Analog and Digital Communication

UNIT-1
1. Define Modulation.

Modulation is defined as the process by which some parameter of a high frequency

carrier signal such as amplitude, frequency or phase is varied in accordance with the
instantaneous value of low frequency message signal (modulating signal).

2. List out the reasons for using modulation.

The reasons for using modulation are:

(a) Size of antenna increases as frequency decreases.

(b) Ease of radiation.

(c) Less Noise and Interference.

(d) Bandwidth gets increased.

(e) Transmitting power gets decreased.

(f) Frequency re-allocation is possible.

3. Define amplitude Modulation.

Amplitude Modulation is the process of changing the amplitude of a relatively high

frequency carrier signal in proportion with the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal.

4. Define Modulation index and percent modulation for an AM wave.

Modulation index is a term used to describe the amount of amplitude change present
in an AM waveform. It is also called as coefficient of modulation.
Mathematically modulation index is
m = Em/Ec
where m = modulation coefficient
Em = Peak change in the amplitude of the output waveform voltage.
Ec = Peak amplitude of the unmodulated carrier voltage.
m = ( Vmax- Vmin)/ ( Vmax + Vmin)
m gives the amount of amplitude change in the modulating signal

Percent modulation gives the percentage change in the amplitude of the output wave
when the carrier is acted on by a modulating signal.
5. What are the advantages of single sideband transmission?

The advantages of SSBSC are

(a) Power conservation: Normally, with single side band transmission, only one sideband is
transmitted and the carrier is suppressed. So less power is required to produce essentially the
same quality signal.

(b) Bandwidth conservation: Single sideband transmission requires half as much

bandwidth as conventional AM double side band transmission.

(c) Noise reduction: Because a single side band system utilizes half as much bandwidth as
conventional AM, the thermal noise power is reduced to half that of a double side band
system.

6. What is the bandwidth of AM wave?

Bandwidth of AM signal is twice the frequency of modulating signal (2f m).

7. Define transmission efficiency.

The transmission efficiency of an AM wave is the “ratio of transmitted power which

contains the information to the total transmitted power.

8. Mention the applications of SSB.

a) Point to point radio telephone communication.

b) SSB telegraph system.

c) Police wireless communication.

d) Military communication and

e) Land and mobile communication.

9. Define angle modulation.

When frequency or phase of carrier is varied as per amplitude variations of

modulating signal it is called Angle modulation.

10. Define frequency deviation and phase deviation.

Frequency deviation is the change in frequency that occurs in the carrier when it is
acted on by a modulating signal frequency, given in Hertz (Δf). The peak frequency
deviation is simply the product of the deviation sensitivity and the peak modulating
signal voltage and is expressed mathematically as

Δf = K1 Vm Hz
 The relative angular displacement of the carrier with respect to the reference
phase is called phase deviation Δθ

11. State Carson rule and Bessel’s formula.

Carson rule states that the bandwidth required to transmit an angle

modulated wave as twice the sum of the peak frequency deviation and the highest modulating
signal frequency. Mathematically Carlson’s rule is

B=2(Δf +fm) Hz.

Bessel’s formula for B.W is twice the product of number of side bands and
modulating signal frequency. Mathematically Bessel’s rule is

B=2(n * fm) Hz.

12. Differentiate between narrow band FM and wideband FM

In narrow band FM, the frequency deviation is very small. Hence the frequency
spectrum consists of a pair of sidebands like AM. Other sidebands are negligible and
hence they can be neglected. Therefore the bandwidth of narrowband FM is limited only to
twice of the highest modulating frequency.

If the deviation in carrier frequency is large enough so that other sidebands cannot be
neglected, then it is called wideband FM. The bandwidth of wideband FM is calculated as
per Carson’s rule.

13. Write the advantages of angle modulation over amplitude modulation.

Angle modulation has several advantages over the amplitude modulation such as
noise reduction, improved system fidelity and more efficient use of power.

