IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences © 2020 Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare

Review, 2020, 8(4-6), 152-157 ISSN-2347-3797

NAAS Rating 2.72

Reproductive health status of rural scheduled caste

women of Uttar Pradesh in India
Lalita K. Gautam and Alok Kumar
Department of Sociology, CCS University Campus Meerut, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh

In India reproductive health is a major concern especially in economically weak families belonging to scheduled
caste (SC). The present study is aimed at drawing a systematic factual knowledge about the socio-economic
conditions and reproductive health profile of rural women of Chasi village of district Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh,
India. A total of 100 married women of age group: 15-45 years, were interviewed using schedule/guide and
purposive sampling method. Majority (82%) of the women were housewives and half (52%) were illiterate.
Monthly family income of 70% of the respondents was between Rs. 5001 to Rs. 10,000/-. More than half (60%) of
respondents were married in early age group of 15-20 year whereas 35% respondents were married in age group of
21-25 years. Majority (55%) of the respondents gave birth to the first child in early age of 15-20 years and 65%
respondents have 3-5 children. 55% of the respondents found sources of consultation treatment in government
hospital. Significant number (40%) of respondents were found to have consulted made (Dai) and most of (60%) the
deliveries have been conducted at home by untrained Dai. A half of the respondents felt weakness during prenatal
period.40% of respondents suffered from lower abdominal pain, 30% respondents suffered from several headache
and 25% of respondents suffered from back pain, swelling stitches pain or infection. However,40% of the
respondents told that their babies were normal during prenatal period, 25% of respondents have experienced the
premature delivery. It was observed that a large number of respondents (46%) take the rest of one month after
delivery and one third (29%) respondents take the rest for only 15 days after delivery. This study reveals that the
majority of the women lack proper care, consultation and hygiene before, during and after the child birth. This study
strongly recommends the formulation and implementation of emphatic strategies to improve reproductive status of
women in rural areas.

Keywords: reproductive health, scheduled caste women, prenatal, postnatal, rural areas

