Manfred Mayrhofer S Studies On Indo Arya

Egyptology from the First World War
to the Third Reich
Ideology, Scholarship, and Individual Biographies
Edited by
Thomas Schneider and Peter Raulwing
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2013
© 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-24329-3

CONTENTS
Preface ................................................................................................. vii
Egyptologists, Nazism and Racial “Science” ......................................... 1

Edmund S. Meltzer
Imperialism and Racial Geography in James Henry Breasted’s

Ancient Times, a History of the Early World ....................................... 12
Lindsay J. Ambridge
Friedrich Wilhelm Freiherr von Bissing im Blickpunkt

ägyptologischer und zeithistorischer Forschungen:
die Jahre 1914 bis 1926 ................................................................... 34
Peter Raulwing and Thomas L. Gertzen
Ägyptologen im Dritten Reich: Biographische Notizen anhand der

sogenannten „Steindorff-Liste“ ........................................................ 120
Thomas Schneider
Manfred Mayrhofer’s Studies on Indo-Aryan and the Indo-Aryans

in the Ancient Near East: A Retrospective and Outlook on Future
Research .......................................................................................... 248
Peter Raulwing
Index of Names ................................................................................... 286

Manfred Mayrhofer’s Studies on Indo-Aryan and the
Indo-Aryans in the Ancient Near East: A Retrospective
and Outlook on Future Research*
Peter Raulwing
Saratoga, CA
peter_raulwing@yahoo.com
Abstract
Around 100 years ago, the surprising discovery of linguistic traces of an older stage of the Vedic
language in the ancient Near East caused an increasing amount of interest in various academic
disciplines such as Indo-European linguistics, oriental studies (Assyriology), and Egyptology,
among others. In default of a historical name, this language became known as “Indo-Aryan” in
the ancient Near East over the course of the 20th century. Its relatively small text corpus, docu-
mented in cuneiform archives across the Eastern Mediterranean cultures, contains about two or
three dozen termini technici; among them divine names, personal names, legal terms and—pro-
portionally high in comparison to the overall number of the Indo-Aryan textual evidence—
terms related to horses and chariots. The scholarly interest circled around linguistically possible
Indo-Aryan influences on non-Indo-Aryan languages and cultures in the eastern Mediterranean,
Mesopotamia, including Anatolia, and Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period and the New
Kingdom; among them, the hypothesis of the introduction of horses and chariots into the
ancient Near East. During the 1930s and 1940s political and ideological developments, espe-
cially in German-speaking countries, influenced perspectives and results of studies on Indo-
Aryan in the ancient Near East by introducing non-linguistic approaches and methodologies.
Manfred Mayrhofer has dedicated a significant part of his long and successful academic career to
the linguistic and bibliographical research of Indo-Aryan and its reception in scholarly studies.
This retrospective attempts to review specific aspects of Mayrhofer’s studies on Indo-Aryan and
the Indo-Aryans in the ancient Near East and adjacent areas and to provide an outlook on fur-
ther tasks and research deriving from his legacy.
* I would like thank Professor Thomas Schneider, for his kind offer to include this retrospec-
tive on Manfred Mayrhofer’s study on Indo-Aryan and the Indo-Aryans in the ancient Near East
into this volume of the JEgH at quite a late point in time, and Dr. J.J. Shirley for her—as
always—meticulous supervision. I also thank Ms. Ingrid Mayrhofer for her kind arrangement
regarding the permission to illustrate the portrait of her late husband (see Fig. 1) generously
granted by Erich Petschenig. Last but not least I thank Dr. Thomas Gertzen for his comments
and feedback on this retrospective.