14. Compare FM and PM.

FM PM

Frequency deviation is proportional to Phase deviation is proportional to modulating

modulating voltage. voltage.

Noise immunity is better than AM and PM. Noise immunity is better than AM but worse
than FM

m is proportional to modulating voltage as m is proportional to the modulating voltage

well as the modulating frequency only.
15. What is the modulation index for FM when carrier frequency is 100 KHZ and modulating
signal frequency is 8 KHZ.

Use the formula m = Δf/f m , we get m=6.25

PART-B:

1) Derive the expression for AM modulated wave and draw its spectrum.

2) Obtain a relationship between carrier and side band powers in an AM DSBFC wave

and explain how power distribution takes place in AM DSBFC system and also
derive its efficiency.
3) With a neat block diagram explain the working of superhetrodyne receiver.
7
4) The output of a AM transmitter is given by m(t)=500(1+0.4sin3140t) sin2.68X10 t.
Calculate (1) Carrier frequency (2) Modulating frequency. (3) Modulation index (4)
Carrier power if the load is 600Ω (5) Total power.
5) One input to a AM DSBFC modulator is a 500 KHz carrier of amplitude 32 V. the

second input is a 10KHz modulating signal whose amplitude is sufficient to produce

a 14V change in the amplitude of envelope.. Determine: (1) Upper and lower side
band frequencies (2) Modulation Index and percent modulation (3) Peak amplitude of
upper and lower side frequency (4) Maximum and minimum amplitudes of
envelope.(5)Expression for AM modulated wave.(6) Draw the output spectrum.
6) Explain in detail about SSB-SC generation and detection.

7) Derive the mathematical expression for FM and PM waves and also derive the

modulation index.
8) Use Bessel’s function to obtain the expression for FM and also draw its diagram.

9) Explain in detail about the Armstrong indirect FM transmitter.

10) Explain in detail about the Crossby FM transmitter.

11) Explain elaborately about (i) Foster Seeley detector (ii) Balanced slope detector.

12) Explain in detail about diode detector used in AM.

13) Elaborate in detail about AM modulator and AM Transmitter.

 UNIT –II

1. Define pulse Amplitude modulation.

In pulse amplitude modulation, analog signal is sampled and converted to fixed

length, serial binary number for transmission. The binary number varies according to the
amplitude of the analog signal.

2. What is meant by Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval?

The minimum sampling rate of 2W samples per second for a bandwidth ‘W’ hertz is
called Nyquist rate. The reciprocal of Nyquist rate is called Nyquist interval.

3.Define dynamic range.

Dynamic range is the ratio of the largest possible magnitude to the smallest possible
magnitude. Mathematically, dynamic range is

DR= Vmax/Vmin

4. State sampling theorem.

A band limited signal of finite energy, which has no frequency components higher
than ‘W’ Hz can be completed in its samples and recovered back if the sampling frequency fs
>= 2W.

5.What is aliasing? Name the two methods to avoid it.

When the signals are sampled at the rate less than Nyquist (i.e. fs > 2W), then aliasing
takes place. Aliasing can be reduced by

(a) Sampling at a rate higher than Nyquist rate. fs >= 2W.

(b) By using a pre-alias filter (low pass filter) during sampling to restrict frequencies of
signal to W hertz.

6. Define Quantization.

Quantization is the process of converting an infinite number of amplitude levels to

finite number. In essence quantization is the process of rounding off the amplitude of the
samples to a manageable number of levels.

7. What do you mean by PCM?

PCM is essentially an analog to digital conversion process, where the information

contained in the instantaneous sample of analog signal are represented by digital codes and
are transmitted as a serial bit stream.
8. List the different types of pulse modulation techniques.

a) Pulse width modulation (PWM)

b) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)

c) Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

d) Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

9. Give the need for data communication circuits.

The data communication circuit is used

 To provide a transmission path between locations.