Reproductive health is an inevitable element of health zone, a chief
determinant of human improvement. Reproductive fitness care is a
distinguished part of the fitness necessities of any populace. The
concept of reproductive fitness consists of fitness care needs of
women before, at some stage in and past childbearing period, in
addition to the duties of concerned males. In India, reproductive
fitness status of women is inseparably sure up with social, cultural,
and monetary elements that have an effect on all elements of lives. It
affects now not best for ladies themselves however additionally the
well-being in their kids which includes the functioning of family and
the distribution of sources. The females in rural areas bear additional
responsibilities of working as laborer in agricultural and
construction work despite bearing children and performing
household chores. Ironically, even technological development in
India has not benefited rural women, who still have to perform the
house hold work along with their engagement in agricultural and
construction work using conventional tools and methods only. The
case is even worse when health care requirements after the child birth
are considered as women are forced to resume work even before they
have fully recovered from the pain and weakness suffered during
child birth (Bhardwaj, 2010, 181).
We have no known conflict of interest to disclose
Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to
Dr. Alok Kumar
Department of Sociology, CCS University Campus Meerut
Meerut, Uttar Pradesh
E-mail: aloksocio@gmail.com
Child birth process and reproductive health care has always been a
topic of anxiety for every woman, especially in rural areas. It is a
critical a part of well known health and a significant feature of
human development. In the past few years, the troubles of
Reproductive Health/Rights have been increasingly more perceived
as social issues as it seems from the previous studies that maternal
mortality and morbidity are very excessive in developing countries.
It is becoming a matter of increasingly serious concern throughout
the developed and developing countries and the governments are
working to improve in this sector. However, the general health
popularity, particularly the reputation of reproductive health,
remains unsatisfactory. The health services available to women and
children are inadequate which is plain from excessive little one and
maternal mortality rates. The commonplace sufferings faced by
using rural women of villages are decrease stomach ache observed
by means of heavy bleeding, white discharge and irregularity of the
menstrual cycle. Primary reason for this situation is that talking
about female specific problems is still a taboo in the society. In urban
areas, majority of the women are educated and consult doctors for
their child birth related issues. But women in rural areas are always
taken to some conventional untrained, healers, like Hakim, Kabiraj,
Peer (saints), Fakir or mullah (religious persons) etc., whose
treatments are based on home-made remedies or some religious
beliefs and rituals such as Panipora (sanctified water). Family
planning is every different vital issue of reproductive fitness care
that assists girls to preserve secure from undesirable pregnancies,
thereby saving them from excessive risk pregnancies or risky
abortions. Educating women approximately health is one of the key
factors that allow women to be aware of their rights and health fame
153 IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 2020, 8(4-6), 152-157
that allows you to be trying to find appropriate health offerings. In
this context it becomes very critical to take a look at the overall state
of affairs and to realize the dissimilarity among city and rural regions
ladies with the intention to awareness on development in
reproductive fitness care in rural areas. The consequences and
inferences of such reports can be used as an mentor to help
policymakers and directors in comparing and making plans the
health care programs and their implementation to make reproductive
fitness services better for rural women (Haque, 2014, 1-2). In the
society especially in the rural area, females are dominated by the
males in all aspects and they are doing not have the liberty to make
the critical decision even concerning their own health. Among all the
problems faced by females in a male dominated society, health is one
of the major concern that make them go through physical pain as well
as psychological pressure or stress. Rural women's health is
compromised as a result of a web of interrelated factors operating at
different levels with the most common problem being the lack of
basic facilities such as food, water, full fodder and health facilities.
Also women's health related decisions are always delayed until the
critical stage is reached. This is also the result of lack of health
education not only in women but in the men as well.
Culture and society play a significant role in rural women's health
care status and access to health services in rural communities are
strictly governed by traditionally rules and norms of social
stratification. This may results in treatment with contempt,
humiliation contravention and discrimination which leads to their
lowered self-steam and feelings of fear and distress. The cultural,
social, political and economic factors increase rural women's
vulnerabilities to early marriage, early pregnancy and child birth
related death and disabilities, unsafe abortion, HIV/AIDS and
reproductive cancers etc. Early marriage is a common tradition in
rural areas and unfortunately this negatively impacts the health
and well being of both female and the new born child. Pregnancy
often follows soon after marriage, putting adolescents at a higher