a retrospective and outlook on future research 249
Keywords
Manfred Mayhofer; Indo-Aryan; ancient Near East; history of linguistics; conceptual history;
Indo-European; Nordic; Nordic Race
* * * *
I
With the passing of Manfred Mayrhofer (*26 September 1926 in Linz–†31
October 2011 in Vienna; Fig. 1), not only has historical comparative linguistics
lost one its most renowned and charismatic scholars in the last six decades, but
also various other disciplines within the Humanities have lost one of their most
attentive observers and chroniclers on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans documented
in the ancient Near East of the second half of the 2nd millennium BCE.1
Manfred Mayrhofer earned his PhD in 1949 in Indo-European linguistics
under Wilhelm Brandenstein (1898–1967) at Graz University2 where he
became adjunct professor (“Privatdozent”) in 1951. Two years later Mayr-
hofer accepted an invitation as a visiting scholar from the University of Würz-
burg, where he became associate professor (“außerplanmäßiger Professor”) in
1958 and full professor (“ordentlicher Professor”) in 1959, succeeding to the
chair of Alfons Nehring (1898–1967). In 1963 the Universität des Saarlandes
in Saarbrücken appointed Mayrhofer as chair of Comparative Historical Lin-
guistics and Indo-Iranian Languages (“Historisch-Vergleichende Sprachwis-
senschaft und Indoiranistik”). In 1966 Mayrhofer became head of the Institute
for Linguistics (“Institut für Sprachwissenschaft”) at the University of Vienna
where he taught until his emeritus status in 1990.3 Mayrhofer edited linguistic
journals and series, served on editorial boards, and initiated various linguistic
projects for which the Iranisches Personennamenbuch (IPNB) of the Iranian
Commission of the Austrian Academy should be mentioned here.4
Mayrhofer was an elected member of twelve academies, and served “his”
Austrian Academy in various functions for many years. Until a few months
before his death, Mayrhofer frequently published in journals and series
1
See Manfred Mayrhofer’s bibliography until 1996 in MhAKS I and MhAKS II.
2
Mayrhofer, “Zur Restproblematik des ‘Brugmann’schen Gesetzes’ ”; see also Mayrhofer,
Die Hauptprobleme der indogermanischen Lautlehre seit Bechtel, 71, Index sub 8.2.
3
Mayrhofer’s fruitful, long-time collaboration and friendship with his former pupil Rüdiger
Schmitt goes back to their common years at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg.
Schmitt followed his teacher to Saarbrücken where he later successfully succeeded him as the
chair for Historical Comparative Linguistics and Indo-Iranian Languages which Schmitt held
until his emeritus status in 2004.
4
Schmitt, Das iranische Personennamenbuch.

250 peter raulwing
Fig. 1 Emeritus Dr. h.c. Dr. Manfred Mayrhofer (1926–2011), professor for Indo-
European Linguistics at the universities of Würzburg, Saarbrücken and Vienna from
1958 until 1990. © Erich Petschenig (www.picturenews.at).

edited by the Austrian academy; his last two articles demonstrate, as many
times before, his wide interest in the history of scholarship (“Wissen-
schaftsgeschichte”),5 Indo-European linguistics, modern literature (fiction as
well as non-fiction), and biography.6 A few months before his death, Mayr-
hofer utilized the internet by commissioning the setup of his own homepage7
which contains many personal photographs (among others by Erich
Petschenig),8 awards, bibliography, and further information on his rich acade-
mic œuvre including a charming video. Mayrhofer, who wrote in a distin-
guished, elegant, and captivating style (“Wissenschaftsprosa”)9—and certainly
a worthy candidate for the Sigmund-Freud-Preis für wissenschaftliche Prosa of
the Deutsche Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung—also uploaded an electronic
version of the description of his own path into linguistics (“Mein Weg zur
Sprachwissenschaft”).10
One of Mayrhofer’s wide ranges of research interests was the so-called
Indo-Aryan language, its history and its supposed speakers in the 2nd millen-
nium BCE of the ancient Near East.11 As Mayrhofer elaborated in his studies
5
Schmitter, Historiographie und Narration, 112 ff.
6
Mayrhofer, “Aus der Arbeit an einem etymologischen Wörterbuch des Altpersischen” and
“Friedrich Nietzsche, Lou Andreas-Salomé, Friedrich Carl Andreas—und Zarathustra.”
7
http://www.manfred-mayrhofer.at (accessed 19 December 2011).
8
See our Fig. 1.
9
Mayrhofer was notably one of the best stylists writing in German (Wissenschaftsprosa).
10
Mayrhofer, “Mein Weg zur Sprachwissenschaft.”
11
Indo-Aryan in the ancient Near East represents an earlier phase of Old Indic known from
the Vedas (MIAV, 20–22 with examples of phonological developments). This Indo-Aryan nei-
ther derived from, nor was it introduced to India (MhMy, 12 f. with fn. 6). The most plausible
hypothesis is that Indo-Aryan as documented in cuneiform archives from the 16th century BCE
in the ancient Near East represents linguistic traces of Indo-Aryan-speaking groups which sepa-
rated from those later attested on the Indian subcontinent (see also Schmitt, “Aryans”; and in a
wider context the Vedic-speaking migrations discussed in Bryant, The Quest for the Origins of
Vedic Culture; see also Nachlese, 98 sub 01A). Furthermore, Indo-Aryan does not seem to have
belonged to the actively spoken languages in the ancient Near East and it did not emerge into a
literary language. The famous letter of the Mittanian King Tušratta to Amenophis III (EA 24;
ca. 1365 v.Chr.), found in the archive from el-ʿAmārna, was written in Hurrian (Moran, The
Amarna Letters, 63–71, translated by Gernot Wilhelm; see Wegner, Einführung in die hurritische
Sprache, 131–78. Tušratta also corresponded in Akkadian; see Adler, Das Akkadische des Königs
Tušratta von Mitanni). The political “fusion” between Hurrians and Indo-Aryans (see MIAV,
Index 151 s.v. “Symbiose”) and the early phase of the Mittani state still lies in the dark due to
the lack of textual evidence (Wilhelm, Geschichte und Kultur der Hurriter and “The Kingdom of
Mitanni in Second-Millennium Upper Mesopotamia”; Klinger, “Überlegungen zu den Anfän-
gen des Mitanni-Staates”). The archive of the Mittani kings has not been found since their capi-
tal Waššukanni at the Ḫ ābūr River has yet to be located. The cuneiform texts across the archives
in the ancient Near East contain a small number of personal names, names for gods, glosses and
appellatives (MIAV, 15–20; MhMy; MhGKs; Raulwing, “Indogermanen, Indoarier und marya-
nnu in der Streitwagenforschung,” 518, Table 1).

