Experiment # 07

Demonstrate the effects of modulating Index of Frequency modulation (FM)

using MATLAB/Simulink.

OBJECTIVE:
To generate FM wave and plot its frequency spectrum, Effect of M.I. of FM using MATLAB
and Simulink.

APPARATUS REQUIRED
S.N. Item required
1. Computer
2. MATLAB

Frequency Modulation
The frequency modulation can be defined as; the frequency of the carrier signal is varied
proportional to (in accordance with) the Amplitude of the input modulating signal. The input is a
single tone sine wave. The carrier and the FM waveforms also are shown in the following figure.

Figure7.1 Frequency Modulation Generation

The frequency of a carrier (fc) will increase as the amplitude of modulating (input) signal
increases. The carrier frequency will be maximum (fc max) when the input signal is at its peak.
The carrier deviates maximum from its normal value. The frequency of a carrier will decrease as
the amplitude of the modulating (input) signal decreases. The carrier frequency will be minimum
(fc min) when the input signal is at its lowest. The carrier deviates minimum from its normal
value. The frequency of the carrier will be at its normal value (free running) fc when the input
signal value is 0V. There is no deviation in the carrier. The figure shows the frequency of the FM
wave when the input is at its max, 0V and at its min.

Frequency Deviation:
 The amount of change in the carrier frequency produced, by the amplitude of the input
modulating signal, is called frequency deviation.
 The Carrier frequency swings between fmax and fmin as the input varries in its
amplitude.
 The difference between fmax and fc is known as frequency deviation. f = fmax – fc
 Similarly, the difference between fc and fmin also is known as frequency deviation. f =
fc –fmin
 It is denoted by Δf. Therefore Δf = fmax – fc = fc – fmin
 Therefore f = fmax – fc = fc – fmin
Frequency Modulation Equation:
The FM equation include the following
Vfm(t) = A sin [ wct + (Δf / fm) sin wmt ]
= A sin [ wct +  sin wmt ]
A = Amplitude of the FM signal.
Δf = Frequency deviation
 = Modulation Index of FM
 = ∆f/fm
 is called the modulation index of frequency modulation.
wm = 2π fm wc = 2π fc

Modulating index:
We can also define a modulation index for FM, analogous to AM:
 = f/fm, where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.
The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, is as a measure of the peak
frequency deviation, f. In other words, represents a way to express the peak deviation
frequency as a
Multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. f =  fm.

Bandwidth
Carson's bandwidth rule defines the approximate bandwidth requirements of communications
system components for a carrier signal that is frequency modulated by a continuous or broad
spectrum of frequencies rather than a single frequency.
Carson's bandwidth rule is expressed by the relation

the bandwidth of a FM signal may be predicted using:

BW = 2 ( + 1)fm
Where CBR is the bandwidth required.
 is the modulation index and fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.

Example 1: Demonstrate FM for =2.5 to show narrow band FM of a sin wave of 2Hz and
carrier of 25 HZ. Using t=0:0.001:1; ( = 40, WIDEBAND FM)
clear all
close all
%info signal
vm=1;
fm=2;
t=0:0.001:1;
vinfo=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
%carrier signal
vc=1;
fc=25;
vcarrier=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
% FM signal
B=40;
vfm=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+B*sin(2*pi*fm*t));
subplot 311
plot(t,vinfo);
title('Vinfo Signal');
subplot 312
plot(t,vcarrier);
title('Vcarrier Signal');
subplot 313
plot(t,vfm);
title('WIDEBAND FM');

Figure7.2 Wideband frequency modulation of sine signal

Example 2: Demonstrate FM for =2.5 to show narrow band FM of a sin wave of 2Hz and
carrier of 25 HZ. Using t=0:0.001:1; ( = 2.5, NARROWBAND FM)
clc
clear all
close all
%info signal
vm=1;
fm=2;
t=0:0.001:1;
vinfo=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
%carrier signal
vc=1;
fc=25;
vcarrier=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
% FM signal
B=2.5;
vfm=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+B*sin(2*pi*fm*t));
subplot 311
plot(t,vinfo);
title('Vinfo Signal');
subplot 312
plot(t,vcarrier);
title('Vcarrier Signal');
subplot 313
plot(t,vfm);
title('NARROWBAND FM');

Figure7.3 Narrowband frequency modulation of sine signal

Example 3: Demonstrate Wide Band FM using Simulink.

