A Critical Overview of Abortion in India

www.ijcrt.
org © 2023 IJCRT | Volume 11, Issue 5 May 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882
A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF ABORTION IN

INDIA
1Akhilesh sengar, ,2Aditya Pratap Singh, 3Sarila,4Peehu Kaushik, 5Anta Sharma, Jayoti Vidyapeeth
Women’s University Jaipur
1Akhilesh Sengar student M. pharm [PCO],2Aditya Pratap Singh [Associate prof.],3Sarila student M.
pharm [PCO],4 Peehu Kaushik student M. pharm [PCO], 5Anta Sharma student M. pharm [PCO].
Department of pharmaceutical science PCO [JVWU] Jaipur.
ABSTRACT
This critical review examines abortion in India, focusing on the laws, access to services, and cultural
practices that affect abortion. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act of 1971 legalized
abortion, allowing abortion for up to 20 weeks under certain conditions. Access to approach safe abortion
remains an issue, although the law was amended in 2021 to remove some restrictions. Lack of information,
inadequate medical care and cultural norms hinder access to services, especially in rural areas. Unsafe and
illegal abortions still exist and cause illness and death for parents. Emerging trends such as telemedicine
show promise in improving access, but require further development and regulation. Integrating abortion
care into primary care and expanding the role of intermediate care providers could fill the shortage of
trained staff. Legal reforms, investments in health care and health interventions are necessary to ensure full
and equitable access and safety to abortion for all women in India. Observing the health rights of women
before birth and using new strategies are important in terms of solving the problems related to childbirth
and ensuring justice in the country.
Keywords; Abortion, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, Pregnancy, Contraceptives.
INTRODUCTION
Foetus removal, the end of pregnancy, may be a noteworthy and delicate issue in India that raises different
social, moral, and legitimate contemplations. The country's to foetus removal has advanced over time,
reflecting changing societal states of mind and endeavours to adjust regenerative rights with ethical and
restorative concerns. This basic diagram will look at the scene of foetus removal in India, investigating the
lawful system, get to administrations, winning challenges, and the suggestions for women's regenerative
health . India's legitimate position on foetus removal is represented by the Restorative End of Pregnancy
(MTP) Act, ordered in 1971 and revised in 2021. The MTP Act grants premature births beneath certain
circumstances, counting when the pregnancy postures a hazard to the woman's physical or mental
wellbeing, in cases of foetal abnormalities, or when the pregnancy may be a result of assault or
disappointment of prophylactic strategies. The later alteration amplifies the allowable gestational age for
premature birth and grows get to to administrations, pointing to improve women's independence and
healthcare options. Despite the dynamic lawful system, challenges endure in guaranteeing even-handed get
IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h161
www.ijcrt.org © 2023 IJCRT | Volume 11, Issue 5 May 2023 | ISSN: 2320-2882
to secure and legitimate foetus removal administrations over the nation. Financial incongruities, territorial
varieties, insufficient healthcare foundation, and societal disgrace can ruin women's capacity to work out
their regenerative rights. Restricted mindfulness almost the legitimate arrangements and the accessibility
of administrations encourage worsen these challenges, especially among marginalized communities
.Unsafe premature births, regularly coming about from the inaccessibility or insufficient utilization of
lawful administrations, proceed to posture a critical wellbeing hazard for ladies in India. Complications
emerging from hazardous methods contribute to maternal dismalness and mortality, encourage
underscoring the significance of open and high-quality foetus removal services .Efforts are being made to
address these challenges and make strides get to to secure premature births. Non-governmental
organizations, healthcare suppliers, and policymakers are working to grow the reach of regenerative
healthcare administrations, raise mindfulness around foetus removal rights, and prepare healthcare experts
to supply secure and compassionate care. Moreover, activities to destigmatize foetus removal and advance
comprehensive sex instruction contribute to engaging ladies to create educated choices almost their
regenerative health . This basic diagram will dive into the subtleties and complexities encompassing foetus
removal in India, shedding light on the advance made, diligent challenges, and the suggestions for women's
health and rights. By analysing the current scene, able to recognize zones that require encourage
consideration and work towards guaranteeing open, secure, and stigma-free premature birth
administrations for all ladies in India.
PRETERM BIRTH
In India, abortion is regulated by the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act 1971, which allows
abortion in certain circumstances.The MTP Act permits premature births up to 20 weeks of pregnancy, on
the exhortation of one or two enlisted specialists. The law was corrected in 2021 to amplify the foetus
removal period on the off chance that there are anomalies within the baby or in case the mother's life is
debilitated. Premature birth is exceptionally common in India, emphasizing the require for secure and
viable fetus removal. The Guttmacher Organized gauges there will be 15 in 2015.
India has made efforts to improve access to safe abortion services. The government has implemented
several programs under the National Health Mission to train doctors in abortion care and establish full-
fledged abortion canters. These initiatives aim to integrate abortion services into primary health care
systems and ensure that trained providers are available in multiple settings.
However, denial of access to safe abortion. Lack of knowledge about abortion laws and legal procedures,
social discrimination, cultural norms and lack of sex education lead to delays in seeking timely and safe
abortion treatment In addition, the doctor's objection can lead to denial of service, especially if the doctor
has personal beliefs or beliefs about abortion.
In recent years, the potential of telemedicine and Health technologies to improve access to safe abortion
services has been increasingly recognized, especially in remote areas and where no services are available.
These technological advances allow women to consult doctors remotely and receive counselling and
medication and care services without having to go to the doctor in person.
PROFILE FOR PREMATHURE BIRTH SEEKER
While women of all ages seek abortions in India, analysis of shows that the majority of women seeking
abortions are between the ages of 20 and 29.12. Nationally, data from the 1998-99 National Family Health
Survey (NFHS) showed that the lifetime rate of abortions among young married women was 1.1 13.
Although the majority of 4,444 women seeking abortions in India are 4,444 married women, approximately
2-30% are single12. Young people make up the majority of 4,444 unmarried abortion seekers, most of them
under the age of 15.14.