252 peter raulwing
on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans, the questions vividly discussed for about

one hundred years12 circled around linguistically possible Indo-Aryan influ-
ences on languages and cultures in the eastern Mediterranean, Mesopotamia,
including Anatolia, and Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period and the
New Kingdom.13
Although the scholarly research of the sparse traces of Indo-Aryan in the
ancient Near East—scattered across various archives and sources—is not more
than “a small, but delightful sub chapter within the history and languages of
Mesopotamia and adjacent areas,” as Mayrhofer once put it,14 it might be
justified here to review his studies on Indo-Aryan in the form of a retrospec-
tive and to identify further tasks resulting from his legacy.
My own research on Indo-Aryan in the ancient Near East, Anatolia and
Egypt were very much influenced and shaped by Manfred Mayrhofer (as well
as my reflections on Scythians15 to which he encouraged me): until the 1980s
and early 1990s by his published œuvre,16 from then on also by correspon-
dence which had developed into a friendship over the course of the following
two decades. A first exchange of opinions on specific topics regarding
Indo-Aryan and its speakers goes back to an article published in 1992
which postulates the borrowing of the term wrry.t “chariot” from Indo-Aryan
into Egyptian.17 Mayrhofer not only generously sent the type-written pages of
12
See Winckler, “Vorläufige Nachrichten über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-köi im Sommer
1907” and “Die Arier in den Urkunden von Boghaz-köi”; Meyer, “Das erste Auftreten der Arier
in der Geschichte,” Geschichte des Altertums, and “Die ersten Zeugnisse der iranischen Sprache
und der zoroastrischen Religion.”
13
Among the post-World War II Egyptologists in Germany it was particularly Wolfgang
Helck (1914–1993) who dedicated parts of his scholarly interest to Indo-Aryan and Indo-
Aryans in New Kingdom Egypt. See, e.g., Helck, Die Beziehungen Ägyptens zu Vorderasien, 479
ff. (see also Mayrhofer’s review of Helck’s 1st edition of Die Beziehungen [1962]) and Helck,
“Aitakama,” “Artamanja,” “Hurriter,” and “Marijannu.”
14
MIAV, 13: “ein kleines, aber reizvolles Sonderkapitel der Geschichte und Sprachenkunde
des Alten Orients.”
15
Raulwing, “Einiges zu den Skythen, ihrer Sprache, ihrem Nachleben” and “Kleines Flori-
legium zur Skythen-Rezeption in Kunst und Literatur.”
16
See our bibliography below, MhAKS I, 5–25 and MhAKS II, XIII–XIII.
17
Nagel, “Das Aufkommen des Klassischen Streitwagens wr̥ta- in Syrien und Ägypten” (see
Nachlese, 94 sub 92C). For a critical approach towards Nagel, see Raulwing, “Ein indoarischer
Streitwagenterminus im Ägyptischen?” (Nachlese, 95 sub 94H). The etymological discussion on
this term was pursued by Schneider, “Zur Herkunft der ägyptischen Bezeichnung wrry.t
‘Wagen’,” “Nichtsemitische Lehnwörter im Ägyptischen,” 20 with fn. 43 and “Fremdwörter in
der ägyptischen Militärsprache des Neuen Reiches,” 183 f., 188, no. 8, and by Breyer, “Anatoli-
sches Sprachmaterial in ägyptisch-hieroglyphischen Inschriften,” 267 (on wrry.t “chariot“ < Hit-
tite u̯iduli = “chariot body” [“Wagenkasten”] in § 4: “Neue, vermutlich anatolische Lehnwörter”)
and Ägypten und Anatolien, 356 f. Critical regarding a Hittite etymology of wrry.t is Groddek,
“Ist das Etymon von wrry.t ‘Wagen’ gefunden.” Zeidler, “Zur Etymologie von wrr.yt ‘Wagen’,”
suggested a Hamito-Semitic etymology related to *wR “Roller”.