risk of complications as their reproductive systems are not fully
developed. Women who marry at a young age, who often drop out
of school with incomplete education, have less of an opportunity to
learn about their sexual and reproductive health and right and how
to access related services. With lack of education and limited access to
reproductive health services, they are left on their own to manage
their fertility and sexual and reproductive health and well- being
(Sangam, 2015, 3-4).
Reproductive health
“Reproductive health signifies a state of complete physical mental
and social well being and not merely the absence of disease of
infirmity, in all matters related to the reproductive system and its
functions and processes” (Sakhuja, 2008, 102). Reproductive health
care addresses the human sexuality and reproductive processes,
functions and systems at all stages of life intended for people to have
a responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they have the
capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how
often to do so (works gebresilassie, 2008).
Heath care system
Role of a medical professional is significant on the way to develop
better systems for health care for all with their specialized
knowledge, experience and dedication. Numerous models of health
care, preventives and curatives have been developed in every society
for the delivery of health care services to the masses. Among these,
the prevalent models are public (Government) private and voluntary
(Sakhuja, 2008, 119).
Rural area and rural health services
Rural area is sparsely settled places at distance from the large
developed cities? Inhabitants stay in villages, hamlets, on farms and
in different isolated houses (www.businessdictiorary.com). Most of
the villages are deprived of any dispensary or hospital for medical
care and in worst case the villagers have to move to the nearby town
or city. In such areas, traditional birth attendants play a vital role in
the delivery, maternal and child health care services, in general and
midwifery service in particular in the rural area. They are handling
almost seventy percent of the delivery cases in the rural areas
(Kahlon, 2004, 1-2).
Scheduled castes
The Schedule caste population is the more backward section in the
Hindu Caste ridden society of India. The main distinguishing
characteristics of that down ridden segment of the population are
their low literacy and educational attainments, lower income, higher
incidence of indebtedness, fewer assets etc. (Romotra, 2008, 1).
Women and women health
Women are generally known to be contextually identified in India as
being a daughter, wife and mother. According to the constitution of
India “women is a weaker section of society and deserves special
protection, care and welfare” (Sakhuja, 2008, 47). Women's health is
the effect of gender on disease and health that encompasses a broad
range of biological and psychological issues (http://medical
dictonary.com).
Review of literature
Ravisanker (2010) examined prevalence of early pregnancy and its
association with pregnancy related health problem of Indian young
tribal woman. In his study the pattern of early pregnancy in the
young tribal community and its determinants were explored. The
data have been collected from national family health survey. He
found out the sizeable proportion of tribal women in India are still
anticipated to marry and begin childbearing of their early or center
teenage years. Many of them, lack information and aid and are
incapable to attain right fitness care offerings that the mother and
their kids need.
Lal (2008) examined health status and health practices among the
Tribal: A case study Andhra Pradesh to examine the reason for health
problem in the study area. Data were collected by simple random
sampling technique and primary data the finding reveal that a girl in
tribal society is considered for marriage generally in puberty and in
banjara community marriages takes place after attaining puberty,
i.e., at the age 13-15 years. The early marriage leads to life
threatening complications like frequent abortions, miscarriages and
high blood pressure.
Thakur (2011) investigated various socio-cultural factors related
to fertility behavior and reproductive health in Ajmer district.
Personal interview covered all the aspects of reproductive health and
fertility behavior. Her study revealed that the norms about fertility in
rural societies are significantly different from the urban population
and respondents were not at all aware about their reproductive health
and there was no consideration for family planning.
 GAUTAM AND KUMAR/ REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH STATUS OF RURAL SCHEDULED CAST WOMEN
Chandshekher (2014) examined the health condition and
reproductive health problems among the woman who did not have
access to sufficient medical care test during pregnancy. Early
marriage and low level of medical education were the prominent
reasons for abortion.
Areas et al. (2012) assessed the reproductive health of woman and
their associations with gender variables prevailing in the Karnataka
state. A pretested semi structured interview tool was used to collect
the information. This study showed that there is a correlation
between religion, some gender factors and reproductive health
behavior of woman in rural parts of Mangalore.
Sharma and Parthi (2001) analyzed the difference between the
non SCs and SCs in accessing the reproductive health service in
Punjab. The study reveal that non SCs and SCs where almost at the
same level on the count of noble care practices non SCs were only
marginally a head, on postnatal care practices.
Balgir, Pand, and Panda (2011) analyzed a cross sectional study
of Anemia in pregnant women of Easter Coast of Odessa. The low
level of hemoglobin in pregnant women was found to be the main