 To transfer digital information from one station to another using
electronic circuits.
10. Define DTE.

DTE is a binary digital device where the information originates or terminates. It

contains the hardware between endpoints within a communication system.

11. Define parallel interface and mention its advantages.

Parallel interfaces allow the user to transfer data between two devices with eight
or more bits at a same time or simultaneously. It is also called as serial by word transmission.

 The speed of the data transfer is increased when compared to serial

transmission.
 Most computer terminals and peripheral equipments process data
parallel.
 It will avoid the conversion from serial to parallel.

12. What is half duplex and full duplex operation.

Half duplex: Data transmission can take place in both directions but not
simultaneously.

Full duplex: Data transmission can take place in both directions simultaneously

13. What is IEEE 488 bus?

It uses 8 bidirectional data lines connected in parallel to interface upto 15 remote

devices. This device was designed for maximum distance between adjacent devices between
7 ft and 65 ft.
PART-B:

1) Explain in detail about data communication codes with examples.

2) Explain in detail about the Standard organization for Data Communication and
standards.

3) Explain the concepts of data communication circuits with a neat block diagram.

4) With neat block diagram Discuss about UART Transmitter and Receiver in detail.

5) With neat block diagram Discuss about USRT Transmitter and Receiver in detail.

6) Explain about modulation and demodulation of PAM

7) Explain in detail about Pulse Code Modulation with relevant block diagram

8) Discuss in detail about RS232 serial interface.

9) Explain in detail about IEEE 488 bus.

10) Elaborate in detail about Centronics parallel interface.

UNIT-III

1. What are the advantages of digital transmission?

 The advantage of digital transmission over analog transmission is noise immunity.

Digital pulses are less susceptible than analog signals to variations caused by noise.
 Digital signals are better suited to processing and multiplexing than analog signals.
 Digital transmission systems are more noise resistant than the analog transmission
systems.
 Digital systems are better suited to evaluate error performance.

2. What are the requirements for a digital modulation scheme?

1. Maximum data rate

2. Minimum probability of symbol error

3. Minimum transmitted power

4.Minimum channel bandwidth

5. Maximum resistance to interfering signals

6. Minimum circuit complexity

3. Define bit rate.

In digital modulation, the rate of change at the input to the modulator is called the bit rate (f b)
and has the unit of bits per second (bps).

4. Define Baud rate or modulation rate.

The rate at which signal level is changed is defined as modulation rate or baud rate.

5. Differentiate coherent and non-coherent methods.

Coherent (synchronous) detection: In coherent detection, the local carrier generated

at the receiver is phase locked with the carrier at the transmitter. The detection is done by
correlating received noisy signal and locally generated carrier. The coherent detection is a
synchronous detection.

Non coherent (envelope) detection: This type of detection does not need receiver
carrier to be phase locked with transmitter carrier. The advantage of such a system is that the
system becomes simple, but the drawback is that error probability increases. The different
digital modulation techniques are used for specific application areas. The choice is made
such that the transmitted power and channel bandwidth are best

6. Why ASK is called on-off keying?

In ASK digital signal information alternates the amplitude of the carrier between two
distinct levels. This digital modulation method is also referred as ON-OFF keying.

7. What are the advantages of QPSK as compared to BPSK?

1. For the same bit error rate, the bandwidth required by QPSK Is reduced to half as
compared to BPSK.

2. Because of reduced bandwidth, the information transmission rate of QPSK is higher.

3. Variation in QPSK amplitude is not much. Hence carrier power almost remains
constant.

8. Compare QASK and QPSK system

QPSK QASK

During modulation quadrature phase During modulation quadrature

is achieved amplitude and phase is achieved

It is relatively simple It is relatively complex

Noise immunity is better than QASK Noise immunity is poor than QPSK
but better than Mary PSK
9. Mention two applications of FSK.