WHY ABORTION IS WANTED
Delayed delivery, health, Lack of spousal support and unwillingness to raise children There are many
reasons for abortion, including conception as a result of rape or incest. As many as abortions, women's
desire to have same-sex children or family pressure and mother's opposition or pregnancy, due to stigma,
inability to access or refusal to use the vaccine. Many studies have shown that most abortions are done to
limit family size or space for future pregnancies. A study conducted in Madhya Pradesh showed that for
30% of women attempting abortions, meeting family needs was responsible for 41% of the time needed.
Some studies have found that risks to women's health are also a reason for abortion. Few of the commonly
reported causes include immune dysfunction, previous pregnancies, or pregnancy or fetal problems.
Another study conducted in Tamil Nadu reported non-consensual sex, sexual violence, and it was their
inability to refuse sex in front of their husbands that made women unwilling to get pregnant and have an
abortion.
Here Is some Reasons.
1. Unwanted pregnancy: Unwanted pregnancy occurs due to contraceptive failure, irregular
use, not using contraceptives, or for other reasons. In this case, the person may choose to have an
abortion to prevent an unwanted pregnancy.
2. Risk Factors: Continuing pregnancy can pose risks to a pregnant woman's body and mind
This may well be due to past restorative conditions, complications amid pregnancy, or the potential
affect on their generally wellbeing.
3. Foetal abnormalities: In some cases, prenatal testing can detect foetal abnormalities or
genetic disorders that are incompatible with life or have serious consequences for the foetus, body,
or child's knowledge.. In such situations, individuals may consider abortion as a compassionate
choice.
4. Monetary or Social Choices: Financial insecurity, need of back, or troublesome living
conditions can cause individuals to choose that they cannot give a steady environment, bolster and
back for their children. In such cases, premature birth can be considered a dependable choice.
5. Individual Choice: At the conclusion of the day, the choice to have an premature birth is
individual. Individuals consider numerous variables, counting individual wants, objectives, values
and circumstances, when choosing what is best for them and their families.
6. Need Of Sex Instruction in grown-up : The need of sex instruction among grown-ups can
moreover have a noteworthy affect on foetus removal. Need of information can lead to unseemly
or conflicting utilize of contraceptives, expanding the hazard of undesirable pregnancy and
conceivable premature delivery. Regenerative misguided judgments: Need of sex can lead to
misinterpretations and misinterpretations around regenerative wellbeing, kicking and malady
spread, counting pregnancy and monthly cycle. This need of information can lead to undesirable
pregnancies and ensuing miscarriages. Lack of communication and assent: Sexuality instruction
goes past the nuts and bolts of the body and insusceptibility; It moreover incorporates points such
as understanding or communication and connections. Need of instruction in these regions can ruin
a person's capacity to maintain a strategic distance from sexual experiences, set boundaries, and
make educated choices around their wellbeing.
Restricted access to reproductive care: Adults without the appropriate gender identity may face difficulties
in accessing appropriate healthcare, including birth control and abortion. Abortion resources may not be
knowledgeable about how to access them or about legal and safe options. This lack of information and
access can lead to delays in seeking abortion or lead to negative practices, stigma and stigma. Need of sex
instruction among grown-ups leads to shame and shame encompassing sexual issues, counting abortion.
For those looking for data, back, or child wellbeing administrations, this will make issues that influence
their wellbeing and decision-making. Adult sexuality instruction is critical to supply exact data, engage
individuals to form educated choices, and back their advancement and health. It makes a distinction make
a consistent environment where people can guarantee themselves, seek for advantageous treatment, and
make choices based on their needs and slants. The organization can work to diminish the need of sexual

instruction among grown-ups, decrease the chance of pregnancy, and guarantee that individuals are
educated and made a difference to dodge doing what is best for them.
HOMOSEXUALITY IS A REASON FOR ABORTION

homosexuality is a reason for abortion refers to the termination of pregnancy by choosing a child of the
same sex. This often occurs in single-sex cultures or societies and often results in female foetuses resulting
in abortions. It is important to remember that homosexuality as a cause of abortion is complex and
multifaceted and influenced by cultural, social and economic factors. Abortion is more common in some
parts of the world, such as parts of Asia with a male-dominated culture. The reasons behind this preference
can vary, including factors such as inheritance laws, financial resources, and religious beliefs surrounding
male roles. Abortion has serious moral consequences and can have negative consequences. This practice
causes gender inequality by valuing women's lives and can lead to gender inequality in society. This gender
inequality leads to social problems such as increased violence, human trafficking and difficulties in finding
suitable couples for men in affected areas.
Many countries have recognized the pain caused by abortion and have implemented laws and regulations
to address this problem. It includes anti-abortion laws in foreign countries and measures such as prohibiting
revealing the sex of the fetus during ultrasound or establishing strict regulations. It should be said that
everyone has the right to make decisions about their own health and family planning. But when these
choices are influenced by sex and lead female foetuses to have abortions, it raises gender concerns and
creates violence for women. Efforts to eliminate sexism as a cause of abortion require effective strategies
to change culture, promote gender equality and improve women's access to education and work .Foetuses
are illegally aborted in India.20 Approximately 500,000 girls die each year due to gender-related abortions
According to one study, out of deaths published between 1981 and 1991,21 representing approximately 1
million babies or unborn babies, 1 in 4 postnatal deaths is antenatal. 4.2 to 12,100,000 million selective
abortion of unmarried girls From 1980 to 2010.22
The last four censuses show the difference at: the sex of children decreased from 962 (girls per 1000 boys)
in 1981 to, to 945 in 1991 and to, 927 in 200. 23 According to the last census in 2001, the number of 42,414
cases decreased further to 914.24 However, data obtained from many studies show that the cause of
unintended pregnancies is low regardless of gender. NFHS-II examined the situation of 90,000 women in
India and found no significant difference in the incidence of miscarriage between women who gave birth
to all boys and women who gave birth to all girls.
In the one state of Haryana (cases in 26 states), the number of women with a daughter last child is nearly
twice as high (cases) (1.8) is more likely than other women to terminate their pregnancy now.25 A similar
study reported a higher sex ratio for abortions in Maharashtra, where 12.5% of abortion seekers, 19% of
rural residents, and 5.8% of urban buyers had unwanted sex of the fetes.26
UNWANTED PREGNANCY: CAUSES MISCARRIAGE

It is estimated that unwanted pregnancies (80 million) occur worldwide each year, resulting in 42 million
miscarriages, and 34 million unplanned births of the children born in India in the last five years,27 21%,
were unplanned or unwanted by women.7 Unwanted pregnancy is caused by not using contraceptives,
because contraception does not work.28 Millions of women and men do not have access to adequate
contraception or do not have enough knowledge and support to use it effectively and contraceptives do
not work 100%. Many studies have investigated why some women do not use contraception even though
they do not want to get pregnant, this is known as unwanted family planning.29,30 According to the Alan
Guttmacher Institute, 54% of women who have had abortions have used some form of contraception
(usually a condom or the pill) during the month of pregnancy, but 76% of people used pills. and 49% have
used protection. condom report conflict use, 13% of contraceptive users and 14% of condom users,31 users
report correct use, 46% of women want abortions who do not use contraceptives in months of pregnancy.
Of these women, 33%, , believed that the risk of pregnancy was low, , 32% stated that they had concerns
about contraception, 26% had unwanted sexual intercourse and 1% stated that they were forced to have
sexual intercourse.31 About half of all unplanned pregnancies occur in 11% of the population women at
risk of unwanted pregnancy did not use contraceptives.32 Most of these women have used contraceptives
in the past. In 2008, approximately 140 million women in developing countries did not use contraception
even if they wanted to postpone it or did not have children, and 75 million women used regularly, leading
to failure.33 In Southeast Asia, 48% of pregnancies are unintended, with an estimated 2.7 million
unintended pregnancies among young people each year.34 Every year in India, 78% of pregnancies are
unplanned and 25% are accidental.35
TEENAGE PREGNACY AND ABORTION

The move from childhood to adulthood may be referred to as ‘adolescence’ or ‘teenage’, which has been
defined by the World Wellbeing Organization as the period between 10-19 a long time.36 Typically the
period when basic, functional, and psychosocial advancements happen in a child to plan her for expecting
the obligation of motherhood. Pregnancy in exceptionally young women is generally considered to be a
really tall hazard occasion, since teenage young ladies are physically and mentally immature for
propagation. Child marriage and early restriction may be a long established custom in India, with
destitution and obliviousness magnifying the problem.37 In creating nations 20% to 60% of youthful
women's pregnancies and births are unintended.38 Concurring to NFHS-I in India, about 58% of young
people have commenced childbearing and as it were 7% juvenile females utilize contraception. 39 In 2001,
there were 219 million youth matured 15-24 a long time in India, representing 21% of the populace.40 The
extent of 20-24 year-olds who had hitched some time recently turning 18 declined from 50% in 1998-1999
to 47% in 2005-2006.11About one in six 15-19 year-olds had as of now given birth or ended up pregnant,
and around half of India's add up to fertility rate was inferable to those matured 15-24.Studies from 1970s
and 1980s recommended that single (mostly youthful) ladies constituted 20-30% of all clients seeking
abortion,41,42 a design watched in both rural and urban regions.42,43 In expansion, at slightest half of the
unmarried ladies looking for premature births were teenagers, many underneath 15 years.14 A few thinks
about have affirmed, that single teenagers and youthful ladies are a highly helpless bunch, as numerous
looked for premature birth in their second trimester.41,43 Without a doubt, in a consider that compared
married and single foetus removal searchers, 59% of unmarried youths, compared with 26% of their
married partners, experienced second-trimester abortions.43
RESTORATIVE END OF PREGNANCY ACT

