TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM FOR CONGESTION CONTROL AND
AMBULANCE CLEARANCE
1
Mr. K. Krishna Reddy, 2 S. Noor Mahammad, 3 J.Divya, 4 C.Vamsi, 5 S.AmeerBasha,6 B. Suresh
Reddy
1
Associate professor & HOD,23456 Students
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Mother Theresa Institute of Engineering and Technology, Palamaner, Chittoor (Dist.)
ABSTRACT
During a time crunch, time can act as either a
helpful ally or a dangerous adversary. Because
of this, it is very necessary to eke out every last
second. Because of the recent rise in the number
of cars, there has been a significant increase in
the amount of congestion on the roads. As a
direct consequence of this, a significant number
of individuals have been killed because
ambulances were unable to get at their
destinations on time. To arrive at the location
without incident and as promptly as feasible is
the primary objective of every emergency
vehicle. The odds of surviving are diminished by
each second that is wasted due to stopped traffic
or red lights along the road to the goal.
Therefore, it is absolutely necessary to give
ambulances signal priority in order to ensure that
they are able to navigate the heavy traffic with
the least amount of delay possible. In this article,
a novel system that makes use of IoT to assist in
accomplishing this objective is offered.
I.INTRODUCTION
INDIA is the country with the world's second
largest population and has an economy that is
expanding at a rapid rate. It is experiencing
serious issues with traffic congestion in its major
cities. Because of limited space and high costs,
the expansion of infrastructure is occurring at a
far slower rate than the increase in the number of
cars [1]. In addition, there is no system of lanes
in use, therefore the traffic is quite chaotic. It
requires methods for traffic control that are
distinct from those used in wealthy countries.
Congestion may have detrimental effects that
can be mitigated by the intelligent management
of traffic flows. In recent years, wireless
networks have gained widespread usage in the
road transport industry as a result of the more
cost efficient possibilities they give [2]. ZigBee,
RFID, and GSM are examples of technologies
that might be leveraged to give cost-effective
solutions in the field of traffic management.
The radio frequency identification (RFID)
system is a wireless technology that transfers
data between an RFID tag and an RFID reader
by means of radio frequency electromagnetic
energy. While some RFID systems will only
function within a range of inches or centimetres,
others may function for a distance of 100 metres
(300 feet) or more. A GSM modem is a
specialised kind of modem that, similar to a
mobile phone, may be equipped to read a SIM
card and run on the basis of a subscription to the
services of a mobile operator. Controlling
modems requires using the AT commands.
These instructions originate from Hayes
commands, which were used by Hayes smart
modems in the past. ZigBee is a low-power
technology that may be used in any of the
possible job configurations to carry out a set of
predetermined responsibilities. It makes use of
the ISM bands, which are 868 MHz in Europe,
915 MHz in the United States and Australia, and
2.4 GHz everywhere else. The 868 MHz
frequency band has a data transmission rate of
20 kilobits per second, whereas the 2.4 GHz
frequency band has a data transmission rate of
250 kilobits per second [3, 4]. In the event of a
radio frequency of 868/915 MHz, the Zig
Beeutilises 11 channels, and in the case of a through a traffic signal. One of the benefits of
radio frequency of 2.4 GHz, it utilises 16 using this technique is that the GPS device that
channels. In addition to this, it makes use of two is installed in the car does not need any extra
other channel topologies, namely CSMA/CA electricity. The most significant drawback of
and slotted CSMA/CA [5]. The whole of the green waves is that, in the event that the wave is
paper is broken down into these five sections. disrupted, this might lead to traffic issues,
The literature survey is discussed in Section II of which, in turn, can be made worse by the
the paper. In Section III, the present challenges synchronisation of the signals.
that must be faced while making room for an
ambulance and other vehicles are dissected and
discussed. In addition to this, it discusses how
the suggested model would solve the challenges
that emerging nations as well as rich ones are
now experiencing. In Section IV, the specifics of
how the suggested model would be implemented
are presented. This work is improved in Section
V, which presents those changes.
Fig. 1.The Bangalore traffic situation.