1. Low performance low cost asynchronous data modems.

2. Analog voice band telephone lines.

10. Define bandwidth efficiency.

It is the ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for a
particular modulation scheme.

B.W efficiency = Transmission bit rate(bps)/ Minimum bandwidth(hertz).

PART-B:

1. Explain in detail about Amplitude Shift Keying with necessary diagram and find bit
rate, baud rate and bandwidth requirements.

2. Explain in detail about Frequency shift Keying with necessary diagrams ,truth table
and give its bit rate baud rate and band width.

3. What is known as Binary phase shift keying? Discuss in detail the BPSK transmitter
and Receiver and also obtain the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth.

4. Explain in detail the transmitter section of QPSK in detail along with truth table,
phasor diagram and constellation diagram.

5. Illustrate the concept of 16 QAM transmitter with the truth table.

6. With neat constellation diagram, explain the operation of 8- QAM transmitter. List
out its merits over PSK.

7. The signal received by an 8-QAM receiver is –1.765sinwc t +1.765 cos wct.

Demodulate the received signal and extract the value of modulating signal.

UNIT –IV

1. Define entropy
The entropy of a source is a measure of the average amount of information per
source symbol in a particular interval.

H(S)=∑ pilog((1/pi)

2. What is prefix coding?

Prefix of the codeword means any sequence which is initial part of the
codeword..In prefix code, no codeword is the prefix of any other codeword.

3. Mention the needs for encoding

To improve the efficiency of communication
 To improve the transmission quality

4. Define rate of information.

Rate of information is defined as the average number of bits of information per
second. It is given as R= rH bits/sec

5. State Shannon’s first theorem.

Shannon’s first theorem is stated as” Given a discrete memory less source of
entropy H(S), the average code word length L for any distortion less source coding is
bounded as L≥ H(S).

6. State channel capacity theorem.

The channel capacity of the white limited band limited Gaussian channel is

C=Blog2(1+S/N).

7. How to increase the information capacity of a communication channel?

 Increase the bandwidth of the channel.
 Increase the signal to noise ratio of the channel.
 Maximizing the average mutual information.

8. What are linear block codes?

The linear block code consists of a block of codeword of ‘n’ number of bits. There
are’k’ message bits and ‘n-k’ redundant bits. Such codes are called (n,k)block codes.

9. What is mutual information?

The information gained about channel input by the reception of channel output is
the reduction in uncertainty and is known as mutual information.

I(X;Y) = H(X) - H(X/Y)

10. Define cyclic ode and mention its properties.

A linear code is called cyclic code if every cyclic shift of the code vector produces
some other code vector.

Two fundamental properties: Linear property and cyclic property.

PART-B:

1. A DMS has five symbols b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8 with probabilities

16/32,4/32,4/32,2/32,2/32,2/32,1/32,1/32 respectively. Then construct Shannon
fano coding and calculate H(x),Average no of bits,γ,ɳ,% ɳ ,σ2 .

2. A DMS has five symbols s0, s1, s2, s3, s4 with probabilities 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1
respectively. Then construct Shannon fano coding and calculate H(x), Average
no of bits,γ,ɳ,% ɳ ,σ2
3. A DMS has five symbols s0, s1, s2, s3, s4 with probabilities 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, 0.2, 0.1
respectively. Then construct Huffman coding and calculate H(x), Average no of
bits, γ,ɳ,% ɳ ,σ2 .

4. A source generates five messages z 0, z1, z2, z3 and z4 with probabilities 0.55,
0.15, 0.15, 0.10 and 0.05. Determine the H(x), Average no of bits, γ, ɳ,% ɳ ,σ2
using Huffman coding code.

5. The parity check matrix for(6,3)block code is given below H=

Find the following 1.Generator matrix G

2.List all the code vectors
3. What is the minimum distance between code vectors?
4. How many errors can be detected and corrected.
5. Find syndrome vector for any three code vectors.

