Structure of Atom 255 8.10. HYDROGEN SPECTRUM-“EMPIRICAL STUDY” A substance when heated emits light whose wave-length (or frequency) is a characteristic of the substance. In order to study the wave-lengths of radiations emitted by a gas (say hydrogen), the gas is enclosed in a discharge tube and a discharge is allowed between its two electrodes. The light emitted by the gas is examined by a spectrometer. Each wave-length will produce a sharp line ona photographic plate placed at the focal plane of the D eye piece. The impression obtained on the plate is = [ilk Hy Mp Hon called the spectrum. While studying the spectrum of hydrogen Balmer, a swiss science teacher, obtained a set of lines Hay Hp, Hy... Hy a8 shown in fig, 8.9. The orga Sa MEENEITEY Gj AGT Teese series was named after the name of its discoverer Tr ry) as Balmer series. Following observations were ; taken in connection with the series, Se STO eae: (The series consisted of a number of lines spaced unequally. (ii) The lines draw closer to each other on the shorter wave-length side, (ii) The series had a limit of 3646 A on the shorter wave-length side. (iv) The line Hq, of longest wave-length (= 6563 A) was most sharp and intense. (v)_ The intensity of other lines decreased gradually as we move towards shorter wave-length side. Following are the various attempts by different scientists to explain the spectrum. (@) Balmer’s empirical formula : Balmer, in 1885, observed that the wave-length of first 24 25 53 2 and. If we multiply the numerator and denominator of 2nd and 4th factors by 4 we get 2, i, 2, a . Now there appears to be a symmetry. The numerators are (3), (4)?, (5)? and (6)? while the denominators are [(32) — 4 ], [(4)? — 4], [(5)? - 4] and [(6)? -4]. Thus the wave-lengths of first four lines can be written as four lines of the series, discussed above, could be obtained by multiplying 3646 A by J = 3646 x 10° where n = 3, 4, 5 and 6. Therefore wave-number will be given by _ 1 maT pil Oca yee a | = 303" 4] e Ta = hu ( cs ft) 8 nf where Ry = ae = 109706 cm! = 10970600 m7! Equation (22) is called Balmer’s empiricial fomula. w(22)B.Sc. Physics - Part i! B 8 () Ritz Formula. Rydberg, in 1889, gave a formula which could explain, satisfactorily, the wave number of different spectral line. This formula is known as Rydberg’s formula wave number ofa line is given by ee (n+p where R = Rydberg’s constant (a universal constant) =a fraction less that one fs = wave number corresponding to n = ©, He argued that the wave number of any spectral line can be expressed as the difference of two terms one fixed represented by f_ and the other variable obtained by giving different values to 1. Thus the formula can be modified as = 1 1 f =a] . where ‘m’ is fixed and ‘n’ is variable. In this way formula can be expressed as a speciale ase of Rydberg’s formula. (c) Ritz-Rydberg Combination Pri le. Ritz in 1908 gave an idea that combination of terms other than those belonging to the four main series of hydrogen spectrum may correspond to some new lines observable in spectrum. The idea is known as (Ritz-Rydberg) combination principle. It states that combination of terms which occur in Rydberg or Balmer formula some new relation can be obtained which may explain some new lines/series. Illustration ; Let us take the case of Ha and Hg lines of Balmer series. aaegg) bs 3) Subsuracting we get = ieee or ies [+ es +| (23) 8.11. HYDROGEN SPECTRUM— As transition of electron takes place from a higher orbit to a lower orbit, difference of energy is radiated in the form of radiation. The wave-length of the radiation depends upon the initial and final orbit within which the transition takes place. Accordingly a number of series are emitted. Each series is composed of a number of lines [Fig. 8.10]. (i) Lymen series. This is a series in which all the lines correspond to transition of electrons from a higher excited state to the orbit having n = 1. ie, my = Vand ny = 2,3, 4 Wave-numbers of lines constituting ‘Lymen series’ are given by 1 1 yy |e aan “ la 7Structure of Atom = where = 2.3, 4a. and °R’ is the Rydberg constant for hydrogen atom, Balmer series. This is a series in which all the lines correspond (0 transition of electrons fiom higher excited state 10 the orbit having n = 2, PROTON hem = 2, my = 3, 4, Therefore, wave-numbers of lines constituting n by Fig. 8.10 Production of hydrogen ‘spectrum. 36 4° SR Substituting R= 1.09737 X 107 m-!, A = 6563 A The limiting case of this series is given by my = ©. The value of wave-length indicates that the series lies in the visible region. (iii) Paschen series. This is a series in which all the lines correspond to transition of electrons from a higher excited state to the orbit having n = 3. ie, ny=3 and ny = 4, 5, 6, 7. are given by, ~. Wave-number 3 of lines constituting ‘Paschen series ) where 1 = 4, 5, 6, 7,... chen series’ are given by ¢. Wave-numbers of lines constituting = tie ) - = Ry (ap - i) where n= 4, 5, 6, To f u ( ve in which all the lines correspond to transition of (iv) Bracket Series. 7/ : electrons from a higher excited state 10 the orbit having n = 4.258 B.Sc. Physics - Part | ie, m=4 and ny = 5, 6, 7. ~, Wave-numbers of lines constituting ‘Bracket series’ are given by, f ay ( : -+) where 1 = 5, 6, 7. a e (») P-fund series. This is series in which all the lines correspond to the transition of electrons from a higher excited state to the orbit having n = 5. ie, mes and Ny = 6,7, Buse fur (+ =) where, n = 6, 7, 8... n 8.12. ENERGY LEVELS OF HYDROGEN ATOM The energy ‘W” of an electron revolving round the nucleus is w= 2amet n°h’ In SL. k= -9x 10°, m=9.1 x 1031 kg 76 e= 1.59 x 10-9¢, h = 6.67X 10-34 joule sec. For the innermost orbit, m= 1. Energy ‘WW,’ of electron in the innermost orbit is given by 2.x (3.142)? x 9.1.x 107! x (1.59 x 107!9)4 ae =-21.78 x 10-19 7 Since | eV = 1.6 x 10-197 _ -21.78 x 10719 16x 107 =-13.6 eV For the first excited state, n = 2 SERIES Similarly, for other excited states Wy =—0.85 eV and = Ws =-0.54 eV Various energy levels are shown in Fig. 8.11. The set of spectral lines is also shown in figure. SERIES - 8.11 Energy level diagram for hydrogen atom.