Scripta Materialia 126 (2017) 63–67

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Scripta Materialia

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Viewpoint article

Medium Mn transformation-induced plasticity steels: Recent progress

and challenges
Dong-Woo Suh ⁎, Sung-Joon Kim
Graduate Institute of Ferrous Technology, POSTECH, Republic of Korea

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We highlight the recent advance in strong transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, which have higher
Received 9 March 2016 alloying contents compared to the conventional TRIP steels for achieving tensile strength higher than 1 GPa.
Received in revised form 30 May 2016 Given that the extraordinary strength-elongation balance is led by the characteristic mixture of coarse and sub-
Accepted 9 July 2016
micron-sized grains of ferrite and austenite, diverse strategies of materials design to obtain unprecedented prop-
Available online 19 July 2016
erties are reviewed. Challenges to achieve the vital engineering parameters other than tensile properties are
Keywords:
discussed as well, which should be resolved to secure competitiveness over other emerging structural
Steel alternatives.
Transformation-induced plasticity © 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Medium-Mn
Retained austenite

1. Introduction 2. Material design

Since the introduction of low alloy TRIP steel using the concept by
Zackay [1], many derivatives have been developed. But the improve-
ments were incremental and the tensile strength stayed below
800 MPa. Recently, with increasing demand for strong steels from auto-
motive industry, a new type of TRIP steels have been actively studied to
obtain strength over 1 GPa without compromise of ductility. A TRIP steel
with increased Mn content, so called medium Mn TRIP steel, is one of
promising candidates. It was developed by alloy design based on ther-
modynamic calculation suggesting higher level of Mn (N 3 wt.%) to pro-
duce considerable fraction of submicron-sized retained austenite, which
was not possible in the conventional low alloy TRIP steels. The original
idea of the increasing Mn content came from the earlier work in
1970s [2], but the recent studies showed that proper material design
could make this TRIP steel applicable to the continuous annealing
process common in industrial facilities [3,4]. After this subject was
revisited, significant researches have been conducted globally to apply
this strong TRIP steel as a third-generation advanced high strength
steels (AHSS) in automotive applications. Therefore, it is timely to
have a viewpoint paper covering the essential aspects of this strong
TRIP steels, emphasizing on the characteristic feature of microstructure
consisting of ferrite and austenite having different length scale and dis-
similar mechanical response. Besides, many challenges not limited to
the achievement of tensile properties still remain in the perspective of
commercial application. Untouched issues on this standpoint are ad-
dressed as well.
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: dongwoo1@postech.ac.kr (D.-W. Suh).
In the original paper by Miller [2] firstly reporting the basic concept
of medium Mn TRIP steel, the main concern was to figure out whether
the Hall-Petch type relationship was still valid in ultrafine-grained mi-
crostructure, which was made by annealing the cold-worked alloy at
two phase region of ferrite(α) and austenite (γ). By investigating a se-
ries of alloys containing Ni or Mn, he concluded that the yield strength
of ultrafine-grained steel followed the Hall-Petch type relationship. Be-
sides, it was found that remarkable increase of work-hardening, tensile
strength and uniform elongation could be made when the metastable
austenite transformed into martensite during straining. Tensile strength
of 1150 MPa with uniform elongation over 25% was reported in cold-
rolled 0.1C-6Mn alloy subjected to annealing at 640 ∘ C for 1 h. Since
the subject was highlighted by Merwin [5], it has been investigated by
many other researchers in early 2010′s [3,4,6–10]. Indeed, the fascinat-
ing microstructure comprised of ultrafine-grained ferrite and austenite
in the earlier work [2] was made using annealing at relatively lower
temperature of 550–650 °C for prolonged time up to several hours. It
is because of larger content of Mn having influence on the austenite
fraction at annealing temperature and on the hardenability. Fig. 1 (a)
shows the change of equilibrium austenite fraction as a function of tem-
perature in two hypothetical low carbon steels having Mn contents of
1.5 wt.% and 6 wt.%, respectively. It is overlapped with the dashed line
indicating the recrystallization fraction of cold-rolled structure, which
is calculated based on the parameters obtained in a low carbon steel
at a heating rate of 5 °C/s [11]. It implies that recrystallization readily
occurs before the onset of reverse transformation in the cold-rolled
0.1C-1.5Mn alloy upon heating conditions comparable to those in the
continuous annealing. Therefore, the initial cold-rolled structure is

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.07.013
1359-6462/© 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
64 D.-W. Suh, S.-J. Kim / Scripta Materialia 126 (2017) 63–67

Table 1
Mechanical properties and austenite fractions in the literatures. TS, T.El, γR represent ten-
sile strength, total elongation and austenite fraction, respectively. Note that some of them
are approximated values reconstructed from the original graphs.

