Department of Electrical Engineering

Analog and Digital Communication

Lab Report: 06
Frequency Modulation

Name: Rimsha Kanwal

Roll Number: 150252
Class: BEE-8B (Power)

Date: March 21, 2019

1. Objective
o To study frequency modulation
o To generate FM wave using VCO IC XR-2206
o To calculate the modulation index
o To observe the spectrum of FM wave on digital oscliscope

2. Equipment Required:
o Function generator
o Oscilloscope
o Xr-2206
o 2*5.1 k resistor
o 200 ohms resistor
o 1 uF capacitor
o 10 uFcapacitor
3. Theory:
Frequency modulation (FM) is a technique used to encode data on an alternating digital or
analog signal. The method includes varying the frequency of the carrier wave on which
useful information is imposed or impressed upon. The signal on which data is imposed is
known as the carrier signal and the resulting signal with variable frequency is called a
frequency modulated signal.
Frequency modulation uses the information signal, Vm(t) to vary the carrier frequency within
some small range about its original value. Here are the three signals in mathematical form:

Information: Vm(t)

Carrier: Vc(t) = Vco sin ( 2 p fc t + f )

FM: VFM (t) = Vco sin (2 p [fc + (Df/Vmo) Vm (t)]t + f)

We have replaced the carrier frequency term, with a time-varying frequency. We have also
introduced a new term: Df, the peak frequency deviation. In this form, you should be able to
see that the carrier frequency term: fc + (Df/Vmo) Vm (t) now varies between the extremes of
fc - Df and fc + Df. The interpretation of Df becomes clear: it is the farthest away from the
original frequency that the FM signal can be. Sometimes it is referred to as the "swing" in the
frequency.

We can also define a modulation index for FM, analogous to AM:

b = Df/fm , where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.

The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, b, is as a measure of the peak frequency
deviation, Df. In other words, b represents a way to express the peak deviation frequency as a
multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. Df = b fm.

4. Procedure:
i. Generate a sinusoidal signal m(t) using function generator.
ii. Apply this signal at the modulation-in of the other function generator.
iii. Adjust the carrier frequency and other modulation parameter
iv. Observer FM output at 2nd function generator.

Output:
5. Conclusion:
In FM signals, the efficiency and bandwidth both depend on both the maximum
modulating frequency and the modulation index.Compared to AM, the FM signal has a
higher efficiency, a larger bandwidth and better immunity to noise