The Indian Parliament passed the Therapeutic End of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971 with the objective of
regulating and guaranteeing get to secure abortion.2 As of this composing, this law grants as it were enlisted
allopathic medical practitioners* at certified foetus removal offices to perform abortions to spare a
woman’s life or to protect her physical or mental wellbeing; it too licenses premature birth in cases of
economic or social need, assault, inbreeding, foetal disability or the disappointment of a prophylactic
strategy utilized by a married lady or her spouse. Assent for the abortion is not required from the woman’s
husband or from other family individuals, be that as it may a guardian’s assent is required if the lady looking
for an premature birth is either more youthful than18 or rationally sick. The act permits an unintended
pregnancy to be ended up to 20 weeks’ incubation; be that as it may, if the pregnancy is past twelve weeks,
a moment doctor’s approval is required. There are exemptions to this: On the off chance that the provider
is of the supposition that an foetus removal is immediately necessary to spare a woman’s life, the gestational
age limit does not apply and the moment conclusion isn't required
SUPPLIERS OF LEGITIMATE FOETUS REMOVAL SERVICES UNDER THE MTP ACT.
Current foetus removal arrangement in India prohibits wellbeing care laborers who are not allopathic
doctors from being trained as foetus removal suppliers or lawfully giving abortions.18 Only obstetrician-
gynaecologists and other allopathic physicians who have completed a lone ranger of medicine/bachelor of
surgery degree, have experienced particular government approved preparing in premature birth
arrangement and have received certification are allowed to lawfully give abortion.2 To meet government
criteria, a preparing centre must Performa least of 600 strategies per year and have all vital equipment.19,20
The prescribed term of training for surgical premature birth is two weeks, and each learner must observe
at slightest 10 premature birth methods, help with five, perform at slightest five beneath supervision and
perform another five freely.

Abortion provision is allowed at all public facilities, as long as the provider is certified in abortion
provision. The MTP Act mandates that each state provide abortion services at tertiary-level health care
canters (medical colleges) and secondary-level health care centres (district hospitals and first referral units)
up to 20 weeks’ gestation. Private-sector facilities are permitted to provide first- and second-trimester
abortion services after receiving government approval as a registered abortion facility.19 The Medical
Termination of Pregnancy Rules and Regulations of 1975, which operationalized the MTP Act, define the
criteria and procedures for approval of an abortion facility, which applies exclusively to private sector
facilities, in addition to outlining the procedures for consent and confidentiality requirements, record-
keeping and reporting.21,22
CONCLUSION
Over the past decade, India has made significant progress in terms of accessibility and openness to safe
early birth control; at the same time, other developments have hindered these achievements and left an
untapped area for maintenance. While the data provide a clear and convincing story about the preterm
births experienced by small Indian women living in the surveyed communities and states, much of the
country is still not well known. Number, type or incidence of preterm births. In this section, we present
some of the key issues that arise, highlight data gaps, and review recommendations for improving
management in India. In this way, it is important to remember that every theme has many aspects that
cannot be easily explained frenectomy; Below are some examples of articles on some important topics.
References
1. Garcia-Enguidanos A., Calle M. E., Valero J., Luna S., Dominguez-Rojas V. Risk factors in
miscarriage: a review. Euro J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol, 2002;102:111-9.
2. World Health Organization. Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of the incidence of unsafe
abortion and associated mortality in 2003. In: WHO, eds. WHO Book. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 2007: 1-43.
3. Safe Motherhood. Unsafe Abortion: a major public health problem. Safe Motherhood. 2000;28(1):4.
4. Shah I and Ahman E. Unsafe Abortion in 2008: global and regional levels and trends. Reprod Health
Matters. 2010;18(36):90-101.
5. Khan, M. E., Barge S., Kumar N., Almroth S. Abortion in India: current situation and future challenges.
In: Pachauri, S., Subramaniam, S., eds. Implementing a Reproductive Health Agenda in India: The
Beginning. 1st ed. New Delhi: Population Council Regional Office; 1998: 507-529.
6. Johnston H. B. Abortion practice in India: a review of literature. In: Johnston H. B., eds. Working
Paper, Abortion Assesment Project. 1st ed. Mumbai: Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes
(CEHAT); 2002: 23.
7. Duggal R., Ramachandran V. The Abortion Assessment Project-India: key findings and
recommendations. Reprod Health Matters. 2004;12(24):122-9.
8. Shah R. Family welfare statistics in India - 2011. In: Shah R., eds. Statistics Divisions Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare. India: Government of India; 2011: xviii.
9. Banerjee S. Increasing access to safe abortion services in Uttarakhand: identifying medical termination
of pregnancy (MTP) training centers. New Delhi: Ipas India; 2007.
10. Dahiya K, Madan S, Hooda R, Sangwan K, Khosla AH. Evaluation of the efficacy of
mifepristone/misoprostol and methotrexate/ misoprostol for medical abortion. Indian J Med Sci.
2005;59:301-6.
11. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Marco International. 2007. National Family
Health Survey (NFHS-3), 2005-2006. India IIPS. 2007;1:1-535.
12. Ganatra BR. Abortion research in India: what we know and what we need to know. In: Ramasubban R,
Jejeebhoy S, eds. Women’s Reproductive Health in India. 1st ed. Jaipur, India: Rawat Publications; 2000:
186-235.
13. Pachauri, S. and K.G. Santhya. Socio-demographic and reproductive health profile of adolescents in
India: a review. Demography India. 2002;31:2.
14. Jejeebhoy S. Maternal mortality and morbidity. J Family Welfare. 1996;43(2):31-52.
15. Finer L. B., Frohwirth L. F., Dauphinee L. A., Singh S., Moore A. M. Reasons U. S. women have
abortions: quantitative and qualitative perspectives. Persp Sex Reprod Health. 2005;37(3):110-8.
16. Malhotra A, Nyblade L, Parasuraman S, MacQuarrie K, Kashyap N. Realizing reproductive choices
and rights: abortion and contraception in India. In: Malhotra A, Nyblade L, Parasuraman S, MacQuarrie