Process TS (MPa) T.El (%) γR (%) Ref.

HR 1000 48 78 [14]
HR 808 43 43 [32]
HR 1100 46 N/A [18]
HR 1040 41 58 [19]
HR 1633 15 8 [49]
HR 877 32 19 [50]
HR 1034 27 30 [24]
HR 808 43 43 [32]
HR 1600 29 37 [51]
HR 980 33 31 [26]
HR 1296 32 23 [52]
HR 1000 40 30 [53]
HR 1150 29 N/A [54]
HR 1100 40 34 [55]
CR 1150 31 30 [2]
CR 1472 26 39 [13]
CR 1101 22 8 [34]
CR 1131 58 50 [31]
CR 1000 27 32 [46]
CR 973 31 15 [47]
CR 899 70 66 [16]
CR 1409 17 18 [25]
CR 1193 25 37 [24]
CR 1100 33 30 [22]
CR 868 25 23 [48]
CR 1014 23 20 [9]
CR 954 22 40 [8]
CR 994 28 29 [4]

completely recrystallized at typical annealing temperature where the

fraction of ferrite and austenite is controlled to be nearly equivalent.
Then austenite is further stabilized during subsequent heat treatment
called austempering, by formation of bainitic ferrite encouraging the
carbon enrichment in austenite. The recrystallization of cold-rolled fer-
rite is believed to have a critical influence on the ductility of the alloy be-
cause it is the major phase in the final microstructure covering
considerable amount of plastic deformation. On the contrary, when
the Mn content is increased, the reverse transformation into austenite
starts at lower temperature, the austenite fraction becomes significant
before the recrystallization happens. For instance, in 0.1C-6Mn alloy in
Fig. 1 (a), the austenite fraction is approximately 40% at the temperature
for initiation of recrystallization upon heating. Moreover, stabilizing the
austenite by subsequent austempering process is not possible because
the hardenability is remarkably enhanced by increased Mn content. It
requires that the fraction and stability of asutenite must be controlled
by intercritical annealing alone. One of the options to work out these
problems was conducting the annealing at lower temperature for
prolonged time, which produced the ultrafine-grained mixture of aus-
tenite and ferrite. It is noted that the austenite was stabilized by the
size effect as well as the redistribution of alloying elements, and the fer-
rite was recrystallized even at lower temperature because of the longer
annealing time [2,5]. In early 2010, alternative strategy enabling the ap-
plication of fast annealing condition was proposed [3,4]. It is based on
the alloy design emphasizing the role of ferrite stabilizer such as Al. As
shown in Fig. 1 (b), addition of Al or Si in 0.1C-6Mn alloy, will reduce
the equilibrium fraction of austenite at high temperature. In particular,
Al is found to be most effective that 3 wt.% Al can keep the austenite
fraction around 30% in 0.1C-6Mn alloy, even at the temperature where
the recrystallization readily occurs. It is also interesting that the growth
of ultrafine-grained structure is restricted to some extend at high an-
nealing temperature around 800 °C [3,4], possibly due to the nature of
two-phase mixture. Since then, Al has been regarded as an essential
element in alloy design of medium Mn TRIP steel [12–21]. However,
it is worth mentioning that even though the alloy design concept
using Al made the medium Mn TRIP steel as a promising one, the
Fig. 1. (a) Equilibrium austenite fraction in 0.1C-1.5Mn and 0.1C-6Mn alloys overlapped
with recrystallization fraction of cold-rolled structure [11] and (b) Influence of Al and Si
on austenite fraction.
technical difficulties in steelmaking, casting process, controlling surface
quality, which may be led by presence of Al, have not been fully paid at-
tention so far. Intensive studies are desired on these production tech-
nologies, which seems to be a practical but essential subject in the
commercialization.
Meanwhile, microalloying is not that common in the TRIP steels
because the formation of carbide consumes carbon, which may deterio-
rate the stability of austenite. A few studies utilized the microalloying
elements to improve the yield strength in medium Mn TRIP steels [13,
14,22]. But lack of comparative analysis made it difficult to identify the
role of microalloying elements. It is interesting that V addition is report-
ed to have a beneficial effect on not only increasing the yield strength
but also alleviating a localized deformation even though the detailed
mechanism is not clear [23].
Intercritical annealing has been generally adopted as a heat treat-
ment practice to generate the ultrafine-grained structure in the medium
Mn TRIP steel, regardless of initial microstructure [24]. Recently,
quenching and tempering (QT) or quenching and partitioning (QP)
are also attempted as a processing route for the medium Mn TRIP steels
[12,14,19,25–27]. Indeed, the tempering or partitioning is conducted to
secure the stability of austenite by redistribution of alloying elements
rather than to obtain reversely transformed austenite. They are different
from the austempering in the low alloy TRIP steels, which controls the
fraction and stability of austenite simultaneously. Therefore, for the mi-
crostructure control using the QT or QP process, the alloys should have
proper amount of retained austenite in as-quenched condition.
 D.-W. Suh, S.-J. Kim / Scripta Materialia 126 (2017) 63–67 65