7.4 Wideband frequency modulation of sine signal using MATLAB Simulink

Output:

7.5 Wideband frequency modulation of sine signal using Simulink

LAB TASK 1:
Demonstrate FM for different betas () in order to show narrow band FM, wideband FM and no
carrier using MATLAB code to show their plot in time and frequency domain.

Note: For this first part of the lab frequency modulation is what is being demonstrated. Different
betas will be chosen in order to show Narrow band FM, Wideband FM, and no carrier.
OUTPUT:

Figure7.6 Wideband frequency modulation of sine signal

Figure7.7 Narrowband frequency modulation of sine signal

Figure7.8 No Carry frequency modulation of sine signal

 Figure7.9 No Carry frequency modulation of sine signal

LAB TASK 2:

Demonstrate FM for different betas () in order to show narrow band FM, wideband FM, and
no carrier using Simulink.

7.10 No Carry frequency modulation of sine signal using MATLAB Simulink

7.11 Narrawband frequency modulation of sine signal using MATLAB Simulink

 7.12 Wideband frequency modulation of sine signal using MATLAB Simulink

Procedure:

 Open matlab in Computer

 Press ctrl +N to open editor window
 Write desired code for the given tasks in editor window
 Use build-in commands plot, subplot for output
 Press Ctrl+S to save the code
 Press ‘Run’ to execute the program
 Observe the output as shown in the figures given above:
 Output as shown in above figures 6.2
 Task Code
clc
clear all
close all
%info signal
vm=1;
fm=2;
t=0:0.001:1;
vinfo=vm*sin(2*pi*fm*t);
%carrier signal
vc=1;
fc=25;
vcarrier=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
% FM signal
B=30;
vfm=vc*sin(2*pi*fc*t+B*sin(2*pi*fm*t));
subplot 311
plot(t,vinfo);
title('Vinfo Signal');
subplot 312
 plot(t,vcarrier);
title('Vcarrier Signal');
subplot 313
plot(t,vfm);
title('WIDEBAND FM');
Comments:
The Modulation Index and Deviation Ratio are two key parameters for
any FM, frequency modulation signal whether used for broadcasting or two way radio
communications. Two key parameters of any frequency modulated signal are the modulation
index and the deviation ratio.
Frequency modulation is used in a variety of applications. Different levels of deviation are used
in different applications. For broadcast FM transmissions the aim is to be able to transmit high
quality audio and to achieve this high levels of deviation are used and the bandwidth is wide. For
communications purposes, quality is not the issue, but bandwidth is more important. Accordingly
deviation levels are less and the bandwidth is much smaller.

Conclusion:
In this lab I concluded that the frequency of the carrier signal is varied
proportional to (in accordance with) the Amplitude of the input modulating signal. The
frequency of a carrier (fc) will increase as the amplitude of modulating (input) signal increases.
The carrier frequency will be maximum (fc max) when the input signal is at its peak.

The modulation index and deviation ratio both have important places within the design of
broadcast and radio communication systems. The figures define the level of modulation and
hence many of the properties of the frequency modulated signal. Accordingly they are important
when using FM.

When using a frequency modulated signal it is very helpful to have a measure of what is
effectively the level of the modulation.

This is useful in defining parameters like whether the signal is a narrow band or a wide band
frequency modulated signal. It is also very useful in ensuring that all transmitters or receivers in
a system are set to accommodate a standardised level of modulation as it affects parameters like
the receiver bandwidth, channel spacing and the like.

 = f/fm, where fm is the maximum modulating frequency used.

The simplest interpretation of the modulation index, is as a measure of the peak
frequency deviation, f. In other words, represents a way to express the peak deviation
frequency as a
Multiple of the maximum modulating frequency, fm, i.e. f =  fm.