K, Kashyap N, eds. ICRW. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women (ICRW); 2003:
5-35.
17. Ravindran TK, Balasubramanian P. “Yes” to abortion but “no” to sexual rights: the paradoxical reality
of married women in rural Tamil Nadu, India. Reprod Health Matters. 2004;12(23):88-99.
18. Bairagi R. Effects of sex preference on contraceptive use, abortion and fertility in Matlab, Bangladesh.
Int Family Plan Persp. 2001;27(3):137-43.
19. Arnold F, Kishor S, Roy TK. Sex-selective abortions in India. Populat Develop Rev. 2002;28(4):759-
85.
20. Jha P., Kumar R., Vasa P., Dhingra N., Thiruchelvam D., Moineddin R. Low male-to-female sex ratio
of children born in India: national survey of 1.1 million households. Lancet. 2006;367:211-8.
21. Gupta M. D., Bhat Mari P. N. Fertility decline and increased manifestation of sex bias in India.
Population Investigation Committee. Populat Studies. 1997;51(3):307-15.
22. Jha P, Maya AK, Kumar R, Faujdar R, Ram U, Aleksandrowicz L et al. Trends in selective abortions
of girls in India: analysis of nationally representative birth histories from 1990 to 2005 and census data
from 1991 to 2011. Lancet. 2011;377(9781):1921-8.
23. Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Office of the Registrar General and Census
Commissioner, Census. Gender composition, 2011. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/. Accessed 1
May 2012.
24. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India. Gender composition
(Recent), 2011. Available at: http://censusindia.gov.in/. Accessed 1 May 2012.
25. Pallikadavath S, Stones RW. Maternal and social factors associated with abortion in India:
Populationbased study. Int Family Plan Persp. 2006;32(3):120- 5.
26. Saha S, Duggal R, Mishra M. Abortion in Maharashtra: incidence, care and cost. In: Saha S, Duggal R,
Mishra M., eds. Mumbai: Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT); 2004: 1-23.
27. Speidel, J. J., Harper C. C., and Shields W. C. The potential of long-acting reversible contraception to
decrease unintended pregnancy. Contracept. 2008;78:197-200.
28. Cleland J., Ali M. M. Reproductive consequences of contraceptive failure in 19 developing countries.
Obstet Gynecol. 2004;104(2):314-20.
29. Westoff CF. New Estimates of unmet need and the demand for family planning. In: Westoff CF, eds.
DHS Comparative Reports No. 14. Calverton, Maryland, USA: Macro International Inc; 2006: 1- 68.
30. Sedgh G., Hussain R., Bankole A., Singh S. Women with an unmet need for contraception in
developing countries and their reasons for not using a method. In: Sedgh G., Hussain R., Bankole A., Singh
S., eds. Occasional Report No. 37. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2007b: 5-40.
31. Jones R. K., Darroch J. E., Henshaw S. K. Contraceptive use among U. S. women having abortions in
2000-2001. Persp Sex Reprod Health. 2002;34(6):294-303.
32. Finer L. B., Henshaw S. K. Disparities in rates of unintended pregnancy in the United States, 1994 and
2001. Persp Sex Reprod Health. 2006;38(2):90-6.
33. Singh S., Sedgh G., Hussain R. Unintended pregnancy: worldwide levels, trends, and outcomes. Studies
Family Plan. 2010;41(4):241-50.
34. Guttmacher Institute. Facts on the Sexual and Reproductive Health of Adolescent Women in the
Developing World, New York, 2010. Available at: https://www.guttmacher.org.
35. Chandhick N., Dhillon B. S., Kambo I., Saxena N. C. Contraceptive knowledge, practices and
utilization of services in the rural areas of India (an ICMR task force study). Indian J Med Sci. 2003;57:303.
36. WHO. Programming for adolescent health and development. WHO Technical Report Series.
1999;886:1-217
37. Nitwe MT. Teenage pregnancy: A health hazard. J Obstet Gynecol India. 1989;39:303-6.
38. Gupta N, Jain S. Teenage pregnancy: causes and concerns. J Indian Med Assoc. 2008;106(8):516, 518-
9.
39. Narayanan P, Sharma A, Vemuri MD. Adolescent fertility in India: an analysis based on NFHS data.
In: Narayanan P, Sharma A, Vemuri MD, eds. New Delhi: Centre for the Study of Regional Development;
2000: 27-28.
40. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner. Primary census abstract: total population.
In: Table, A-5 Series 1. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner; 2001: 1-5.
41. Chhabra R., Gupte S. N., Mehta A., Shande A. MTP and concurrent contraceptive adoption in rural
India. Studies Family Plan. 1988;19(4):244-7.
42. Solapurkar ML, Sangam RN. Has the MTP Act in India proved beneficial? J Family Welfare.
1985;31(3):46-52.
43. Aras RY, Pai NP, Jain SG. Termination of pregnancy in adolescents. J Postgrad Med. 1987;33(3):120-
4.
44. Jacqueline E. D., Sedgh G., Ball H. Contraceptive technologies: responding to women’s needs. In:
Jacqueline E. D., Sedgh G., Ball H, eds. 1st ed. New York: Guttmacher Institute; 2011: 3-51.
45. Anand B, Singh J, Mohi M. Study of unmet need for family planning in immunization clinic of a
teaching hospital at Patiala, India. Int J Health. 2010;11(1):1- 4.
46. Sushanta KB, Clark KA, Warvadekar J. Results of a government and NGO partnership for provision
of safe abortion services in Uttarakhand, India: a pre and post-intervention evaluation of increasing access
to safe abortion services (IASAS) program. In: Sushanta KB, Clark KA, Warvadekar J, eds. IASAS. New
Delhi, Ipas; 2009.
47. Singh S., Darroch J. E., Ashford L. S., Vlassoff M. Adding it up: the costs and benefits of investing in
family planning and maternal and newborn health. In: Singh S., Darroch J. E., Ashford L. S., Vlassoff M.,
eds. UNFPA. New York: Guttmacher Institute and UNFPA; 2009: 4-40.
48. Collumbien M, Gerressu M, Cleland J. Non-use and use of ineffective methods of contraception. In:
Ezzati M, Lopez AD, Rodgers A, Murray CJL, eds. Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global
and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors. Geneva: WHO; 2004: 1255-
1320.
49. Singh S, Deirdre W, Jones H. Health professionals’ perceptions about induced abortion in South Central
and Southeast Asia. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1997;23(2):59-72.
50. McDougall J., Fetters T., Clark K. A., Rathavy T. Determinants of contraceptive acceptance among
Cambodian abortion patients. Studies Family Plan. 2009;40(2):123-32.
51. Jejeebhoy SJ, Francis Zavier AJ, Acharya R, Kalyanwala S. Increasing access to safe abortion in rural
Maharashtra: outcomes of a comprehensive abortion care model. In: Jejeebhoy SJ, Francis Zavier AJ,
Acharya R, Kalyanwala S, eds. Population Council. New Delhi: Population Council; 2011: 1- 67.
52. Ganatra BR, Hirve SS, Karvande S, Garda L, Rao VN. Induced Abortions in Rural Western
Maharashtra. In: Koenig MA, Jejeebhoy S, Cleland JC, Ganatra BR, eds. Reproductive Health in India:
New Evidence. 1st ed. New Delhi: Rawat Publications; 2008: 281-302.
53. Dhillon BS, Chandhiok N, Kambo I, Saxena NC. Induced abortion and concurrent adoption of
contraception in the rural areas of India: an ICMR task force study. Indian J Med Sci. 2004;58(11):478-
84.
54. Johnston H. B., Ved R., Lyall N., Agarwal K. Post abortion complications and their management. In:
Johnston H. B., Ved R., Lyall N., Agarwal K., eds. PRIME Technical Report #23. Intrah, NC: Chapel Hill,
PRIME II Project; 2001: 1-23.
abortion and associated mortality in 2008. In: WHO, eds. WHO Book. 6th ed. Geneva: World Health
Organisation; 2011: 1-56.
56. Sedgh G., Singh S., Shah I. H., Ahman E., Henshaw S. K., Bankole A. Induced abortion: incidence and
trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008. Lancet. 2012;379(9816):625-32.
abortion and associated mortality in 2000. In: WHO, eds. WHO Book. 4th ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World
Health Organization; 2004: 1-36.
58. Chhabra N., Nuna S. C. Abortion in India: an overview. In: Chhabra N., Nuna S. C., eds. Ford
Foundation. 1st ed. New Delhi: Ford Foundation; 1994: 117.
59. Office of the Registrar General, India (RGI). Maternal mortality in India: 1997-2003 trends, causes and
risk factors. In: RGI, eds. Sample Registration System, Series I. New Delhi: Office of the Registrar General,
India; 2006: 1-29.
60. Grimes D. A., Benson J., Singh S., Romero M., Ganatra B., Okonofua F. E. et al. Unsafe abortion: the
preventable pandemic. Lancet. 2006;368(9550):1908-19.
61. Liskin L. Complications of abortion in developing countries. Popul Rep F. 1980;F(7):F105-55.
62. Alan Guttmacher Institute. Sharing responsibilities: women, society and abortion worldwide. In Alan
Guttmacher Institute, eds. The Alan Guttmacher Institute. New York: The Alan Guttmacher Institute; 1999:
4-56.
63. Elul B, Bracken H, Verma S, Ved R, Singhi R, Lockwood K. Unwanted pregnancy and induced
abortion in Rajasthan, India: a qualitative exploration. In: Elul B, Bracken H, Verma S, Ved R, Singhi R,
Lockwood K, eds. Population Council. New Delhi. Population Council. 2004: 31-32.

