2018 International Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON)

Galgotias University, Greater Noida, UP, India. Sep 28-29, 2018

Optimization of Energy Consumption in Wireless

Sensor Network – A Review
Garima Popli Rishi Pal Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Guru Jambheshwar University Guru Jambheshwar University
Hisar, Haryana-125001, India Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
missgarimapopli@gmail.com pal_rishi@yahoo.com

Abstract - Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are very
popular currently and they have gained popularity over a
decade. Sensor Networks are very popular because of diverse
type of applications (Healthcare, Medical, Environmental,
Industry, and Home). WSN is a cluster of sensor nodes that are
used to monitor an area of events. Nodes are powered by a
important aspect for the efficient working of wireless sensor
networks. The longevity of wireless sensor networks is totally
dependent on the optimum use of the available energy.
Optimization is much needed for efficient utilization of energy. In
this paper, various energy optimization techniques for efficient
battery having restricted power budget. Therefore, the need for
efficient utilization of energy arises. Energy is the most utilization
of energy and application associated with wireless sensor
network are reviewed.
established in an inaccessible manner. But in order to meet the
requirement of the application, a lifetime of the network should
be long enough [1,2].
Energy is one of the significant aspects of the efficient
working of Wireless Sensor Networks. The longevity of the
network is totally dependent upon the optimum use of the
available energy; therefore, optimization is much needed for
efficient utilization of energy.
The remaining paper is arranged as follows: Section II
provides an overview of the wireless sensor network. Section
III describes the Application of Wireless Sensor Network.
Various Energy Optimization Techniques are described in
Section IV. Section V concludes the paper.

Index Terms – Wireless Sensor Network, Energy Optimization,

Energy Consumption, Sensor Node.

I. INTRODUCTION
The design and development of multifunctional sensor
nodes having low cost, low power, smaller size become
possible because of the latest development in small-scale
micro-electro-mechanical system(MEMS) advancement,
remote communication, and advanced hardware. Data
processing, Sensing, Communication are tasks performed by
the sensor nodes. Collection of small sensor nodes leverages Fig. 1. Sensor Network Architecture
the thought of wireless sensor network [1].
Sensor network architecture is shown in fig1[2]. A wireless
sensor network is a group of networks which comprises of a
huge number of nodes which are heavily established in the
physical environment for monitoring temperature, humidity,
vibration, objects, color and so on. Sensor nodes deliver
collected information to the sink. Communication between sink
and task manager node is to take place through Internet or
satellite. Wireless sensor networks having a variety of
applications which include healthcare application,
Environmental application, Public safety, Military systems,
Industry, and Transportation system.
Sensor node having four basic components (as shown in
figure 2) a sensing subunit which sense the data from
environment, a processing subunit which process and store the
sensed data fed by the sensing unit, a wireless communication Fig. 2. Components of Sensor Nodes
system for conveying information, a power unit which often
consists a battery for providing energy to the device for
II. OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
performing the programmed task. Nodes are driven by a
battery having restricted energy budget, therefore there is need As shown in the fig3 description of each layer of the
of exploring the alternative source of energy. Also, it is not protocol stack is as follows:
always possible to recharge batteries because nodes may be

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 Physical Layer: Physical layer liable for generation of
carrier frequency and selection, detection of the signal,
modulation schemes, demodulation, encryption and decryption,
transmission and reception of data [1].
Data Link Layer: It addresses information streams
multiplexing; detection of the frame comprises data, Channel
access control and fault control strategies for sensor networks.
It is responsible for end to end and points to the multipoint
connection in communication network [1].
Network Layer: Routing is the main function of this layer.
The collected information about the phenomenon must be
forward to the sink by the sensor node. But because of
restricted communication range of sensor nodes, straight
contact between the sensor node and the sink is not feasible.
Therefore, there is need of efficient multi-hop routing protocol
using intermediate sensor node known as a relay between the
sensor node and sink node. It also offers to internetwork with
another sensor network like command and control systems and
the Internet [1].
