GNED 08 MIDTERM REVIEWER
UNDERSTANDING THE PROF
DIGITAL SELF
The development of the person’s social aspects can
be greatly influenced by technology due to
insufficient amount of real-life social encounters.
(Diaz, Evans and Gallagher, 2014)
• Facial expressions
• Body language
• Eye contact
DIGITAL IDENTITY
- anything that describes a persona an individual
presents across all the digital spaces that he or she
is represented in.
 Abuse of technology always leads to negative
consequences.
 Symbolic Markers express one’s identity to others
and helps them make sense of it themselves.
 Social media allows people to adopt identities
independent of the body and the markers it
contains.
 On the internet people can be whoever they want
to be. (Turkle, 1995)
 Personal boundaries –set of guidelines, rules or
limits that a person creates to identify reasonable,
safe and permissible ways for people to behave
towards them.
 Study shows that Facebook was found to have
especially addictive properties.
 Introverts and neurotics are more addictive to
social media (Wang, Ho, Chan, & Tse, 2015)
*being less open to experience, less emotionally
stable, and less conscientious are associated with
FB addiction. (Blachnio, Przepiorka, Serol-Durak,
Durak and Sherstyuk 2017)
➢ PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACTS
- Research has found that increased time spent
online is related to a decline in communication
with family members, as well as reduction of the
internet user’s social circle.
- Social media use can be particularly maladaptive
when it occurs in the form of passive browsing.
- When users spend time on sites like facebook and
Instagram exclusively looking at other people’s
photos and profile content, it can trigger a sense of
exclusion, envy, and loneliness. (Krasnova,
Wenninger, Widjaja, & Buxmann, 2013)
WHAT IS FOMO “Fear Of Missing Out”
According to Urban Dictionary it is “the state of
mental or emotional strain caused by the fear of
missing out; a compulsive concern that one might
miss an opportunity or satisfying event.”
➢ PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACTS
• Users frequently engage in social comparison
processes can then generate emotional distress.
- For example, viewing profile pictures of
attractive people elicits more negative
emotions than viewing photos of less attractive
people, and more photo-related activity on
Facebook (e.g., posting pictures, viewing
friend’s photos) is related to body image
disturbances in teen girls. (Meier & Gray, 2014)
• Facebook and other social media networks can
have a negative impact on learning.
- Studies conducted on students from middle
school through college showed that frequent
use of social media services resulted in lower
grades.
➢ MENTAL HEALTH VULNERABILITIES
Many researchers and clinicians have noted that a
variety of mental disorders co-occur.
• Pantic, et al (2012) have found statistically
significant positive correlation between depressive
symptoms and time spent on SNS.
• Lou, et al (2012) asserted that students who use
Facebook intensely reports enhanced loneliness.
• Kross, et al (2013) have found negative correlation
between Facebook use and subjective perception
of well-being.
➢ MENTAL HEALTH AND SOCIAL MEDIA
• However, it should be stressed that there is still no
conclusive evidence that use of Facebook and
other SNS causes mental health issues.
• Online communication with friends and family
(today mostly done on SNS) is actually associated
with a decline in depression. (Kraut, 2013)
➢ TIPS ON SAVING THE DIGITAL SELF
• Focus
• Limit yourself
• Get a new hobby
• Spend more time with your loved ones
• Reward every success
• Delete extra people from your list
- if none of the above works out, take a deep
breath, muster your courage and permanently
delete your account, remember, it’s for the best.
➢ SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE
- Based from the American Psychological
Association, it is the ability to understand people
and effectively relate to them.
TECHNOLOGY AS AN ALLY
➢ GOOD EFFECT
• Filipinos have found an ally in today’s modern
communications with technology which will allow
them to see their loved ones face-to-face without
the danger of passing the virus to each other.
Through Zoom, Facebook Live, Google Meet or
whatever app us readily available. Filipinos from all
walks of life are ready to celebrate the season
despite the pandemic.
➢ BAD EFFECTS
• Findings showed that the media consumption of
teenagers is self-regulated so as not to irrationally
“displace” the time allotted for highly valued face-
to-face family interactions.
- time displacement from academic activities;
not be with the face-to-face interactions
with their families.
(“Connected ka pa ba?” A study on how social media
usage affects face-to-face interactions within the home.