64. Krishnamoorthy S., Thenmozhi N., Sheela J., Audinarayana N. Pregnancy outcome in Tamil Nadu: a
survey with special reference to abortion complications, cost and care. In: Krishnamoorthy S., Thenmozhi
N., Sheela J., Audinarayana N., eds. Coimbatore, India: Bharathiar University; 2004.
65. WHO. Safe abortion: technical and policy guidance for health systems. In WHO, eds. WHO Book. 2nd
ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003. 1- 123.
66. Hirve S. Abortion law, policy and services in India: a critical review. Reprod Health Matters.
2004;12(24):114-21.
67. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA. The World Bank. Trends in maternal mortality 1990-2008. In: WHO,
UNICEF, UNFPA, eds. The World Bank. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010: 3-45.
68. Kalyanwala S, Zavier AJF, Jejeebhoy S. Public health facilities and women's access to abortion: a
situational analysis in Maharashtra and Rajasthan. In: Kalyanwala S, Zavier AJF, Jejeebhoy S, eds.
Population Council. New Delhi: Population Council; 2010: 2-74.
69. Goyal V. Uterine rupture in second-trimester misoprostol-induced abortion after cesarean delivery: a
systematic review. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113:1117-23.
70. DOI: 10.5455/2320-1770.ijrcog20140601Kumar N. Current abortion practices in India: a review of
literature. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol 2014;3:293-300.
71. Department of Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations (UN), World Population Prospects:
The 2012 Revision, Volume II: Demographic Profiles, New York: UN, 2012.
72. Government of India, The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, No. 34, 1971.
73. Johnston H, Abortion Practice in India: A Review of Literature, Mumbai: Centre for Enquiry into
Health and Allied Themes (CEHAT), 2002.
74. International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Working Group on Unsafe Abortions,
Unwanted Pregnancies and Abortions: Situational Analysis, New Delhi: India Working Group, no date.
75. Sebastian M, Khan M and Sebastian D, Unintended Pregnancy and Abortion in India with Focus on
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha, New Delhi: Population Council, 2013.
76. Government of India, Sample Registration System Statistical Report 2012, New Delhi: Office of the
Registrar General, 2013.
77. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) and Macro International, National Family Health
Survey (NFHS-3), 2005–06, India 1, Mumbai: IIPS, 2007.
78. Chandramouli C, Annual Health Survey Fact Sheet, Second Updation Round (2012–2013): Key
Findings, New Delhi: Registrar General and Census Commission of India, 2014.
79. IIPS and Macro International, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-1), 1992–93, Mumbai: IIPS,
1993.
80. IIPS, District Level Household and Facility Survey (DLHS-3), 2007–08: India, Mumbai: IIPS, 2010.
81. IIPS and Population Council, Youth in India: Situation and Needs, 2006–2007, Mumbai: IIPS, 2010.
82. Moore A et al., Adolescent Marriage and Childbearing in India: Current Situation and Recent Trends,
New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2009.
83. Chhabra R and Nuna S, Abortion in India: An Overview, New Delhi: Veerendra Printers, 1994.
84. Duggal R and Ramachandran V, Summary and Key Findings, Abortion Assessment Project India,
Mumbai: CEHAT and Healthwatch, 2004.
85. Duggal R and Ramachandran V, The Abortion Assessment Project—India: key findings and
recommendations, Reproductive Health Matters, 2004, 12(24 Suppl.):122–129.
86. Jejeebhoy S et al., Increasing Access to Safe Abortion in Rural Maharashtra: Outcomes of a
Comprehensive Abortion Care Model, New Delhi: Population Council, 2011.
87. Jejeebhoy S et al., Increasing Access to Safe Abortion in Rural Rajasthan: Outcomes of a
Comprehensive Abortion Care Model, New Delhi: Population Council, 2011.
88. Patel L et al., Support for provision of early medical abortion by mid-level providers in Bihar and
Jharkhand, India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2009, 17(33):70–79.
89. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Comprehensive Abortion Care Training and Service Delivery
Guidelines, New Delhi: Government of India, 2010.
90. Iyengar S, Situational Analysis of Abortion Services in Rajasthan, Udaipur, India: Action, Research
and Training for Health, 2005.
91. Hirve SS, Abortion law, policy and services in India: a critical review, Reproductive Health Matters,
2004, 12(24 Suppl.):114–121.
92. Government of India, Medical Termination of Pregnancy Rules and Regulations, Vide GSR 2543,
1975.