Transport Layer: Transport layer is responsible for
ensuring reliability and congestion control. The need for this
layer arises when the system is organized in order to access
other networks. The protocols which are applied on the
upstream (from user to sink) are Event- to- sink reliable
transport (ESRT) protocol, Stream Control Transmission
(STCP) protocol, and double-layer supertwist
nematic(DSTN).The protocols which are applied on the
downstream are (from sink to the user) Pump Slowly, Fetch
Quickly(PSFQ) and GARUDA [3].
Application Layer: Management of traffic is the
responsibility of application layer. It also ensures the
availability of software for the different application that
converts the data in the understandable form [3].
Power Management Plane: This plane is responsible for
management of power how can available power used by sensor
node. For instance, power consumption can be managed by
node by turning off its receiver so that duplicate messages can
be avoided from a neighbor. Also in case if a node having a
low power it can make all its neighbor know about that by
broadcast the messages as a result remaining power of the node
is only reserved for sensing[1].
Fig. 3. Protocol Stack of WSN
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Fig. 4. Applications of WSN
Mobility Management Plane: This plane is responsible
for registration of mobile nodes which in turn help node in the
maintenance of route connected with the user, and also help the
node keep information about the neighbor nodes which in turn
help the nodes in the optimization of power and task
management [1].
Task Management Plane: This plane gives information
about the schedule of the sensing tasks assigned to the specific
regions [1].
A. Healthcare
The smart integrated sensor used in the healthcare
monitoring. It presents the interface to the disabled people.
Used in the monitoring of patient, administration of drugs in
hospitals which in turn reduces the chances prescribing the
wrong medication to the patient, Internal process and
movement of insects and animal are monitored by sensors,
Human physiological data is monitored by the sensor which
can be stored for medical exploration, Monitoring of patient is
done by sensor and sensor can be used by doctors to locate
other doctors in the hospital [41, 42].
B. Environmental and Agriculture
Sensors are used in the monitoring of environment and
agriculture. Movements of birds, animals, and insects are
tracked by the sensor. Environmental conditions that have an
adverse effect on crop, livestock, and irritation are monitored
by these sensor nodes. Used in the forest fire detection, flood
detection, Earth monitoring, meteorological research, flood
detection, pollution study [43, 44].
C. Military Application
Sensor network finds its applicability for military and
targeting system because of its fast deployment, self-
association, and error tolerance characteristics. Since in a
sensor network nodes are densely deployed so there is no
adverse effect on the military operation by the hostile actions.
In a military application, the sensor can be used for a variety
of tasks [45, 46].
D. Industry
Mechanization of a system designed for monitoring and
control is very crucial for many industries in manufacturing,
in the treatment of water, distribution of electric power and in
the refining of oil and gas. WSN is used for industrial
application by the integration with Supervisory Control and
Data Acquisition (SCADA) system and smart grid. Industrial
processes are monitored and controlled by SCADA Systems.
Actuators in the sensor can be used in factory mechanization,
an organization of inventory, and liquid leakage discovery
[47]. Energy supply and consumption process are monitored
by smart grids. WSN used in the smart grid for sensing the
relevant parameters which affect output power, the discovery
of flawed components, turbines organization, motor and
underground cables and residence energy[48].
E. Transportation Systems
Traffic monitoring: Traffic data can be collected by
employing wireless sensor network on roads and intersections.
The wireless sensor network can be used in vehicles counting
[51,52].
Safety systems: Wireless Sensor networks are employed in
order to control the various critical situation, for instance,
emergency braking, avoidance of a collision, lane insertion
assistance in lane insertion and warning related to driving
[53,54].
III. TAXONOMY OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION TECHNIQUES IN
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
Fig. 5. Energy Optimization Techniques
A. S1eep/Wake up Schemes
Define Major part of the energy is consumed by the ideal
states. In order to save energy sleep wake up schemes turn
radio in sleep mode during idle states [4].
Duty Cycling:
Duty cycling pays attention to the network subsystem. The
most efficient approach to conserve power is to set the
transceiver of radio in an inactive mode when there is no need
for communication. Nodes alternate between sleep/wake up
mode depends upon the network activity. This is called duty
cycling, and which can be defined as the part of the instance
for which nodes are energetic throughout their lifespan [2].
Categories of duty cycling schemes are On-demand,
asynchronous, scheduled rendezvous.
