: 10, 100, 1000 Mbps

Metcalfe’s Ethernet
sketch
 Ethernet Technologies: 10Base2

 10: 10Mbps; 2: under 200 meters max cable length

 thin coaxial cable in a bus topology

 repeaters used to connect up to multiple segments

 repeater repeats bits it hears on one interface to its other
interfaces: physical layer device only!
 has become a legacy technology
 10BaseT and 100BaseT
 10/100 Mbps rate; latter called “fast ethernet”
 T stands for Twisted Pair
 Nodes connect to a hub: “star topology”; 100 m
max distance between nodes and hub

nodes

hub
 Ethernet hubs and switches
 By definition of the term, Ethernet hubs:
 Operate solely at Ethernet Layer 1
 Repeat (regenerate) electrical signals to improve cabling
distances
 Forward signals received on a port out all other ports (no
buffering)
 Switches have the same cabling and signal
regeneration benefits as hubs, but switches do a lot
more—including sometimes reducing or even
eliminating collisions by buffering frames
 When switches receive multiple frames on different
switch ports, they store the frames in memory buffers
to prevent collisions
 Collision Domains
 A collision domain is a set of devices that can send
frames that collide with frames sent by another device
in that same set of devices
 Before the advent of LAN switches, Ethernets were
either physically shared (10BASE2 and 10BASE5) or
shared by virtue of shared hubs and their Layer 1
“repeat out all other ports” logic
 Ethernet switches greatly reduce the number of
possible collisions, both through frame buffering and
through their more complete Layer 2 logic
Ethernet hubs and switches
Collision detection
 CSMA/CD
 The original Ethernet specifications expected collisions to occur
on the LAN
 The media is shared
 Any electrical signal induced onto the wire could collide with a
signal induced by another device
 When two or more Ethernet frames overlap on the transmission
medium at the same instant in time, a collision occurs
 The collision results in bit errors and lost frames
 The original Ethernet specifications defined the Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) algorithm to
deal with the inevitable collisions
 CSMA/CD minimizes the number of collisions
 CSMA/CD
 A device with a frame to send listens until the Ethernet is not
busy (in other words, the device cannot sense a carrier signal
on the Ethernet segment).
 When the Ethernet is not busy, the sender begins sending the
frame.
 The sender listens to make sure that no collision occurred.
 If there was a collision, all stations that sent a frame send a
jamming signal to ensure that all stations recognize the
collision.
 After the jamming is complete, each sender of one of the
original collided frames randomizes a timer and waits that
long before resending. (Other stations that did not create the
collision do not have to wait to send.)
 After all timers expire, the original senders can begin again
with Step 1
 Ethernet :
Framing and Addressing
 In many documents, the word frame refers to the bits and
bytes that include the Layer 2 header and trailer, along
with the data encapsulated by that header and trailer
 The term packet is most often used to describe the Layer
3 header and data, without a Layer 2 header or trailer
 Ethernet’s Layer 2 specifications relate to the creation,
forwarding, reception, and interpretation of Ethernet
frames
 The original Ethernet specifications were owned by the
combination of Digital Equipment Corp., Intel, and Xerox—
hence the name “Ethernet (DIX)”
 Ethernet :
Framing and Addressing
 Ethernet at the Data Link layer is responsible for
Ethernet addressing, commonly referred to as
hardware addressing or MAC addressing
 Ethernet is also responsible for framing packets
received from the Network layer and preparing them
for transmission on the local network
 There are four different types of Ethernet frames
available:
 Ethernet-II
 IEEE 802.3
 IEEE 802.2
 SNAP
Ethernet :
Framing and Addressing
 Ethernet :
Framing and Addressing
Following are the details of the different fields in the
802.3 and Ethernet frame types:

 Preamble An alternating 1,0 pattern provides a 5MHz

clock at the start of each packet, which allows the
receiving devices to lock the incoming bit stream.

 Start Frame Delimiter (SFD)/Synch The preamble is

seven octets and the SFD is one octet (synch). The SFD is
10101011.
 Ethernet :
Framing and Addressing
 Destination Address (DA) This transmits a 48-bit
value using the least significant bit (LSB) first. The DA
is used by receiving stations to determine whether an
incoming packet is addressed to a particular node. DA
may be unicast, broadcast or multicast.
 Source Address (SA) The SA is a 48-bit MAC
address used to identify the transmitting device, and it
uses the LSB first. Broadcast and multicast address
formats are illegal within the SA field.
 Length or Type 802.3 uses a Length field, but the
Ethernet frame uses a Type field to identify the
Network layer protocol. 802.3 cannot identify the
upper-layer protocol.
 Ethernet :
Framing and Addressing

 Data This is a packet sent down to the Data

Link layer from the Network layer. The size can
vary from 64 to 1500 bytes.

 Frame Check Sequence (FCS) FCS is a field

at the end of the frame that’s used to store the
CRC.
Ethernet type II