cause of Anemia in pregnant women. This study was based on
survey method and was carried out on two major medical hospital
of Odessa. The study revealed that 95% anemia cases during
pregnancy were due to iron deficiency and nutritional
supplementation was suggested to overcome the low level of
hemoglobin in pregnant women. Anemia is the major cause of
maternal morality.
Razina et al. (2017) They investigated the Reproductive Health
reputation of Rural Women in selected region of Bangladesh to
accesses the reproductive health reputation of rural women for
reproductive age institution of (15-49). In this have a look at,
pre-tested questionnaire had been used for statistics collection.
This study exhibits that the mean age of the respondents turned
into 26-45 years out of 300 respondents 281(ninety three. Sixty
seven) were married; amongst them 86% have been housewives.
The imply age of marriage was 17.38 years and 54% had primary
level training and the imply month-to-month earnings become
Tk16, 183. The suggest age of menarche became 12.46 years, he
suggest age of first infant beginning 19.56 years, eighty one.
Ninety nine% had obtained antenatal care and forty seven. Five%
respondents have been added by means of doctors, but majority by
using them (fifty four.41%) did not get hold of postnatal checkup.
Majority (59.39%) had no complication in the course of pregnancy
and (forty.61%) had hardship. Majority (60.39%) had used
contraceptive method. Islam, Mz et al. (2009) discussed
reproductive health status profile of married women of a rural
network of Bangladesh to discover the reproductive fitness profile.
The information have been accrued via face to face interview
with the help of semi-structured questionnaire. These studies
found out that majority of the ladies had been either illiterate
(34%) had number one degree schooling, (33.3%) with suggest
age 31+eight, Sixty five years. Most of them (88.2%) had been
housewives and important phase (51.9%) had negative month-
to-month family profits (Tk.5000-10000). Among all sixty
three% had been marred inside 11-17 years of age and 69 %
beginning of first baby in the course of formative years
(sixteen-18 years). Major component (60.29) of the ladies did
no longer use any contraceptive and best 38. Fifty five%
utilized antenatal care. Average range of kids was 2.Seventy
three+1. Fifty two and most of the shipping (81.6% turned into
154
carried out at home by untrained delivery attendants (57.0 %).
Main destructive being pregnant results protected abortion,
menstruation regulation, nonetheless birth, worry to new born and
mothers.. Reproductive problems confronted through the women
were menstrual trouble, physical attack, leucorrhea, and intellectual
remedy, sexual annoyance puerperal infection, being pregnant
related complication, urinary tract contamination and pelvic
inflammatory ailment.
Praksh et al. (2011) discussed early marriage, poor reproductive
health status of mother and child well being in India examining the
effect of early marriage on the reproductive health status of women
and on the well being of their children. The tools used for analysis
were Bivariate analysis, multiple liner regression logistic
regressions. This study suggests that early age of marriage had
determinants effects on the reproductive status of women. In rurla
areas, women married at an early age were exposed to frequent baby
bearing, unplanned motherhood and abortion, which negatively
affected their nutrition status. Children born to mother with poor
reproductive system had lower chances of survival and a high
likelihood of anthrop phonetic failure i.e. stunting, wasting and
underweight.
Khaleghinezhad et al. (2018) discussed evolution of reproductive
health status among women referring to rural health care centers in
Neyshabur Iran to investigate their reproductive health
requirements. In this study, population was selected through random
multistage sampling technique. This study reveals that 99.21% and
95.5% of the female received prenatal and postpartum health care,
respectively. In addition the rate of cesarean section was 30.25%
among the rural women. The most popular birth control method was
found to be contraceptive pills (88.9%) whereas coitus interrupts
was also the frequently used method (28.5%). Moreover, 59.8% of
the rural women married at the age of <18 years. The most known
sexually transmitted disease for their women was HIV/ AIDS
(81.7%), and just more than half of them had a history of colored
vaginal discharge over the past 12 months (56.8%1) furthermore,
these women reported 33.1% domestic violence over the past
year.
Need of the study
The level of understanding in reproductive health has advanced
significantly in the last few decades and Reproductive health is
an indispensable ingredient of health care and crucial
component of a women's general health. It is universal concern
for both men and women but especially important for woman as
it affects their lives directly before, during and beyond child
bearing age. The reproductive period is the most important
period in the women's life it extends manor the two men
pauseovant the intervening periods are marriage, pregnancy
child birth and contraception. Vulnerability of the pregnant
women has been widely recognized by the health care
specialists and pregnancy experts. The heath reproductive status
of women is extremely important to give a healthy baby as well as
her health life. However, poor Reproductive health becomes a
significant cause of disease and death. Hence it is in need to under
land the concept of women in rural area
Objectives of the study
● To access the socio-economic profile of respondents
● To know the reproductive health profile of the respondents
155 IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 2020, 8(4-6), 152-157