On-demand schemes: Principle of the on-demand scheme
is that node will turn into wakeup state only when another node
wants to commune with it [4].
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Schedule rendezvous: Principle behind Schedule
rendezvous scheme is that node and its neighbor will wake up
at the same time based on wakeup schedule [4].
Asynchronous: Each node is wake up independently but
the active period of the node must overlap with its neighbor
[4].
Duty cycle schemes:
In the designing of the wireless sensor network, duty cycle
schemes play a significant role. The Aim of duty cycling
schemes is to turn mode’s radio on and off so that energy
consumption of nodes could be reduced which in turn help in
increasing the longevity of sensor networks. Specifically, duty
cycling schemes pay attention towards the reduction of idle
listening. Various duty cycling schemes have been proposed
and basically, duty cycling schemes are classified into
Synchronous, Asynchronous, and Semi-synchronous schemes
[5].
Duty cycling protocols
SMAC
SMAC is one of distributed contention-based MAC
protocol. SMAC protocol uses three approaches.Nodes are
periodically slept and listen as a result of a reduction of energy
consumption in listening ideal channel. Virtual clusters are
created by adjacent nodes having the same sleep and wakeup.
During the transmission of other nodes, SMAC put the radio in
a sleep state. In channel signaling and Message passing
approach is used by SMAC so that the contention latency for
the application that needs store and forward processing can be
reduced. A comparative study between IEEE 802.11 and
SMAC protocol has been performed. The result shows that
SMAC consumes less energy as compared to IEEE
802.11[6,7].
BMAC
BMAC is a contention-based protocol for WSN. This
protocol provides an advantage in terms of flexible interface,
effective collision avoidance, and high channel utilization.
Preamble sampling [8] is employed by the BMAC protocol for
the reduction of duty cycling and idle listening. BMAC
protocol is more superior than SMAC protocol in the context
of improved data delivery rates, latency, and expenditure of
power [9].
XMAC
XMAC use a strobe preamble approach in which sequence
of small preamble packets is transmitted which contains the
intended receiver’s address. Truncating the preamble reduces
the energy usage both at the source end and recipient end and
this lead to offer low latency. Nontarget receivers which hear
strobes preamble can undergo the sleep mode immediately as
compared to conventional low power listening approach in
which nodes remain awake for the full preamble. XMAC
protocol’s performance is more superior to traditional protocols
[10].
TRAMA
TRAMA is Reservation Based medium access scheme.
Frame structure in TRAMA is divided into time slots. Based on
traffic information about each node at each node, Distributed
election scheme is used by TRAMA in order to offer power-
efficient collision-free medium access. On the basis of traffic
information, there will no assignment of a time slot to the node
having nothing to send which allow the nodes to decide at what
time they can switch to an inactive state and not snoop to the
medium. TRAMA is reasonable and accurate in the sense that
inactive node will not be intended recipient and there will be
no collision at recipient side [11].
B. Energy Harvesting
In wireless sensor network sensor nodes are driven by a
battery having restricted energy back up. Replacement and
recharging of the battery are not possible since nodes may be
set up in the hostile or impractical environment. So there is
need of exploring the alternative source of energy for battery
driven nodes.
Energy harvesting is the method of harvest energy from
surroundings (solar, heat, foot strike, finger stroke) and then
converts that energy into electrical energy. The basic
components of energy harvesting system are Energy source,
Harvesting architecture, and load. Energy harvesting
architecture is of two types include harvest use architecture
which can be designed to use mechanical energy, harvest store
use architecture in which collected energy can be stored until
requiring energy collected in order to operate the system
properly[12].
Harvesting Methods
Solar energy
Solar energy is a Renewable source of energy. It is a most
common source of energy that is harvested for the generation
of electrical energy[13].Sensor node which harvests the
energy from an environment having several blocks like
harvesting module, storage unit, Sensing element,
microcontroller, and transmitter[14].
Fig. 6. Energy Harvesting Module of Sensor Node
Solar energy generates sufficient power that is much
enough for efficient working of wireless sensors [14,15].