2017)
• “Technology as a tool of global capitalism for profit
accumulation has transformed its use-value of
communication and information into a fetish
commodity
- a natural, fact-of-the-matter aspect of migration.”
• “There is no doubt that family mealtime is
essential for forming strong family connections,
bonds and relationships, ultimately creating a
healthy family unit. Having the TV on during the
meal or the presence of any other media devices
at the table is a distraction for everyone and
hinders effective communication between family
members.”
• “It has been observed that many technologies,
specifically the computer and internet, can create
a paradox. The medium may, in fact, be a social
device used to connect and communicate but is
also linked with hindering social involvement with
those in close physical proximity.”
• “Unlimited use of technology also seems to disrupt
the flow of normal family life by interrupting
normal parent-child interactions.”
- How technology and social media is undermining family
relationships (2018 Irish News Article)
“Technology is a useful servant but a dangerous
master.” - Christian Louis Lange
[
SELF –PRESENTATION STRATEGIES AND
IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT
Self-presentation is a range of strategies that people
adopt to shape what others think of them
1. Self-promotion
- The person who is using self-promotion is trying to
show that he/she is competent, effective or a
winner. This person expects respect. He/she
speaks proudly about their experience, education
 or achievement. He/she always makes people
aware of their accomplishments.
2. Ingratiation
- The person using ingratiation in presenting oneself
to others has a desire to be likeable. They expect
affection. This person takes an interest in one’s
personal lives to show them that they are friendly.
He/she often uses flattery and favors to make
others like them.
3. Exemplification
- The person who is using exemplification has an
intention to achieve worth from others. He/she
expects others to feel guilty by their actions. This
person tries to appear like a hard-working
dedicated employee to make others feel less
worthy than they are. He/she stays at work late so
that people will know that they are hard-working.
4. Intimidation
- The person who is using intimidation tries to
appear dangerous or ruthless. He/she expects
others to be afraid of them. People do this when
they are expecting others to finish a task. For
instance, the boss intimidates subordinates to get
job done. He/she shows others that they can make
life difficult for them if they are pushed too far.
5. Supplication
- The person who is using supplication, would like to
appear helpless (handicapped or unfortunate).
He/she aims to achieve nurturance from others.
This person would act as if they know less that
others so people will help them out. He/she
pretends not to understand something to gain
someone's help (Hewstone, et al., 2015).
SETTING GOALS FOR SUCCESS
➢ IMPORTANCE OF GOALS
- According to Conn (2001), a goal is a target or
objective of a motivated and directed chain of
behaviors. Goals vary and depend on the values
and priorities of the individual.
The anatomy of a goal-directed behavior all
begins within the individual: a need which is a lack
or deficit. The presence of this need creates
tension. This tension is the drive that builds up and
directs the individual towards the goal. When the
goal is reached the need is satisfied and the
tension/drive is reduced.
➢ SOME REASONS WHY SETTING GOALS IS
IMPORTANT
1. Setting goals direct the individual’s behavior.
2. Goals, once set, can determine the individual’s
progress towards accomplishing it.
3. Goals serve as guides to discipline behavior.
4. Goals keep the individual busy so no time is
wasted.
5. Goals motivate the individual because it provides a
purpose/reason for his behavior.
➢ SELF-EFFICACY
- As defined by Bandura, self-efficacy refers to the
person’s beliefs about his capacity to exercise
some measure of control over his behavior and
over events that take place around him, Self-
efficacy forms the basis of the human agency. This
means that if a person believes that he has some
control over events as they unfold, that he can in
some ways influence the course of events, he will
take action and most likely, he will succeed.
- The level of self-efficacy in a person is not
constant. There are times when it is high and times
when it is low in the same individual. The changing
level of self-efficacy depends on factors like:
specific competencies required for an activity, the
presence or absence of other people and their
competencies and the physiological and
psychological condition of the individual.
SELF-EFFICACY CAN BE LEARNED AND ENHANCED
THROUGH THE FOLLOWING:
1. Mastery of Learning and Skills
- Practice is necessary for the individual to have
mastery.
2. A Good Social Model
- Learning through observation is best achieved
when the model is credible and trustworthy.
Models inspire the person to do well and be the
best that he can be.
3. A Persuasive Environment
- A social environment that is supportive elevates
the morale of the individual and encourages him to
perform at his best every time thereby achieving
his goals.