Method (52%) respondents are illiterate, 33%) respondent hade primary

Participants
The data for the present study have been collected by using the
interview schedule and observation methods from 100 the
respondents for the fulfillment of this information. Purposive
sampling was used to selector the respondents.. The information
was collected from scheduled Hindu married women belonging to
the age group of 15-45. Simple statistical method has been employed
for the data analysis and classification.
Area of the study
The area of the study was Chasi village, situated in district
Bulandshahr. It is located in Siyana Tehsil. The distance of this
village is 45km from head quarter Bulandshahr. Chasi is situated in
North-West from Bulandshahr. Chasi village has the population of
1545 out of which 808 are males while 733 are females as per
population census 2011. In Chasi villages, most of the villagers are
from Scheduled Castes (S.C.), constitutes 38.71% of total
population in Chasi Villages. Sex ratio of Chasi village is 912 female
per 1000 male. Chasi village has the literacy rate 59.44%. In Chasi
village, male literary rate is 86.15% while female literary rate is
59.49%.
Results and discussion
A total 100 respondents in reproductive age group of (15-45) years
were interviewed by observation interview schedule/guide. Majority
level of education. Majority (82%) women were housewife.
Majority (70%) respondents had monthly family income Rs. 5001-
10,000. (Table1) Table 2 shows the distribution reproductive health
status of respondents. Majority (60%) of respondents was married in
early age group of 15-20, 35% respondents get married 21-25 years.
Majority (55%) respondents gave the birth first child 15-20 years.
Majority (65%) have 3-5 children Majority (50%) respondents
induced abortion first time, (30%) respondents not face induced
abortion problem. Majority (60%) respondent's delivery conducted
at home. Majority (60%) women were delivered by untrained
delivery conducted at home. Majority (60%) women were delivered
by untrained. Table 3 shows the distribution prevalence and
complication prenatal and postnatal period. Majority (55%)
respondents sources of consultation treatment of government
hospital. treatment by person. Majority (40%) respondents reported
that they consult with made (Dai). Majority (60%) women were
delivered by untrained Dai delivery conducted at home. Majority
(60%) women were delivered by untrained. Majority (50%)
respondents feeling weakness, large no.(40%) of respondents suffer
from lower abdominal pain, (30%) respondents suffer from several
headache, (25%) of respondents suffer from back pain, swelling
stitches pain or infection (40%) of the respondents told that their
babies are normal (25%) of respondents have experienced the
premature delivery. Majority (52%) respondents feeling weakness
after child birth +and (25%) suffer from infection problem. Large no.
(46%) respondents take the rest one month after delivery and one
third (29%) respondents take the rest 15 days after delivery.

Table 1: Socio-demographic status of the respondents

Education No of respondents Percentage
Illiterate 52 52%
Primary 33 33%
Secondary 10 10%
Graduate 05 05%
Occupation
Housewife 81 82%
Day labour 12 12%
Service 07 07%
Monthly Income (Rs.)
5,001-10,000 52 52%
10,001-20,000 33 33%
20,001-30,000 10 10%
30,000-40,000 05 05%

Table 2: Reproductive health status of the women

Age of Marriage(years) No. of Respondents Percentage
15-20 60 60%
21-25 35 35
26-30 05 05%
Age of First child birth
15-20 55 55%
21-25 38 38%
26-30 37 37%
 GAUTAM AND KUMAR/ REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH STATUS OF RURAL SCHEDULED CAST WOMEN 156

No. of Children
0-2 10 10%
3-5 65 65%
6 and above 25 25%
Number of abortion
1 time 50 50%
2 time 13 13%
3 time 07 07%
Not faced 30 30%
Place of delivery
Home 60 60%
Hospital 40 40%
Birth attends
Untrained (Dai) 60 60%
Nurse 35 35%
Doctor 05 05%