his entry on the lemma VART “to turn (around), to roll, etc.” submitted
for the—at that time—upcoming fascicle of his Etymologisches Wörterbuch
des Altindoarischen,18 but also shared additional bibliography, and provided
valuable comments, critique and encouragement.19 This continued for my
research together with Rüdiger Schmitt on the Indo-Aryan-Hurrian word
aššuššanni20—the title used by Kikkuli to introduce himself at the beginning
of Tablet I in the set of horse training texts found in Boğazköi/Ḫ attuša.
II
To set the stage for the research on “Indo-Aryan” and “Aryan” from the view-
point of the history of research and scholarship: Names of hitherto unknown
Kings such as Artatama and Artaššumara,21 rulers of a likewise unknown
Mittani22 empire located in northern Syria and southwestern Anatolia, sur-
faced in 1887 in the so-called Amarna Correspondence,23 diplomatic letters24
Later published in EWAia II, 518 f.

18
Although the etymology of wrry.t is still under discussion, all linguists agree that its origin
19
is not Indo-Aryan. As Mayrhofer documented from the perspective of the history of scholarship,
it is worthwhile to note that Mironov also proposed an Indo-Aryan etymology of wrry.t in
the 1930s (Mironov, “Aryan Vestiges in the Near East of the Second Millenary B.C.” = MIAV,
32I.—The sigla used for MIAV refer to entries in Mayrhofer’s analytical bibliography sorted in
chronological order. Thus, e.g., “32I” refers to the year 1932 under the letter “I” for that year).
See also Mayrhofer’s unambiguous statement on Mirnov’s etymological method in MIAV, 271:
“da kein Kritikfähiger den Phantasien Mironovs folgen wird”.
20
The etymologies discussed over the years have been evaluated by Raulwing and Schmitt,
“Zur etymologischen Beurteilung der Berufsbezeichnung aššuššanni des Pferdetrainers Kikkuli von
Mittani” (see also Raulwing, Horses, Chariots, and Indo-Europeans, 113–16 on the Kikkuli Text
and on Kikkuli’s title LÚaššuššanni with further bibliography). Taking all evidence into account, we
have suggested that aššuššanni derives from Old-Indo-Aryan ásva- + root ŚAMI “to make (the
horses) tired, exhausted” + Hurrian morpheme -nni, nominative *aśva-śāḥ - with the literary mean-
ing “der das Pferd (scil. im Training) zur Aufbietung der letzten Reserven treibt, d.h. zur Ermat-
tung bringt” [“the one who pushes the horse (during the training) to summon (up) all its strength/
reserve, i.e. an exhaustion”]. The Proto-Indo-European form can be reconstructed as *ekû̯ o-km̥̂ h2–.
A Luvian etymology was suggested by Carruba, “Zur Überlieferung einiger Namen und Appella-
tiva der Indo-Arier von Mittani,” 56 and Starke, Ausbildung und Training von Streitwagenpferden,
118235, who rejected our etymology (see also Raulwing, “The Kikkuli Text (CTH 284)”: 7011).
21
Mayrhofer, “Artaššumara” and “Artatām ̆ a.”
22
MIAV, 25 ff.; Wilhelm, “Mittan(n)i” and “The Kingdom of Mitanni in Second-Millen-
nium Upper Mesopotamia.”
23
Named after el-ʿAmārna on the east bank of the Nile c. 190 miles south of Cairo. See
Moran, Amarna Letters, Introduction (XIII–XXXIX) and map on 124 showing “Vassal Cities
and Egyptian Administrative Centers” in the Levant; see also MIAV, 31, Table 2.
24
Cohen and Westbrook, Amarna Diplomacy (including Artzi, “The diplomatic service in
action: The Mittani file” and Bryan, “The Egyptian perspective on Mittani”) and Ouda, Die
Mittel der internationalen Kommunikation zwischen Ägypten und Staaten Vorderasiens in der
späten Bronzezeit.