Increasing alloying elements, which helps to lower M s temperature, or

partial austenitization before quenching have been considered, which
requires a precise conditioning of austenite to leave a desired fraction
after quenching. It is difficult to say that the QT or QP process has advan-
tages compared to the intercritical annealing, but it may be more adapt-
able process for hot-rolled products. Hot-stamping has been also
considered as a processing methodology of medium Mn TRIP steel [28,
29]. It was reported that larger fraction of austenite retained in medium
Mn TRIP steel compared to the conventional boron containing one,
which have beneficial effect on the strength and ductility of formed
parts. Besides, lower austenitizing temperature thanks to larger Mn
content is thought to be advantageous in controlling surface oxidation
during the process.

3. Mechanical behaviors

Fig. 2 summarizes some representative mechanical properties of

medium Mn TRIP steels reported in the literatures. It is clear that the
combination of tensile strength–elongation is impressive compared to
that of conventional advanced high strength steels (AHSS) such as
TRIP or DP steels. Significant scattering in the properties can be seen
in Fig. 2, which is probably coming from the wide spectrum of alloy
chemistries, for instance C and Mn content in the range of (0.1 – 0.4)C
and (3 − 10)Mn, given that C and Mn are essential alloying elements
not only to determine the characteristics of austenite but also to give
strengthening effect on constituent phases. It is a general opinion that
the transformation of austenite into martensite during deformation
plays a critical role in the mechanical performance of TRIP steels. In
that context, the mechanical properties of medium Mn TRIP steels are
likely to be more responsive to the characteristics of austenite compared
to those in the conventional TRIP steels because of the larger fraction of
retained austenite. Most works on the medium Mn TRIP steels have re-
ported the relationship between the characteristics of austenite and the
mechanical properties, which was usually indexed by the product of
tensile strength and total (or uniform) elongation. In the characteristics
of austenite, two parameters are considered to be important, the phase
fraction and mechanical stability [4,7,30]. When considering the influ-
ence of austenite characteristics on the mechanical properties, the prod-
uct of tensile strength and total elongation as the performance index
often smears the detailed implications of the experimental results.
Fig. 3 (a) shows the change of the (tensile strength × total elongation)
with the austenite fraction. A reasonable correlation implies that the
mechanical performance can be improved by increasing the austenite
fraction. However, an analysis uncoupling the effect of austenite fraction
on the tensile strength from that on the total elongation in Fig. 3 (b) and

Fig. 3. (a) Product of tensile strength and total elongation vs. Austenite fraction, (b) Tensile
strength vs. Austenite fraction and (c) Total elongation vs. Austenite fraction in medium-
Mn TRIP steels. Table 1 presents the details of references.