93. Ramachandar L and Pelto PJ, Abortion providers and safety of abortion: a community-based study in
a rural district of Tamil Nadu, India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2004, 12(24 Suppl.):138–146.
94. Government of India, The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2002.
95. Government of India, The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Rules (Amendment), 2003.
96. Barge S et al., Formal and Informal Abortion Services in Rajasthan, India: Results of a Situation
Analysis, New Delhi: Population Council, 2004.
97. Hirve S, Abortion Policy in India: Lacunae and Future Challenges, Mumbai: CEHAT, 2004.
98. Kumar R et al., Unsuccessful prior attempts to terminate pregnancy among women seeking first
trimester abortion at registered facilities in Bihar and Jharkhand, India, Journal of Biosocial Science, 2013,
45(2):205–215.
99. Acharya R and Kalyanwala S, Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of certified providers of medical
abortion: evidence from Bihar and Maharashtra, India, International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics,
2012, 118(1 Suppl.):S40–S46.
100. Mudur G, Doctors favour changes in India’s abortion law, BMJ, 2008, 337(a1273).
101. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, The Medical Termination of Pregnancy, (Amendment)
Bill, Government of India, 2014.
102. Mallik R, Negative choice, Abortion Seminar: A Symposium on the Multiple Facets of Medical
Termination of Pregnancy, 2003, No. 532, , accessed May 15, 2014.
103. Ganatra B, Maintaining access to safe abortion and reducing sex ratio imbalances in Asia,
Reproductive Health Matters, 2008, 16(31 Suppl.):90–98.
104. Guilmoto C, Sex Imbalances at Birth: Current Trends, Consequences and Policy Implications,
Bangkok: United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) Asia and the Pacific Regional Office, References 42
Guttmacher Institute 2012.
105. George SM, Millions of missing girls: from fetal sexing to high technology sex selection in India,
Prenatal Diagnosis, 2006, 26(7):604–609.
106. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Act, No. 57, Government
of India, 1994.
107. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act, No.14,
Government of India, 2003.
108. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Guidelines for Medical Officers for Medical Termination
of Pregnancy Up to Eight Weeks Using Manual Vacuum Aspiration Technique, New Delhi: Nirman
Bhavan, 2001.
109. Santhya K and Verma S, Induced abortion—the current scenario in India, in: Jejeebhoy SJ, ed.,
Looking Back, Looking Forward: A Profile of Sexual and Reproductive Health in India, Jawahar Nagar,
India: Rawat Publications, 2004.
110. World Health Organization (WHO), Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health
Systems, Geneva: WHO, 2003.
111. Sedgh G et al., Legal abortion worldwide in 2008: levels and recent trends, International
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2011, 37(2):84–94.
112. Sedgh G et al., Legal abortion worldwide: incidence and recent trends, International Family
Planning Perspectives, 2007, 33(3):106–116.
113. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Health and Family Welfare Statistics of India 2013, New
Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Statistics Division, 2013.
114. Special tabulations of data from Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division,
UN, World Population Prospects: The 2012 Revision, DVD, New York: UN, 2013.
115. Special tabulations of data from United Nations Department of Economic and Social Information
and Policy Analysis, 1994 Demographic Yearbook, New York: UN, 1996, Table 7.
116. Krishnamoorthy S et al., Pregnancy Outcome in Tamilnadu: A Survey with Special Reference to
Abortion Complications, Cost and Care, Mumbai: CEHAT, 2004.
117. Saha S, Duggal R and Mishra M, Abortion in Maharashtra: Incidence, Care and Cost, Mumbai:
CEHAT, 2004.
118. Rossier C, Estimating induced abortion rates: a review, Studies in Family Planning, 2003, 34(2):87–
102.
119. IIPS and Macro International, National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2) 1998–1999, Mumbai:
IIPS, 2000.
120. Malhotra A et al., Realizing Reproductive Choice and Rights: Abortion and Contraception in India,
Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women, 2003.
121. Nyblade L et al., Quantitative measures of self-reported data on abortion morbidity: a case study in
Madhya Pradesh, India, in: Singh S, Remez L and Tartaglione A, eds., Methodologies for Estimating
Abortion Incidence and Abortion-Related Morbidity: A Review, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2010.
122. Singh S et al., Barriers to Safe Motherhood in India, New York: Guttmacher Institute, 2009.
123. Alkema L et al., Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2013, Estimates Developed by WHO,
UNICEF, UNFPA, the World Bank
124. Kassebaum NJ et al., Global, regional, and national levels and causes of maternal mortality during
1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013, Lancet, 2014,
384(9947):980–1004.
125. Say L et al., Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis, Lancet Global Health,
2014, doi:10.1016/52214–109x(14)70227–X, accessed Dec. 2, 2014.
126. Registrar General of India, Report on Medical Certification of Cause of Death, 2010, New Delhi:
Registrar General of India, 2014.
127. Registrar General of India, Special Bulletin on Maternal Mortality, 2004–06, New Delhi: Registrar
General of India, 2009.
128. Banerjee SK and Andersen K, Exploring the pathways of unsafe abortion in Madhya Pradesh, India,
Global Public Health, 2012, 7(8):882–896.
129. Bhattacharya S et al., Safe abortion-still a neglected scenario: a study of septic abortions in a tertiary
hospital of rural India, Online Journal of Health and Allied Sciences, 2010, 9(2):1–4.
130. Sri BS and Ravindran TK, Medical abortion: understanding perspectives of rural and marginalized
women from rural South India, International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 2012, 118(1
Suppl.):S33–S39.
131. Jejeebhoy S, Zavier A and Kalyanwala S, Assessing AbortionRelated Experiences and Needs in
Four Districts of Maharashtra and Rajasthan, 2006, New Delhi: Population Council, 2010.
132. Visaria L et al., Abortion in India: emerging issues from the qualitative studies, Economic and
Political Weekly, 2004, 39(46– 47):5044–5052.
133. Elul B et al., Unwanted Pregnancy and Induced Abortion: Data from Men and Women in Rajasthan,
India, New Delhi: Population Council, 2004.
134. Ganatra B and Hirve S, Induced abortions among adolescent women in rural Maharashtra, India,
Reproductive Health Matters, 2002, 10(19):76–85.
135. Ravindran TK and Balasubramanian P, “Yes” to abortion but “no” to sexual rights: the paradoxical
reality of married women in rural Tamil Nadu, India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2004, 12(23):88–99.
136. Jejeebhoy SJ et al., Experience seeking abortion among unmarried young women in Bihar and
Jharkhand, India: delays and disadvantages, Reproductive Health Matters, 2010, 18(35):163–174.
137. Edmeades J et al., Two sons and a daughter: sex composition and women’s reproductive behaviour
in Madhya Pradesh, India, Journal of Biosocial Science, 2012, 44(6):749–764.
138. Arnold F, Kishor S and Roy T, Sex selective abortion in India, Population and Development
Review, 2002, 28(4):759–785.
139. Lee-Rife SM, Women’s empowerment and reproductive experiences over the lifecourse, Social
Science & Medicine, 2010, 71(3):634–642.
140. Coker AL, Does physical intimate partner violence affect sexual health? A systematic review,
Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 2007, 8(2):149–177.
141. Ellsberg M et al., Intimate partner violence and women’s physical and mental health in the WHO
multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence: an observational study, Lancet, 2008,
371(9619):1165–1172.
142. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Family Welfare Programme in India: Yearbook 2001, New
Delhi: Department of Family Welfare, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2003.
143. Aggarwal P et al., Do women presenting for first and secondtrimester abortion differ socio-
demographically? Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research, 2013, 3(2):187–190.
144. Zavier AJ, Jejeebhoy S and Kalyanwala S, Factors associated with second trimester abortion in
rural Maharashtra and Rajasthan, India, Global Public Health, 2012, 7(8):897–908.
145. Dalvie SS, Second trimester abortions in India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2008, 16(31
Suppl.):37–45.
146. Ravindran T and Sunil B, Access to Safe Abortion Services in Tamil Nadu: Intentions and
Achievements, Karumarapakkam Village, Tamil Nadu, India: CommonHealth, 2013.
147. Chaudhuri S, The desire for sons and excess fertility: a household-level analysis of parity
progression in India, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2012, 38(4):178–186.
148. Retherford R and Roy T, Factors affecting sex-selective abortion in India and 17 major states,
National Family Health Survey Subject Reports, 2003, No. 21.
149. Bongaarts J, The implementation of preferences for male offspring, Population and Development
Review, 2013, 39(2):185– 208.
150. Sen A, Missing women, BMJ, 1992, 304(6827):587–588.
151. Kulkarni PM, Estimation of Missing Girls at Birth and Juvenile Ages in India, New Delhi: UNFPA,
2007, , accessed Aug. 14, 2014.
152. Bhat P, On the trail of ‘missing’ Indian females I: search for clues, Economic and Political Weekly,
2002, 37(51):5105–5118.
153. Shidhaye PR et al., Study of knowledge and attitude regarding prenatal diagnostic techniques act
among the pregnant women at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mumbai, Journal of Education and Health
Promotion, 2012, Vol. 1, p. 36.
154. Unisa S et al., Evidence of Sex Selective Abortion from Two Cultural Settings of India: A Study of
Haryana and Tamil Nadu, New York: UNFPA, 2003.
155. Yasmin S et al., Gender preference and awareness regarding sex determination among antenatal
mothers attending a medical college of eastern India, Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 2013,
41(4):344–350.
156. Ghosh R and Sharma AK, Missing female fetus: a micro level investigation of sex determination
in a periurban area of Northern India, Health Care for Women International, 2012, 33(11):1020– 1034.
157. Sen A, More than 100 million women are missing, The New York Times Review of Books, Dec.
20, 1990.
158. Coale AJ, Excess female mortality and the balance of the sexes in the population, and estimate of
the number of “missing females, Population and Development Review, 1991, 17(3):517– 523.
159. Klasen S, “Missing women” reconsidered, World Development, 1994, 22(7):1061–1071.
160. Jha P et al., Low female-to-male sex ratio of children born in India: national survey of 1.1 million
households, Lancet, 2006, 367(9506):211–218.
161. Jha P et al., Trends in selective abortions of girls in India: analysis of nationally representative birth
histories from 1990 to 2005 and census data from 1991 to 2011, Lancet, 2011, 377(9781):1921–1928.
162. Attane I and Guilmoto C, Introduction, in: Attane I and Guilmoto C, eds., Watering the Neighbour’s
Garden: The Growing Demographic Female Deficit in Asia, Paris: Committee for International