254 peter raulwing
of Amenhotep III and his son Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) from the second
half of the 14th century BCE, local rulers in the Levant and other kings in the
ancient Near East. During the late Eighteenth Dynasty Artatama and other
kings from Mittani sent their daughters to the Egyptian court to be married
to pharaohs.25 Throne names like Artatama and Artaššumara immediately
reminded scholars of Iranian names such as Artabazos, satrap of Phrygia, Arta-
phernes, satrap of Sardis, and other names rendered in various languages in the
eastern Mediterranean (established in German as “Nebenüberlieferungen”)26
which are built following the same morphological structure. In this context, a
possible etymological relationship between the Kassite name Šur(i)ya for their
́
sun god Šamaš and Vedic sūrya-, 27
suggested over two decades earlier, came to
mind. At the end of the 19th century AD any connection between Kassites
28
and Vedic Indians could not have been interpreted other than pure
coincidence.29 It was, as Mayrhofer30 elaborated, Eduard Meyer (1855–1930)
who collected the oldest evidence of the Iranian language and religion in 1908,
summarizing the state of knowledge shortly after the turn of the century.31
However, geographical, linguistic, philological and historical arguments have
shifted due to new textual evidence, and three articles of Meyer provide a rare
glimpse into the pulse of studies on the Iranian language at that time.32 The
discovery of the royal archive of the Hittite kings Boğazköi/Ḫ attuša by Hugo
Winckler (1863–1913) in 1906/07 not only added a new member to the
portfolio of Indo-European languages, but also led to the foundation of a new
academic discipline.33 It came as quite a surprise to scholars of the ancient
Near East that a contract between the Hittite king Šuppiluliuma I and
25
E.g., the Hurrian Mittani Letter (EA 24) and MIAV, 30 ff. with Table 2.
26
Hinz, Altiranisches Sprachgut der Nebenüberlieferungen; IPNB (vol. I); and Schmitt, Das
iranische Personennamenbuch, 39 (no. 42–45), 47 ff. (no. 167–337). See Mayrhofer’s edition of
the IPNB.
27
MIAV, 13 ff.; Mayrhofer, “Die vorderasiatischen Arier,” 145; MhMy, 77; see also EWAia
II, 742 s.v.
28
Delitzsch, Die Sprache der Kossäer, 40.
29
Sceptical are Delitzsch, Die Sprache der Kossäer, 40 and Meyer, “Die ersten Zeugnisse der
iranischen Sprache und der zoroastrischen Religion,” 211 (“mehr als fraglich”). However, Meyer
relativized his opinon during the course of his article in the addendum—Nachschrift, 26. See
fn. 32 below.
30
Mayrhofer, “Eduard Meyer und die älteste indo-iranische Onomastik.”
31
Meyer, “Die ersten Zeugnisse der iranischen Sprache und der zoroastrischen Religion.”
32
Meyer, “Die ersten Zeugnisse der iranischen Sprache und der zoroastrischen Religion” was
written in March 1907 and contains a 3-page addendum (“Nachschrift”) dated February 1908
(pp. 25–27) in which Winckler, “Die Arier in den Urkunden von Boghaz-köi,” 289 is quoted.
Meyer, “Das erste Auftreten der Arier in der Geschichte” was printed in the first fascicle (“Halb-
band”) of the Sitzungsberichte (January–June) dated 9. January 1908. See Mayrhofer, “Eduard Meyer
und die älteste indo-iranische Onomastik,” 178 f. on the “relative chronology” of Meyer’s articles.
33
On the early history of Hittitology see Oberheid, Emil O. Forrer und die Anfänge der