Table No. 3: Prevalence and complication prenatal and postnal

Source of consultation treatment No. of Respondents Percentage
Government hospital 50 50%
Private hospital 15 15%
Private clinic 05 05%
Other relative or friends 08 08%
Did not seek and treatment 25 25%
Source of consultation treatment by person
Consult by doctor 25 25%
Consult by ANM Nurse 20 20%
Consult by maid or Dai 40 40%
Consult by elder people family 05 05%
Relatives 02 02%
Did not consultation treatment by person 15 15%
Complication related to mother during pregnancy
Several Headache 30 30%
Higher fever 10 10%
Lower abdominal pain 40 40%
Back Pain 25 25%
Weakness 50 50%
Swelling 25 25%
stitches pain or infection 20 20%
Complication related infant during pregnancy
Premature delivery 25 25%
Under weight baby 05 05%
Jaundice 25 25%
early infant death 05 05%
Healthy infant 41 41%
Complications related infant after delivery
Premature Delivery 07 7%
Excessive Delivery 10 10%
Infection 25 25%
Weakness 52 52%
Under Weight Baby 05 5%
Jaundice 07 7%
Pneumonia 05 5%
Early infant Death 06 6%
Which take the rest after delivery
After 15 days 29 29%
One Weak 03 3%
One Month 46 46%
More than 45 days 22 22%
157 IAHRW International Journal of Social Sciences Review, 2020, 8(4-6), 152-157
Majority (60%) respondents get married at an early age group of 15-
20, 35% respondents get married 21-25 years. Majority (55%)
respondents gave the birth first child 15-20 years. Majority (65%)
respondents have 3-5 children. Majority (55%) respondent sources
of consultation treatment government hospital. Majority (40%)
respondents reported that they consult with made (Dai). Most of
(60%) delivery conducted at home. Majority (60%) women were
delivered by untrained Dai Majority (60%) women Majority (52%)
respondents were illiterate education, (33%) respondent hade
primary level of education. Majority (82%) women were housewife.
Majority (70%) respondents had monthly family income 5001-
10,000. Majority (60%) of respondents were delivered by untrained
Dai. One third (35%) were delivered by nurse. This study similarity
with a study conducted by Islam, Mz et al. Reproductive health
profile of married women experience from a rural community of
Bangladesh. Our study findings majority (55%) women sources on
consultation treatment of government hospital. Large no. (40%
women reported that they consult with midwives dai complication
related to mother to mother. Majority (50%) women feeling
weakness during pregnancy. Large no. (40%) women suffer from
lower abdominal pain; one third (30%) women suffer from several
headaches, and (25%) suffer from back pain during Large no (40%)
women told that their babies were normal during prenatal period.
Majority (52%) respondents feeling weakness after child birth +and
(25%) suffer from infection problem. Large no. (46%) respondents
take the rest one month after delivery and one third (29%)
respondents take the rest 15 days after delivery.
Conclusion and recommendations
In the present work, the women's reproductive health status of rural
scheduled caste women in rural areas of Chasi Village in district of
Bulandshahr in U.P. India has been investigated. It is observed that
most of the women got married in early age. This practice is very
harmful for the health of women and is a serious health care concern.
Most of the women gave birth of first child during adolescent age
that lead to poor health conditions of both mother and the child. Most
of the women have 3-5 children, and induced abortion first time.
Women approached to government hospital for their consultation
treatment and they consult with doctor, midwives also, because there
is no hospital facility in the village? The women have experienced
the problems of premature delivery. In this village, maximum of
women take rest of 1 month after delivery. Reproductive fitness
profile reveals fundamental change in knowledge, mind-set and
behavior towards reproductive fitness care is needed. It have to be
made thru advocacy marketing campaign a number of the vulnerable
rural women. Special measure has to be taken by the authorities'
health center to make certain correct informant of legal age of
marriage. Current own family making plans service have to be made
available to poor and illiterate rural girls. Effective techniques need
to also be carried out to motivate the agricultural ladies regarding
usage of reproductive health care statistics and systems. This
research emphasizes on the improvement of women's health and
promotes the health care facilities in rural areas, especially for
scheduled caste women. Government should start an awareness
programmed for the upliftment of the women and they should be
treated equally with men.
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