4. Physical Fitness
- Competence for a physical skill initially requires
that the person is in good health. Any sign of
fatigue or physical weakness, disease or disability
limits the activities/areas to be competent in. BUT
in many cases, a person’s disability serves as the
driving force that make the individual achieve
more.
5. Emotional Maturity
- This prepares the individual for the challenges and
failures encountered on the way to his goal.
Emotional stability helps the person endure and
persevere until the desired goal is reached. It gives
him the hope and the strength to try and try again.
➢ MINDSET
1. Fixed Mindset
- A person with a fixed mindset believes that their
character, intelligence and creativity are
innate/inborn and cannot be changed or altered.
In this mindset, success means affirmation of these
so-called inherited traits. It is further believed that
man’s qualities whether positive or negative are
permanent.
2. Growth Mindset
- A person with this mindset does not bank on given
qualities for them to be successful but instead
he/she wanted to be challenged. This person
knows that initially he/she may not be successful,
that he/she might fail. The person, however,
welcome failures as opportunities for growth and
for honing their abilities and tapping hidden
potentials. The growth mindset believes that the
person’s basic qualities can be learned or
cultivated through hard work/effort of the person.
Application of abilities and experience contributes
to the person’s overall growth. People with this
mindset are realistic. They know that they have
potentials; they only have to discover and tap it,
whatever it may be.
GOAL SETTING THEORY BY EDWIN LOCKE AND
GARY LATHAM
In this theory, goals are seen as important. But what
is more important, however, for this theory is the
process and the means by which the goal is realized.
Five goal-setting principles that can increase the
person’s chances of reaching his goals.
1. Clarity
- The first thing that should be considered in setting
a goal is to determine what the person is really
trying to achieve.
2. Challenges
- Goals should challenge the person’s ability to make
him exert more effort in learning something new
and growing along the way. Challenge motivates
behavior.
3. Commitment
- This means owning the goal and making it one’s
responsibility to make sure that behaviors are
undertaken to achieve it.
4. Feedback
- Although the goal belongs to the person who sets
it. It is not wrong to ask people about what they
think just to have a gauge of his progress from
another person’s perspective.
5. Task Complexity
- Complex goals can overwhelm the person and will
take a longer time to accomplish. When the goal is
a bit complicated. It is always wise to learn a little
more about it. Doing this increases the level of
confidence to accomplish the goal as the person
becomes more competent. It is also more practical
to breakdown complex goals into manageable
components or sub-goals and deal with the
components one at a time. Through a person can
have more than one goal, he should learn to
prioritize so as not to sacrifice the valuable things
in his life like his family and friends.
➢ GOAL SETTING MUST BE:
S - pecific
M - easurable
A - ttainable
R - elevant
T - ime-bound
 IDEAL SELF VS. REAL SELF Rogers a person who has high self-worth, that is,
has confidence and positive feelings about him or
FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A FULLY FUNCTIONING herself, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and
PERSON: unhappiness at times, and is open with people.
1. Open to experience
- both positive and negative emotions accepted. 3. Ideal self
Negative feelings are not denied, but worked - The person who we would like to be. It consists of
through (rather than resorting to ego defense our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic:
mechanism). forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is not
the ideal self in our teens or late 20’s.
2. Existential living
- in touch with different experiences as they occur IDEAL SELF VS. REAL SELF
in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Rogers further divided the self into two categories:
Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, the ideal self and the real self. The ideal self is the
not always looking back to the past or forward to person that you would like to be; the real self is the
the future (i.e. living for the moment). person you actually are.
3. Trust feelings
- feeling, instincts and gut-reactions are paid
attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions
are the right ones and we should trust ourselves to
make the right choices.
4. Creativity
- creative thinking and risking taking are features of
a person’s life. A person does not play safe all the
time. This involves the ability to adjust and change
and seek new experiences.
5. Fulfilled life
- person is happy and satisfied with life, and always
looking for new challenges and experiences.
The self is composed of concepts unique to
ourselves.
THE SELF-CONCEPT INCLUDES THREE COMPONENTS:
1. Self-worth (or self-esteem)
- what we think about ourselves; Rogers believed
feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood
and were formed from the interaction of the child
with the mother and father.
2. Self-image
- How we see ourselves, which is important to good
psychological health. Self-image includes the
influence of our body image on inner personality.
At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a
good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image
has an effect on how a person thinks, feels and
behaves in the world. Self-worth may be seen as a
continuum from very high to very low. For Carl