Cooperation in National Research in Demography, 2005.
163. Perwez S, Jeffery R and Jeffery P, Declining child sex ratio and sex-selection in India: a
demographic epiphany? Economic and Political Weekly, 2012, 47(33):73–77.
164. Sahni M et al., Missing girls in India: infanticide, feticide and made-to-order pregnancies? Insights
from hospital-based sexratio-at-birth over the last century, PLoS ONE, 2008, 3(5):e2224.
165. Manchanda S et al., Sex ratio at birth in India, its relation to birth order, sex of previous children
and use of indigenous medicine, PLoS ONE, 2011, 6(6):e20097.
166. Krishnan A et al., Socioeconomic development and girl child survival in rural North India: solution
or problem? Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2013, 67(5):419–426.
167. Agrawal S, The sociocultural context of family size preference, ideal sex composition, and induced
abortion in India: findings from India’s National Family Health surveys, Health Care for Women
International, 2012, 33(11):986–1019.
168. Mohanty SK and Rajbhar M, Fertility transition and adverse child sex ratio in districts of India,
Journal of Biosocial Science, 2014, 46(6):753–771.
169. Kumar S and Sathyanarayana K, District level estimates and implied sex ratio at birth in India,
Economic and Political Weekly, 2012, 47(33):66–72.
170. Chandrasekarayya T and Murthy P, Sharp decline in child sex ratio: emerging concerns from 2011
census, in: Ranjan A and Singh R, eds., India 2012 Population, Reproductive & Child Health: Selected
Papers of Bhopal Seminar 2012, Bhopal, India: MLC Foundation, 2013.
171. Bose S and Trent K, Socio-demographic determinants of abortion in India: a North-South
comparison, Journal of Biosocial Science, 2006, 38(2):261–282.
172. Pallikadavath S and Stones RW, Maternal and social factors associated with abortion in India: a
population-based study, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2006, 32(3):120–125. 44 Guttmacher
Institute
173. Ahmed S and Ray R, Determinants of pregnancy and induced and spontaneous abortion in a jointly
determined framework: evidence from a country-wide, district-level household survey in India, Journal of
Biosocial Science, 2014, 46(4):480–517.
174. Elul B, Determinants of induced abortion: an analysis of individual, household and contextual
factors in Rajasthan, India, Journal of Biosocial Science, 2011, 43(1):1–17.
175. Banerjee S et al., Accreditation of Private Sector Health Facilities for Provision of Comprehensive
Abortion Care Services, New Delhi: Ipas Development Foundation, 2013.
176. 106. Holla R et al., Profile of women seeking medical termination of pregnancy in South India,
International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 2014, 125(3):253–255.
177. Bahadur A et al., Socio-demographic profile of women undergoing abortion in a tertiary centre,
Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 2008, 278(4):329–332.
178. Kalyanwala S et al., Experiences of unmarried young abortion-seekers in Bihar and Jharkhand,
India, Culture, Health & Sexuality, 2012, 14(3):241–255.
179. Sowmini CV, Delay in termination of pregnancy among unmarried adolescents and young women
attending a tertiary hospital abortion clinic in Trivandrum, Kerala, India, Reproductive Health Matters,
2013, 21(41):243–250.
180. Kalyanwala S et al., Abortion experiences of unmarried young women in India: evidence from a
facility-based study in Bihar and Jharkhand, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health,
2010, 36(2):62–71.
181. Jejeebhoy SJ et al., Feasibility of expanding the medication abortion provider base in India to
include Ayurvedic physicians and nurses, International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health,
2012, 38(3):133–142.
182. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Family Welfare Statistics in India, New Delhi: Ministry of
Health and Family Welfare, 2011.
183. Paul VK et al., Reproductive health, and child health and nutrition in India: meeting the challenge,
Lancet, 2011, 377(9762):332–349.
184. Reddy KS et al., Towards achievement of universal health care in India by 2020: a call to action,
Lancet, 2011, 377(9767):760–768.
185. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines for
Primary Health Centres, New Delhi: Government of India, 2012.
186. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines for
Community Health Centres, New Delhi: Government of India, 2012.
187. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bulletin on Rural Health Statistics 2005, New Delhi:
188. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Rural Health Statistics in India 2012, New Delhi:
189. Duggal R, The political economy of abortion in India: cost and expenditure patterns, Reproductive
Health Matters, 2004, 12(24 Suppl.):130–137.
190. Aich P et al., Situation Analysis of MTP Services in Bihar: February–May 2011, New Delhi: Ipas
India, 2011.
191. Aich P et al., Situation Analysis of MTP Services: Jharkhand: February–May 2011, New Delhi:
Ipas India, 2011.
192. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, National List of Essential Medicines of India 2011, New
Delhi: Government of India, 2011.
193. Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, A Strategic Approach to Reproductive, Maternal,
Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) in India, New Delhi: Government of India, 2013.
194. National Rural Health Mission, 5x5 Matrix for High Impact RMNCH+A Interventions, no date, ,
accessed Aug. 14, 2014.
195. Fernandez MM et al., Assessing the global availability of misoprostol, International Journal of
Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 2009, 105(2):180–186.
196. Creanga AA, Roy P and Tsui AO, Characteristics of abortion service providers in two northern
Indian states, Contraception, 2008, 78(6):500–506.
197. Ramachandar L and Pelto PJ, Medical abortion in rural Tamil Nadu, South India: a quiet
transformation, Reproductive Health Matters, 2005, 13(26):54–64.
198. Shah R, Baji S and Kalgutkar S, Attitudes about medical abortion among Indian women,
199. Berer M, Medical abortion: issues of choice and acceptability, Reproductive Health Matters, 2005,
13(26):25–34.
200. Ganatra B et al., Understanding women’s experiences with medical abortion: in-depth interviews
with women in two Indian clinics, Global Public Health, 2010, 5(4):335–347.
201. Bracken H, Home administration of misoprostol for early medical abortion in India, International
Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 2010, 108(3):228–232.
202. Mundle S et al., Simplifying medical abortion: home administration of misoprostol, Journal of
Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India, 2008, 58(5):410–416.
203. Mundle S et al., Increasing access to safe abortion services in rural India: experiences with medical
abortion in a primary health center, Contraception, 2007, 76(1):66–70.
204. Paramita A et al., Situation Analysis of MTP Services in Bihar, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2011.
205. Paramita A et al., Situation Analysis of MTP Services in Jharkhand, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2011.
206. IIPS and Macro International, India Facility Survey (Under Reproductive and Child Health Project)
Phase II, 2003, New Delhi: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 2005.
207. Khan M, Barge S and Kumar N, Availability and Access to Abortion Services in India: Myths and
Realities, 2001, accessed Apr. 17, 2014.
208. Banerjee S, Clark K and Warvadekar J, Results of a Government and NGO Partnership for
Provision of Safe Abortion Services in Uttarakhand, India, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2009
209. Navin D et al., Improving Comprehensive Abortion Care Services in Chhattisgarh: a State
Government–Ipas Partnership: A Facility Baseline Assessment, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2010.
210. Navin D et al., Improving Comprehensive Abortion Care Services in Meghalaya: A State
Government–Ipas Partnership: A Facility Baseline Assessment Survey, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2010.
211. Banerjee SK et al., Accreditation of Private Sector Health Facilities for Provision of Comprehensive
Abortion Care Services: A New Initiative of the State Government of Bihar, India. An Evaluation Report,
New Delhi: Ipas Development Foundation, 2013.
212. Banerjee SK et al., Evaluation of a network of medical abortion providers in two districts of
Maharashtra, India, Global Public Health, 2011, 6(3):283–292.
213. Iyengar SD, Iyengar K and Gupta V, Maternal health: a case study of Rajasthan, Journal of Health,
Population, and Nutrition, 2009, 27(2):271–292.
214. Ganatra B, Manning V and Pallipamulla S, Medical Abortion in Bihar and Jharkhand: A Study of
Service Providers, Chemists, Women and Men, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2005.
215. anatra B, Manning V and Pallipamulla SP, Availability of medical abortion pills and the role of
chemists: a study from Bihar and Jharkhand, India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2005, 13(26):65–74.
216. Kunwar S et al., Second trimester pregnancy termination with 400 μg vaginal misoprostol: efficacy
and safety, Bioscience Trends, 2010, 4(6):351–354.
217. Human Rights Law Network, Limited access to medical abortions in Maharashtra: fact-finding of
chemists and hospitals in Mumbai and Nagpur, unpublished report, New Delhi: India, 2014.
218. Ipas DMAD, Facts and Reasons, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2013.
219. Banerjee SK et al., Woman-centered research on access to safe abortion services and implications
for behavioral change communication interventions: a cross-sectional study of women in Bihar and
Jharkhand, India, BMC Public Health, 2012, Vol. 12, Art. 175, doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-175, accessed
July 2, 2014.
220. Banerjee SK et al., Evaluation of a multi-pronged intervention to improve access to safe abortion
care in two districts in Jharkhand, BMC Health Services Research, 2014, Vol. 14, Art. 227,
doi:10.1186/1472-6963-14-227, accessed July 2, 2014.
221. Berer M, Provision of abortion by mid-level providers: international policy, practice and
perspectives, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2009, 87(1):58–63.
222. Jejeebhoy SJ et al., Can nurses perform manual vacuum aspiration (MVA) as safely and effectively
as physicians? Evidence from India, Contraception, 2011, 84(6):615–621.
223. Iyengar K and Iyengar SD, Emergency obstetric care and referral: experience of two midwife-led
health centres in rural Rajasthan, India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2009, 17(33):9–20.
224. Ngo TD, Park MH and Free C, Safety and effectiveness of termination services performed by
doctors versus midlevel providers: a systematic review and analysis, International Journal of Women’s
Health, 2013, Vol. 5, pp. 9–17
225. Warriner IK et al., Can midlevel health-care providers administer early medical abortion as safely
and effectively as doctors? A randomised controlled equivalence trial in Nepal, Lancet, 2011,
377(9772):1155–1161.
226. Sjöström S et al., Medical students’ attitudes and perceptions on abortion: a cross-sectional survey
among medical interns in Maharastra, India, Contraception, 2014, 90(1):42–46.