Fig. 2. Representative mechanical properties of cold-rolled [2,4,8,9,13,16,22,24,25,31,34,46–
48] and hot-rolled [14,18,19,24,26,32,49–55] medium-Mn TRIP steels reported in the
literatures. Table 1 presents the details of references.
(c), suggests that the correlation in Fig. 3 (a) is primarily led by the de-
pendency of total elongation on the austenite fraction, but the tensile
strength appears not to be seriously affected by the amount of austenite.
Given that the data in Fig. 3 was collected from the literatures on the al-
loys with a variety of chemistries and processing conditions, the me-
chanical stability of austenite also have a significant diversity. In that
66 D.-W. Suh, S.-J. Kim / Scripta Materialia 126 (2017) 63–67
sense, a fairly good correlation between total elongation and austenite
fraction in Fig. 3 (c) suggests that the ductility of medium Mn TRIP
steel is basically controlled by the fraction of austenite, but less sensitive
to the mechanical stability as long as it is stable at room temperature. It
is because that the austenite is thought to be ductile enough to accom-
modate the deformation by itself, or even in the case of conversion of
austenite into martensite during staining, it contributes to the improve-
ment of ductility by introduction of considerable work hardening. On
the other hand, the tensile strength does not show a meaningful corre-
lation with the austenite fraction. It is thought to be led by dissimilar
level of austenite stability in the investigated alloys. It is noted again
that Fig. 3 does not contain any information on the mechanical stability
of austenite. Since the occurrence of martensite transformation has a
significant influence on the work hardening, the mechanical stability
of austenite will be one of vital parameters in determining the tensile
strength. Therefore, interpreting the change of tensile strength only
with the fraction of austenite in Fig. 3 (b) may not be sufficient and
should be complemented by considering the mechanical stability.
While the austenite fraction is a physical quantity on which the influ-
ence of the alloy chemistry and processing condition can be estimated
using theoretical backgrounds, the index representing the mechanical
stability has not been well established so far. Quantifying the mechani-
cal stability of austenite even as an empirical form will be very appreci-
ated for further development of alloy and process design which is
supposed to take into account other engineering properties and mate-
rials cost in addition to the mechanical properties.
Recently, there have been attempts to utilize the deformation-in-
duced twinning as well as the deformation-induced transformation
[31,32]. It was based on the consideration of stacking fault energy of
austenite which was controlled by the redistribution of alloying ele-
ments. Providing persistent work hardening by a sequential operation
of dynamic strengthening mechanisms might be beneficial with respect
to the mechanical performance. However, in principle, the strengthen-
ing mechanisms are likely to accumulate the damage in the material
as the deformation proceeds. A coupled dynamic strengthening mecha-
nisms may deteriorate the resistance against further localized deforma-
tion after necking, making the post-uniform elongation poor. The post-
uniform elongation is regarded as one of parameters indicating a
stretch-flangeability [33]. Therefore, further elaborate investigation is
expected on the detailed course of deformation-induced microstructure
evolution to harmonize both hardening mechanisms, while not
compromising other properties.
One of characteristic tensile behaviors of medium Mn TRIP steels is a
remarkable heterogeneous deformation after yielding, so called yield
point elongation, by propagation of L u € ders bands [9,17,24,34,35].
There are several unclear subjects on the heterogeneous deformation
in the medium Mn TRIP steels. One is the influence of initial micro-
structure on the generation of Lu € ders strain. It was reported that the
martensite as a starting microstructure for intercritical annealing was
more effective in suppressing the heterogeneous deformation than the
cold-rolled one [24,34]. A strain partitioning between ferrite and aus-
tenite [24] or presence of more solute carbon in ferrite [34] is suggested
to be responsible for the larger Lu € ders strain in the case of intercritical
annealing of cold-rolled structure. However, different opinions on the
redistribution behavior of carbon between the constituent phase
needs further consideration. It has been also recognized that the L u € property, there seems to be a margin for galvanizability because the
ders strain became less prominent when the intercritical annealing of
cold-rolled sheets was conducted at higher temperature [17]. It
can be interpreted by the increase of the ferrite grain size which
reduces the grain boundary as an obstacle for Lu € ders band propagation
[36]. However, the decrease of L u € ders strain was often observed
in the annealing temperature range where the ferrite grain size is
hardly changed [6], which suggests that other microstructural features
are involved as well in the propagation of Lu € ders bands. Regardless of
the underlying mechanism, it may be possible to alleviate Lu €ders strain
in the cold-rolled steels by engineering the stability of austenite so that
small amount of austenite undergoes stress-induced transformation
[35].
4. Other engineering properties
Compared to the studies on the microstructure-mechanical property
relationship, the investigations on other engineering properties appear
to be limited in the medium Mn TRIP steels. One of the reasons may
be a relatively short history of material development. However, if not
considered carefully, those engineering properties can become difficult
issues for the commercial application of developed alloys.
Since the applications of medium Mn TRIP steels are expected to be
automotive industry, a weldability will be one of primary concerns. Ac-
cording to the Graville diagram that evaluates the susceptibility to cold
cracking with the alloy chemistry [37], the medium Mn TRIP steels are
not likely to suffer from the problem as long as the carbon content is con-