Supercapacitor based Power unit for the event-driven node is
proposed in [16]. The disadvantage of solar energy is that it
totally depends on solar radiations. Energy cannot be created
by solar cells in case of the cloud environment. Solar energy is
of varying nature [14, 17]. Solar energy fundamental and
modeling technique are described in [17]. Solar energy can be
harvest with the help of nonmaterial. Various solar energy
technologies that use nonmaterial have been discussed. The
result shows that the incident energy can be increased up to 9
times via nonmaterial [18]
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A low power maximum power point tracker (MPPT)
circuit having low cost, effective and power aware. The
proposed circuit optimally transfers solar energy to batteries
attached to nodes even in critical weather conditions like
when the solar cell is in shadow and the atmosphere is cloudy.
The proposed system is flexible in terms of terms of instant
hosting, in a plug-in fashion, diverse solar panels and battery
topologies [19].
Piezoelectricity
Piezoelectricity is a combination of two words “piezo”
means pressure and “electric” means electricity. Piezo
material provides a high amount of voltage [14]. A low-
resonant-frequency piezoelectric a vibration based energy
harvesting device as an alternative source of energy for WSN
establish in fragile vibration environment for temperature
monitoring is developed. The developed device is composed
of the full-bridge rectifier (FBR), a completely self- motorized
voltage controller, and a logic-level guard circuit which is
used to drive Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring of
temperature. The experimental results show that proposed
WSN completely self-motorized by absorbing power from
environmental vibration resource [20].
Radio Energy
Radio energy is one of the alternative sources of energy for
battery driven nodes. RF energy can be harvest from the
environment. Make use of many RF sources along with a
harvest- then- transmit protocol are introduced for the
maximization of harvested power and optimization of
information rate. RF source selection algorithm for energy
harvesting sensor nodes is proposed in order to optimize
system timing to concurrently maximize the harvested power
and achieve desirable information rate. The proposed
algorithm allows achieving maximum information rate and
throughput equality as compared to the system without
algorithm [21].
Wind Energy
Wind energy is another alternative source of energy for the
wireless sensor network. In the study presented in [22]
proposes a model that utilizes wind energy as an alternative
source of energy.
C. Energy Modeling Of Sensor Nodes
Energy modeling plays a significant role in optimization of
power expenditure in Wireless Sensor Nodes. Energy
modeling is an important aspect in designing and
implementation of Wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Better
knowledge of energy consumption characteristics of sensor
node plays important role in protocol development, System
design, Performance evaluation, Design of energy saving
Strategies in WSN.
Event-Triggered Model
The task and state transition performed by the node module
activate by the dissimilar exterior and interior events. The
event can be classified as interior and exterior events. Interior
events are the events activate by the inner action, for example,
sending and receiving packet action, periodic data collection.
Exterior events are the events activate by the outer requests
for example: interrupts generated by a clock, transfer packet
request, packet incoming, channel recognition instructions etc.
The energy model based on event-triggered mechanism is
proposed in [23].
Energy Consumption Model
An accurate model is required for the evaluation of
communication protocol. An energy consumption model
proposed by the researcher taking into account physical and
MAC layer parameters and the proposed model is used to
optimize transmission power for communication in AWGN
channel [24]. An energy consumption model which enables
the energy estimation of both hardware component of
individual node and whole sensor network is proposed in [25].
Analytical Model of WSN with Sleeping Nodes
In this model wireless sensor network is with sleeping
nodes is considered. To evaluate network based on
consumption of energy, data delivery delay, network capacity
Markov model is developed. It also describes the performance
of the single sensor and also dynamic of entire network [26].
The accurate energy model of the node and its optimal
design
In this model for the improved understanding of the design
of wireless sensor networks, an accurate power model of the
node and optimized design method of the node is proposed.
This model describes energy indulgence of the circuit
insensible physical layer. It analyzes energy indulgence effect
by RF output power, information rate and packet size and
communication length. This model is then used to optimize
Ebit. Finally, the model concludes that Ebit can be minimized
considerably by suitably choosing the information rate R, RF
output power, Pout, and packet size L[27].
Transceiver model of microsensor application
A model of the transceiver is proposed for microsensor
application for the analysis of transreceiver battery life.
