Science research paper

Gamma Ray bursts

What are gamma ray burst?

Ans=Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic explosions
that have been observed in distant galaxies. They are the most
energetic and luminous electromagnetic events since the big
bang. Bursts can last from ten milliseconds to several hours. After an
initial flash of gamma rays a longer-lived "afterglow" is usually
emitted at longer wavelengths.
How are gamma ray bursts created?
Ans= The intense radiation of most observed GRBs is thought to be
released during a supernova when a star runs out of fuels and
collapses under its own gravity as a high-mass star implodes to form
a black hole. A subclass of GRBs appear to originate from the merger
of neutron stars. The sources of most GRBs are billions of light years
away from Earth, implying that the explosions are both extremely
energetic. A typical burst releases as much energy in a few seconds
as the Sun will in its entire 10-billion-year lifetime and extremely rare
as calculations show that only a few per galaxy per million years
happen.
When were they first detected?
Ans= GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela satellites,
which had been designed to detect covert nuclear weapons test after
thorough analysis, this was published in 1973. Following their
discovery, hundreds of theories were brought forward to explain these
bursts, such as collisions between comets and neutron stars. Little
information was available to verify these models until the 1997
detection of the first X-ray and optical afterglows and direct
measurement of their wavelength using optical spectroscopy, and thus
their distances and energy outputs. These discoveries, and subsequent
studies of the galaxies and supernova associated with the bursts,
clarified the distance and luminosity of GRBs, definitively placing
them in distant galaxies.

Different Gamma ray bursts-

1) short gamma ray bursts- GRBs were first detected in 1967 by the Vela
satellites, which had been designed to detect covert nuclear weapons tests; after
thorough analysis, this was published in 1973.[9] Following their discovery,
hundreds of theoretical models were proposed to explain these bursts, such as
collisions between comets and neutron stars.[10] Little information was
available to verify these models until the 1997 detection of the first X-ray and
optical afterglows and direct measurement of their redshifts using
optical spectroscopy, and thus their distances and energy outputs. These
discoveries, and subsequent studies of the galaxies and supernovae associated
with the bursts, clarified the distance and luminosity of GRBs, definitively
placing them in distant galaxies.