II. LITERATURE SURVEY
When this happens, the green wave's line of cars
In cities of emerging countries like India, a key
builds until some of them are unable to make it
issue that has to be addressed is traffic
to the green lights in time and must halt. It's a
congestion. A large portion of the increase in the
condition known as "over-saturation" [12, 13].
number of automobiles seen in urban areas may
RFID traffic management is mentioned in [8] as
be attributed to the expanding middle class as
a means of avoiding issues with conventional
well as the growing urban population [6].
traffic control systems, particularly those using
Congestion on roadways always leads to
image processing and beam interruption
sluggish moving traffic, which increases the
methods. This RFID method accommodates
amount of time it takes to travel, and as a
busy intersections with many different types of
consequence, stands out as one of the most
traffic. It's a useful method for keeping track of
significant problems that may occur in urban
time, since it calculates an adaptive plan for the
areas. The green wave system was mentioned in
movement of each traffic column in real time.
[7]. This system was used to offer clearance to
The algorithm operates in real time and makes
any emergency vehicle by changing all of the
decisions that are analogous to those made by a
red lights on the route of the emergency vehicle
police officer. The calculations and evaluations
to green, therefore delivering a full green wave
are based on the number of cars in each column
to the desired vehicle. This system was used to
and the route. The study has a flaw in that it
provide clearance to any emergency vehicle. A
doesn't elaborate on how emergency vehicles
'green wave' refers to the synchronisation of the
and the person in charge of the traffic lights
green phase of different traffic lights. A 'green
exchange information. There was a proposal for
wave' configuration ensures that every vehicle
an automated lane clearing system for
that drives through an area with a green light
ambulances using RFID and GPS in [9]. The
will continue to be given green lights as it
goal of this project is to speed up the time it
proceeds down the road. In addition to following
takes for an ambulance to get to a hospital by
the car as it travels along the green wave route,
clearing the lane it's in before the vehicle hits a
the system will also follow it when it travels
traffic light. To do this, the traffic light in the
ambulance's route may be programmed to turn
green at a certain distance from the intersection.
In order to avoid needless traffic backups, RFID
is used to differentiate between emergency and
non-emergency situations. Using transceivers
and GPS, an ambulance can talk to a traffic light
pole.
No human interaction is needed at the
intersections since the technology is totally
automated. One drawback of this technique is
that it requires precise knowledge of the
journey's beginning and conclusion points. It
may not function if the beginning place is
unknown or if the ambulance has to take a
different route. In most major cities around the
world, traffic is a major transportation problem.
Countries like India and China, whose
populations are growing at a faster pace than the
global average, will feel this impact more
acutely. The number of cars in Bangalore, India,
for instance, has increased dramatically during
the last several years. Therefore, many arterial
roads and intersections are running at or above
their capacity (i.e., v/c is greater than 1), and
peak-hour travel times on some of the most
important roads in the core are below 10
kilometres per hour. Managing over 36,000
vehicles, an annual increase of 7-10% in traffic,
roads operating at higher capacity ranging from
1 to 4, travel speeds of less than 10 kilometres
per hour in some central areas during peak
hours, insufficient or no parking space for
vehicles, and a limited number of policemen are
just some of the main challenges outlined in
[10]. As of [11], the city of Bangalore has
installed a video traffic surveillance and
monitoring system. The traffic management staff
must manually analyse the data in order to
calculate the appropriate length of each traffic
signal at each intersection. It will relay such
information to law enforcement in the area so
that appropriate measures may be taken.
Congestion management, emergency vehicle
clearance, stolen car identification, etc. are all
examples of challenges that present technology
is ill-equipped to solve. We recommend using
our Intelligent Traffic Control System as a
solution to these issues. There are essentially
three sections to it. The automated signal control
system is in the first section. In this area, RFID
tags are installed in every car. As soon as it is
within RFID reader range, a signal will be sent.
The level of traffic congestion may be calculated
by reading the RFID tags on passing cars during
a certain time period. As such, it determines how
long that particular green light will remain on.