trolled below 0.1 wt.%. In case of resistance spot welding, however, one
of the empirical parameters to assess the soundness of weld joints is
the ratio of cross tensile strength to tensile shear strength [38,39]. The
ratio was known to be dependent on the steel chemistry, and the carbon
equivalent (C + Mn/20 + Si/30, in wt.%) is thought to be controlled
b0.35 to obtain a weld property comparable to that of conventional
AHSS with similar strength levels. Further discussion may be necessary
whether the calculation of carbon equivalent can be extrapolated at
higher Mn level. Nevertheless, given that the C and Mn are essential ele-
ments related to the properties of constituent phases, which generally
improve the mechanical properties at higher contents, a sophisticated
alloy design reconciling both conflicting requirements will be inevitable.
In manufacturing process, welding between dissimilar grades of steels is
often encountered. The weldability of medium Mn TRIP steel in that sit-
uation are rarely reported, which needs more attention.
In the continuous annealing process conducted in a controlled atmo-
sphere to prevent the oxidation of Fe, that of alloying elements having
higher affinity for oxygen such as Mn, Si and Al is difficult to avoid,
which is called as a selective oxidation. Sometimes, it causes a problem-
atic situation that is deterioration of Zn wetting ability which deter-
mines the quality of galvanized products. Because of the considerable
amount of Mn and Al in the medium Mn TRIP steels, the oxidation be-
havior during annealing is worth noting. Recent study on 0.1C–6Mn
alloy with Al content of 1–3 wt.% [40], showed that surface oxidation
layer mainly consisted of MnO, whereas Al2O3 formed an internal
oxide when annealed in a dew point condition of −10 °C. The surface
oxidation layer became complex oxide composed of (MnO)·(Al2O3)
for a lower dew point of −30 °C or −60 °C without presence of internal
oxides, which became externally oxidized Al2O3 layer as the Al to Mn
ratio increased. The surface MnO was reported to be not that harmful
with respect to the galvanizability [41]. On the contrary, the surface
fully covered with Al2O3 showed non-wetting behavior with liquid Zn
while the wetting ability in the surface partially covered with Al2O3
was improved as the reaction time increased [42]. It implies that the for-
mation of continuous Al2O3 layer should be avoided to secure the
galvanizability. Given that Al is a critical element in alloy design of me-
dium Mn TRIP steels, it should be done by either adjusting Al to Mn ratio
or controlling the reducing atmosphere in the annealing process. Unlike
the case of weldability where the alloy chemistry nearly determines the
processing environment controls the surface condition as well.
In recent years, a concern has also arisen on the hydrogen-induced
mechanical degradation with increasing the strength level of steels
[43–45]. Considering that martensite is the most vulnerable microstruc-
ture for hydrogen embrittlement, the medium Mn TRIP steels are possi-
bly regarded to be more susceptible to the hydrogen than the
conventional AHSS because they contain larger fraction of austenite
which eventually transforms into martensite during plastic deforma-
tion. There are no standardized methods to evaluate the susceptibility
to hydrogen embrittlement. A typical and simple way is to measure
 D.-W. Suh, S.-J. Kim / Scripta Materialia 126 (2017) 63–67
Fig. 4. Elongation loss with hydrogen content in martensitic [44,45] and TRIP steels
[43,44].
the elongation loss as a function of hydrogen content in steels [44],
which is charged intentionally by electrochemical or other methods.
Fig. 4 compares the elongation loss in martensitic and TRIP steels with
a presence of hydrogen. The martensitic steel has higher susceptibility
to hydrogen embrittlement than TRIP steels. Even with different austen-
ite fractions, both conventional TRIP steel and medium Mn TRIP steel
exhibit comparable mechanical degradation at similar hydrogen con-
tents. It may imply that the medium Mn TRIP steels are not more sensi-
tive to the hydrogen embrittlement compared to the conventional TRIP
steels. However, it is difficult to say that the elongation loss reflects suf-
ficiently the real scenarios of static fracture by hydrogen. One of the
most serious differences is the content of hydrogen causing unexpected
failure is much lower than those for the measurement of elongation
loss, which makes the results from accelerated test using a severe envi-
ronment arguable. Besides, the index based on the strain alone will be
difficult to be used as a guideline for component design. In that context,
more systematic investigation taking into account the actual practice is
desired to evaluate the hydrogen susceptibility of high strength steels
such as medium Mn TRIP steel.
5. Further considerations and summary
An impressive combination of tensile strength and ductility in rela-
tively simple alloy compositions and processing routes have made the
medium Mn TRIP steels a potent material for many automotive applica-
tions. Indeed, diverse promising results have been reported in last decade,
regarding to the materials development chain of process–structure–prop-
erty, which have been expanding the interests in this new class of steel.
One of the issues that have been less highlighted with respect to the ma-
terials design is a narrow process window, which is likely to make the me-
chanical property of the steels fairly sensitive to the manufacturing
condition. In that circumstance, even though the desired properties are
obtained as a whole, local property deviation can lead to problematic sit-
uation, for example, unpredicted springback in the various forming pro-
cess. Although it belongs more to the production technology, concerted
efforts with the materials development will greatly mitigate the difficul-
ties. Besides, there are still less explored subjects, which are related with
the performance in service. As mentioned, weldability, surface treatment
and hydrogen related issues should be a part of materials development to
make the medium Mn TRIP steels commercially viable.
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