Department of Electrical Engineering

EE-462 Computer Networks Lab

Assignment no: 01
Name: Rimsha Kanwal
Roll Number: 150252
Class: BEE-7B (Power)

Submitted To: Engr. Aqib Khan

Date: oct 7, 2018

QUESTION NO 1:
Describe connections of wires used in Packet Tracer 5.0?
Ans: The Different types of wires available in packet tracers are following below
• Console Cable
• Copper Straight Through & Copper Cross-Over.
• Fiber Optic.
• Phone Cable.
• Coaxial Cable.
• Serial DCE & DTE.
• Octal.

CONSOLE CABLE: This cable is typically flat (and usually has a light blue color) to
help distinguish it from other types of network cabling. This one piece cable is used for
connecting your computer's serial port to the RJ45 console port on most Cisco equipment
❖ Connection: PC/Laptop/Generic to Router/Switch.

Copper Straight Through : A straight-through cable is the standard configuration of

network cable. Two computers cannot communicate if connected together by a straight-
through cable, because both will transmit on the transmit channel.
❖ Connection: PC ,Server, Laptop, or Printer to Switch
PC ,Server, Laptop, or Printer to Hub
PC ,Server, Laptop, or Printer to Modem
PC ,Server ,Laptop, or Printer to Cloud
Router to Switch
Router to Hub
Router to Modem
Router to cloud

Copper Cross-Over: A crossover cable is the same cable, but with a connector at one end
wired differently. A crossover cable converts transmit to receive and receive to transmit at
one end of the cable.

❖ Connection: PC, Server, Laptop, or printer to PC

PC, Server, Laptop, or printer to Server
PC, Server, Laptop, or printer to Laptop
PC, Server, Laptop, or printer to Printer
Switch to Hub
Switch to Switch
Hub to Hub
Router w/o Serial to Router and PC to PC
Fiber optics: A fiber optic cable is a network cable that contains strands of glass fibers
inside an insulated casing. These cables are designed for long distance and very high
bandwidth (gigabit speed) network communications.
❖ Connection: All with fiber ports.

Phone Cable: A standard specifies both a physical connector and how it is wired. Though
four wires are typically used in phone cabling, only two are necessary for
telecommunication. In the event that a second line is needed, the other two are used.
❖ Connection: Cloud to DSL Modem
VoIP to Analog Phone
Analog Phone to Analog Phone

Coaxial Cable: Coaxial cables are a type of cable that is used by cable TV and that is
common for data communications. A single center solid wire symmetrically surrounded by a
braided or foil conductor. Between the center wire and foil is a insulating dielectric.
❖ Connection: Cloud to Cable Modem
Cable Modem to Co-Ax Splitter (hub)
Co-Ax Splitter to TV
Cable Modem to TV
Cloud to TV
TV to TV

Serial DCE & DTE:A serial cable is a cable used to transfer information between two
devices using a serial communication protocol. Devices that communicate over a serial
interface are divided into two classes: DTE and DCE. The most important difference between
these types of devices is that the DCE device supplies the clock signal that paces the
communications on the bus
❖ Connection: Router to Router
Cloud to Router
QUESTION NO 2
Write a note on 7 layers of OSI Model?
OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) is a reference model for how applications communicate
over a network.A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
The purpose of the OSI reference model is to guide vendors and developers so the digital
communication products and software programs they create can interoperate, and to facilitate
a clear framework that describes the functions of a networking or telecommunication system.
The main concept of OSI is that the process of communication between two endpoints in a
network can be divided into seven distinct groups of related functions, or layers. Each
communicating user or program is on a device that can provide those seven layers of
function.
Layer 1: The physical layer. This layer conveys the bit stream across the network
either electrically, mechanically or through radio waves. The physical layer covers a variety
of devices and mediums, among them cabling, connectors, receivers, transceivers and
repeaters.

Layer 2: The data-link layer. This layer sets up links across the physical network,
putting packets into network frames. This layer has two sub-layers: the logical link control
layer and the media access control layer (MAC). MAC layer types include Ethernet and
802.11 wireless specifications.

Layer 3: The network layer. This layer handles addressing and routing the data --
sending it in the right direction to the right destination on outgoing transmissions and
receiving incoming transmissions at the packet level. IP is the network layer for the internet.

Layer 4: The transport layer. This layer manages packetization of data, then the
delivery of the packets, including checking for errors in the data once it arrives. On the
internet, TCP and UDP provide these services for most applications as well.

Layer 5: The session layer. This layer sets up, coordinates and terminates
conversations. Its services include authentication and reconnection after an interruption. On
the internet, Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
provide these services for most applications.

Layer 6: The presentation layer. This layer is usually part of an operating system
(OS) and converts incoming and outgoing data from one presentation format to another -- for
example, from clear text to encrypted text at one end and back to clear text at the other.

Layer 7: The application layer. This is the layer at which communication partners are
identified , Is there someone to talk to? network capacity is assessed , Will the network let
me talk to them right now? , and where the data or application is presented in a visual form
the user can understand. This layer is not the application itself, it is the set of services an
application should be able to make use of directly, although some applications may perform
application-layer functions.