The second section is set aside for emergency
vehicle access. Here, a ZigBee receiver will be
installed at a major intersection and ZigBee
transmitter modules will be installed in all
emergency vehicles. When the vehicle is being
utilised in a life-or-death situation, the alarm
will be activated. The signal will be sent over
ZigBee and received by the corresponding
ZigBee device. The light at the intersection will
turn green as a result. When the ambulance has
passed, the ZigBee signal is no longer received
by the receiver, and the light changes to red. The
third section is for finding stolen cars. Here, the
RFID scanner checks the tag's information
against a stolen RFID database. If a match is
detected, the traffic light will turn red and an
SMS will be sent to the police station so that the
driver will be forced to stop at the intersection
and the authorities may take action. These are
the parts utilised in the experiment: CC2500RF
module, Microchip PIC16F877A, RFID Reader-
125KHz-TTL, and SIM300 GSM module. The
component pinouts are shown in Figure 2.
In this unit, we utilised a 125 KHz passive RFID
tag and reader to conduct experiments. When a
car drives within range of an RFID reader, the
tag will broadcast the car's unique identification
number to the reader. The number of RFID tags
scanned in 2 minutes will be recorded by the
linked microcontroller. For evaluation purposes,
the green light stays on for 30 seconds if the
count is more than 10, and for 20 seconds if the
count is between 5 and 9. If the number is lower
than 5, the green light will stay on for ten
seconds. Both the red and orange lights will be
active for 10 and 2 seconds, respectively. Figure
3 shows how the automated signal-control and
stolen-vehicle-detection system may be put into
practice.
III. SIMULATION RESULTS
3.1Traffic Control System performance
RFID tags are a crucial part of the Traffic
Control System, and they serve a variety of tasks
depending on the kind of vehicle. RFID Tags are
detected and read by the RFID Reader module
when they enter its field of vision. When the
second hand of a clock strikes zero, the RFID
Readers in nearby vehicles transmit 8 bits of
information. The Reader module simultaneously
receives 8-bit data that is used to control the
junction's traffic lights' brightness.
The primary tasks of a traffic control system
may be broken down into the following three
groups:
1.Managing Traffic Flow
2.Clearance for Ambulance
3.Vehicle theft
3.2Working of Congestion Control
The RFID Reader in the Traffic Control system
begins reading RFID Tags at a predetermined
spot on the vehicle.
When the reset is left at zero, the traffic lights
won't blink, but when an RFID tag approaches
the reader, the car will transmit data to the
Reader module, which the reader will pick up.
When the reset is set to High, the RFID Reader
will keep track of how many cars have passed
over the intersection and compare that number to
a predetermined threshold; if the count is higher
than the threshold, the lights at that intersection
will turn green to let traffic through.
The next graphic depicts the simulated
behaviour of Congestion Control between Resets
'0' and '1' of the Traffic Control System:
Fig.1 Reset= '0' simulates behaviour.
Fig. 2 BehaviourModelling with Congestion and
reset='1'.
When reset='1' and G='1', congestion is shown
above a specific intersection in the simulation.
Whenever there is a transition between states,
the junction begins counting cars again.
IV. CONCLUSION AND ENHANCEMENTS
There is a reduction in the amount of human
labour required of the traffic police officer as a
result of the implementation of automated traffic
signal control that is based on the traffic density
along the route. Because the entire system is
automated, there is very little need for direct
involvement from humans. As soon as the
system determines that a car has been reported
stolen, the traffic light will switch to the red
position, allowing the officer who is now
stationed at the intersection to take the proper
action. In addition, SMS messages will be issued
so that the authorities can be ready to track down
the stolen car at the next available intersections.
It is essential that vehicles used in emergency
situations, such as ambulances and fire engines,
get at their locations as quickly as possible. The
priceless lives of a great number of individuals
may be put at jeopardy if they spend a
significant amount of time stuck in traffic. Once
the emergency vehicle has passed through the
intersection, the traffic light will turn green to
indicate that it is safe for drivers to proceed.
This will continue for as long as the emergency
vehicle is still present. Only when the
emergency vehicle has passed through will the
light change to the red position. Testing the
prototype with RFID readers that have a further
reading range is one way to make more
improvements to it. Additionally, a global
positioning system (GPS) can be installed within
the stolen vehicle detection module so that the
precise location of the stolen vehicle can be
determined. At this time, we are in the process
of implementing the system by taking into
consideration one route of the traffic
intersection. Extending it to include all of the
roads at a multi-road junction is one way to
make it better.
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