6. The parity check matrix for (8,4)block code is given below H= 1110:1000
1011:0100
1101:0010
0111:0001
Find the following 1.Generator matrix G
2. List all the code vectors
3. What is the minimum distance between code vectors?
4. How many errors can be detected and corrected.
5. Find syndrome vector for any three code vectors.

7. The generator matrix for (6,3)block code is given below

Find the following 1.list all the code vectors

2. What is the minimum distance between code vectors?
3. How many errors can be detected and corrected.
4. Find syndrome vector for any three code vectors.

8. The parity check bits of a (8,4) block code are generated by

C5=d1+d2+d4
 C6=d1+d2+d3
C7=d1+d3+d4
C8=d2+d3+d4 where d1,d2,d3,d4 are message bits
1.Find the generator matrix G
2. list all the code vectors
3. Find the error detecting and correcting capabilities.
4. Find syndrome vector for tow code vectors.

UNIT –V

1. What is GSM?
The primary goal of GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) was
provide a mobile phone system that allows users to roam and provides voice
services compatible to ISDN and other PSTN systems.
2. Define Handoff?

Handoff is the procedure for changing the assignment of a mobile unit from
one BS to another as the mobile unit moves from one cell to another. Handoff is the
principle used to continue that call established in mobile communication. When
subscriber is towards the cell boundary the signal strength reduces by which BTS of
that cell handover the call to the net BTS of another cell where the subscriber enters.

3. What is the advantage of cell splitting concept?

In this technique the total number of users at a time will be increased so that
traffic congestion in the area can be avoided. Also a set of lowest power antennas can
be used in place of single antenna for the entire region so that the cellular coverage
efficiency will be definitely high.

4. What the features are of code division multiple accesses?

1. It does not require external synchronization networks.
2. CDMA offers gradual degradation in performance when the no. of users is increased
but it is easy to add new user to the system.
3. It offers an external interference rejection capability.

5. Define geosynchronous orbit.

When the inclination of the orbit is not zero and eccentricity is not zero, it is called as
geosynchronous orbit. The period of geosynchronous orbit is equal to the period of
revolution of earth with itself.

5. Define Multiple Access and what are the major types of Multiple Accesses?
 For high quality communication, many mobile users to share simultaneously a finite
amount of radio spectrum is called multiple Access. There are four major types of multiple
access. These are (i) Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (ii) Time Division
multiple Access (iii) Space Division Multiple Access (iv) Code division Multiple Access.

7. Define AMPS.

AMPS is a first-generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies for each
conversation and it uses the 800 MHz frequency band of the spectrum Utilizes FDMA
(Frequency division multiple access) to separate users

8. Compare FDMA and TDMA.

FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access All users access the channel by transmitting
simultaneously but using disjoint frequency bands Well suited for analog communication

TDMA – Time Division Multiple Access All users occupy the same RF band width of the
channel, but they transmit sequentially in time Fixed assignment multiple access technique
Fixed assignment multiple access technique Well suited for digital communication

9. List out any four features of TDMA.

TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users where each user makes use of non
overlapping time slots.

Data transmission for users is not continuous, but occurs in burst.

Because of discontinuous transmission, handoff process is much simpler for a suscriber unit .

TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception ,thus duplexers are not
required.

10. What is a Satellite?

An artificial body that is projected from earth to orbit either earth (or) another body of
solar systems. Types: Information satellites and Communication Satellites

PART-B:

1) Explain the architecture of GSM with a neat diagram.

2) Briefly explain the concept of frequency reuse and channel assignment

3) Illustrate the concepts involved in CDMA Techniques.

4) Describe about the following: i) Orthogonal codes ii) Hand off iii) Channel
assignment iv) Cell splitting.
5) What is need for multiple access techniques? Explain the various classifications of
multiple access techniques in detail.

6) Describe the concepts of satellite communication.

7) Discuss in detail about Bluetooth technology. Create your own application with neat
diagram