227. Banerjee SK, Andersen KL and Warvadekar J, Pathways and consequences of unsafe abortion: a
comparison among women with complications after induced and spontaneous abortions in Madhya
Pradesh, India, International Journal of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, 2012, 118(2 Suppl.):S113–S120.
228. Collumbien M, Mishra M and Blackmore C, Youth-friendly services in two rural districts of West
Bengal and Jharkhand, India: definite progress, a long way to go, Reproductive Health Matters, 2011,
19(37):174–183.
229. Hogmark S et al., Medical students’ knowledge, attitudes and perceptions towards contraceptive
use and counselling: a cross-sectional survey in Maharashtra, India, BMJ Open, 2013, 3(12):e003739.
230. Winikoff B and Sheldon W, Use of medicines changing the face of abortion, International
Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2012, 38(3):164–166.
231. Nair MK et al., ARSH 6: reproductive health needs assessment of adolescents and young people
(15–24 y): a qualitative study on “perceptions of program managers and health providers, Indian Journal
of Pediatrics, 2013, 80(2 Suppl.): S222–S228.
232. Kalyanwala S, Acharya R and Francis Zavier AJ, Adoption and continuation of contraception
following medical or surgical abortion in Bihar and Jharkhand, India, International Journal of Gynaecology
& Obstetrics, 2012, 118(1 Suppl.):S47–S51.
233. Agarwal S, Chauhan LN and Modi DA, Changing trends in MTP at SSG hospital, Baroda—a
retrospective study, Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 2007, 105(3):130–132.
234. Dhillon BS et al., Induced abortion and concurrent adoption of contraception in the rural areas of
India (an ICMR task force study), Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2004, 58(11):478–484.
235. Manning V et al., Post abortion family planning: a neglected public health domain, paper presented
at the First Asian Population Association Conference, New Delhi, India, Nov. 16–20, 2010.
236. Johnston HB et al., Where do rural women obtain postabortion care? The case of Uttar Pradesh,
India, International Family Planning Perspectives, 2003, 29(4):182–187.
237. Zavier AJ and Padmadas SS, Postabortion contraceptive use and method continuation in India,
238. Banerjee S et al., Progress and Prospects of MAPnet: A Network of Medication Abortion Providers
in Two Districts of Maharashtra, India, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2007.
239. Mittal S, Contraception after medical abortion, Contraception, 2006, 74(1):56–60.
240. Elul B, Assessments of the importance of provider characteristics for abortion care: data from
women in Rajasthan, India, Health Care for Women International, 2011, 32(1):72–95.
241. Barua A and Apte H, Quality of abortion care: perspectives from clients and providers in Jharkhand,
Economic and Political Weekly, 2007, 42(48):71–80.
242. Nidadavolu V and Bracken H, Abortion and sex determination: conflicting messages in information
materials in a district of Rajasthan, India, Reproductive Health Matters, 2006, 14(27):160–171.
243. Ganatra B and Banerjee S, Expanding Community-Based Access to Medical Abortion in
Jharkhand: A Pre-Intervention Baseline Survey in Selected Two Blocks of Ranchi and Khunti Districts,
New Delhi: Ipas India, 2010.
244. Chhabra S, Palaparthy S and Mishra S, Social issues around advanced unwanted pregnancies in
rural single women, Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 2009, 29(4):333–336.
245. Banerjee S et al., Are Young Women in India Prepared to Deal With Sexual and Reproductive
Health Issues? New Delhi: Ipas India, 2012.
246. Banerjee SK et al., Effectiveness of a behavior change communication intervention to improve
knowledge and perceptions about abortion in Bihar and Jharkhand, India, International Perspectives on
Sexual and Reproductive Health, 2013, 39(3):142–151.
247. Banerjee S and Clark K, Exploring the Pathways of Unsafe Abortion: A Prospective Study of
Abortion Clients in Selected Hospitals of Madhya Pradesh, India, New Delhi: Ipas India, 2009.
248. WHO, Safe Abortion: Technical and Policy Guidance for Health Systems, second ed., Geneva:
WHO, 2012.
249. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India, Population Enumeration Data, Five Year
Age Group–C14 table, 2011, , accessed Dec. 10, 2014.

A Critical Overview of Abortion in India

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Critical Overview of Abortion in India

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

www.ijcrt.

A CRITICAL OVERVIEW OF ABORTION IN

Department of pharmaceutical science PCO [JVWU] Jaipur.

Keywords; Abortion, Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act, Pregnancy, Contraceptives.

PROFILE FOR PREMATHURE BIRTH SEEKER

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h162

WHY ABORTION IS WANTED

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h163

HOMOSEXUALITY IS A REASON FOR ABORTION

UNWANTED PREGNANCY: CAUSES MISCARRIAGE

TEENAGE PREGNACY AND ABORTION

RESTORATIVE END OF PREGNANCY ACT

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h165

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h166

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h168

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h169

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h174

IJCRT2305876 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org h175

You might also like