Proposed model considers power consumption during start-up,
receive and transmit modes. As shown in paper battery life of
transreceiver can be enhanced by rising data rate which brings
down fixed energy cost of the transceiver, falling start-up time
reduces the startup energy overhead, and improving PA
efficiency decreases the energy per bit cost of the PA[28].
The energy model of the node based on Petri nets
Researcher develops a detailed probabilistic model based
on Petri nets for the evaluation of energy consumption of
sensor node. Proposed model of CPU is more accurate as
compared to a model which is based on Markov chains. The
proposed model is more flexible and can be easily modified.
This model provides a valuable platform for energy
optimization in WSN [29].
D. Energy Efficient Routing
In wireless sensor network nodes are battery driven having
limited energy. Routing is an extra load that drains the power
of sensor nodes especially in an environment comprises of
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multiple hops. Nodes which are nearer to sink their battery
deplete faster because they have to send more packets or data
to sink as compared to other nodes in the network. As a result,
there is need of energy efficient routing techniques [4].
Cluster Architecture
The network is organized in the form of clusters. Nodes in
the clusters supervised by the cluster head (CH) which is in
charge of providing coordination among the member’s actions
and communicate with the other (CH) or the sink [4].
Leach protocol is one of the hierarchical routing protocols.
The aim of LEACH protocol is to minimize energy
consumption through cluster-based architecture. Leach is a
clustering based protocol that allows the revolution of cluster
heads to uniformly assign the weight among the sensors. It
provides scalability and robustness for the dynamic network
by the use of local synchronization. LEACH performance is
superior to a conventional communication protocol in the
context of energy indulgence, easiness of arrangement, system
lifespan [30].
EECH algorithm is proposed which is extra efficient in
extending the network lifetime as compared to LEACH
protocol. The proposed protocol takes into account weighted
selection probabilities of each node to become a cluster head
on the basis of remaining energy in all nodes [31].
Network lifetime can be maximized by the sensor node
clustering technique through data aggregation at cluster head.
The researcher proposes a Particle swarm optimization (PSO)
algorithm. An Energy model is developed by the researcher
which comprises a cost function having the objective of
concurrently minimizing the inter-cluster distance and
optimizing the energy expenditure of the network. Finally, the
researcher came to the conclusion that proposed (PSO)
algorithm perform better in contrast to LEACH and LEACH-
C protocol in the context of a network lifetime and delivers
more data to the base station[32].
Another protocol for achieving Energy efficient routing
through PSO algorithm and v-leach protocol is proposed.
Proposed protocol provide improved performance in
minimization of energy indulgence in terms of
communication, point to point delay in contrast to leach
protocol and as a consequence lifetime of the wireless sensor
network increases [33,34].
PGASIS protocol provides performance enhancement of
100-300% over LEACH protocol in terms of energy
expenditure. PGASIS construct chain of nodes instead of
clusters formed by the LEACH protocol. In PEGASIS every
node communicates only with the closest neighbor and deliver
to the sink, thus reduces the energy expenditure per round
[35,36].
TEEN (Threshold sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor
Network Protocol) protocol aims to provide event based
delivery in the network. This protocol arranges the network of
nodes into any levels of the hierarchy. Two thresholds: hard
and soft threshold provide by TEEN in order to provide event
based communication. Packet transmissions can be controlled
by the regulation of hard and soft threshold. The TEEN
protocol is designed for time-critical application [37,38].
 APTEEN (adaptive threshold-sensitive-energy efficient
sensor network) protocol has been developed is an
improvement of the TEEN protocol. In order to provide
periodic information (APTEEN) protocol is developed.
APTEEN is developed for both events based and monitoring
application. It uses TDMA based structure for the
transmission of information in each cluster as result
transmission of information to cluster head by each node in a
periodic manner. And hard and soft threshold handle when
and how frequently to send data [39,40].
IV. CONCLUSION
Wireless sensor network composed of battery-driven nodes
having limited energy budget. Sensor nodes perform data
processing, sensing, communication tasks. Optimization is
must for the efficient consumption of energy as nodes having
limited energy budget as they are battery driven. Hence
Energy Optimization and long lifetime of sensor nodes are
very important in order to meet the requirements of the
application.
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