Šattiu̯aza of Mittani from the mid of the 14th century BCE.34 also lists gods
known from R̥gveda: Mitrá-, Váruṇ a-, Índra- and the Nāsatyā́ 35
(which are
even mentioned in the same R̥gveda verse 10.125.1). Meyer noticed the
importance of these Indo-Aryan names at once: Not Iranian, but unequivo-
cally Old Indo-Aryan linguistic evidence gave the first documentary evidence.36
At the same time Mittani became the focus of historical studies. “Mithin ist
unsere Annahme, daß in Mittani im 15. Jahrhundert (und vielleicht schon
beträchtlich früher) ein arischer Stamm zur Herrschaft gelangt ist, gegen jeden
Zweifel gesichert” as Meyer immediately summarized.37
III
For the name of the god Mitra-38 as well as for the mari̯anni class39—both are
documented in the above mentioned Akkadian version of the contract CTH
Hethitologie. See also Oberheid’s website with biographical sketches of Assyriologists and Hitti-
tologists under www.hethitologie.de (accessed 19 December 2011).
34
Beckman, Hittite Diplomatic Texts, 41 ff. sub no. 6 and translation, 187 with further
bibliography.
35 dMEŠ
Mi-it-ra-aš-ši-il (Mi-it-ra°) Mitrá; dMEŠA-ru-na-aš-ši-il (A-ru-na°) Váruṇ a dMEŠNa-aš-at-
́
ti-ya-an-na (Na-ša-at-ti-ya°) Nāsatyā; d
In-da-ra (Índra-). Winckler, “Vorläufige Nachrichten
über die Ausgrabungen in Boghaz-köi im Sommer 1907”; Carruba, “Zur Überlieferung einiger
Namen und Appellativa der Indo-Arier von Mittani,” 64 f. “Exkurs I”. See MIAV, 15 f.;
Mayrhofer, “Die vorderasiatischen Arier,” 139 f.; MhMy, 13 sub 2.2.; MhGKs, 76 f.; EWAia II,
354 s.v. mitrá-; EWAia II, 515 s.v. váruṇ a-; EWAia I, 192 f. s.v. índra-; EWAia II, 39 f. s.v.
́
nāsatya-; Kammenhuber, Die Arier im Vorderen Orient, 143–50 (on Kammenhuber see
Mayrhofer’s review article “Die vorderasiatischen Arier,” 151–53); see also Nachlese, § 11. Still
indispensible for the evaluation of the Indo-Aryan gods listed in CTH 51 is Thieme, “The
‘Aryan’ Gods of the Mitanni Treaties.”
36
Meyer, “Die ersten Zeugnisse der iranischen Sprache und der zoroastrischen Religion,” 26.
37
Ibid., 25.
38
See fn. 35. An etymological connection between Hittite ak-ni-iš /Akniš/ and Vedic Agni is
still under discussion (EWAia I, 44 f.; MIAV, Index 129 s.v. agní- and R12 sub Akniš; MhMy,
1414; van Gessel, Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon, 8 (I would like to thank Prof. Heiner
Eichner for referring me to the study of van Gessel); Carruba, “Zur Überlieferung einiger Namen
und Appellativa der Indo-Arier von Mittani,” 53 f. with one new textual evidence; Nachlese,
87 § 12). As far as we know, the etymological connection between Hittite Akniš and Vedic Agni
goes back to Hrozný, “Un dieu hittite Ak/gniš” (= MIAV, 21D; MhGKs, 77 f. responding to
the critique by Kammenhuber, Die Arier im Vorderen Orient, 154). However, a handwritten
draft of a letter to an unknown recipient by Emil O. Forrer from 24 April 1928 has been pub-
lished by Oberheid, Emil O. Forrer und die Anfänge der Hethitologie, 102 Anm. 145; see also 113
which casts reasonable doubts that Hrozný was the first who has etymologically connected Hit-
tite Akniš and Vedic Agni. Despite the fact that we cannot prove Forrer’s claim with absolute
certainty, we must at least put a question mark next to the name of Bedřich Hrozný.
39
Helck, “Marijannu”; Wilhelm, “Marijannu”; Pereyra de Fidanza, “Los maryannu” (Parts
I and II); Raulwing, “Indogermanen, Indoarier und maryannu in der Streitwagenforschung,”

256 peter raulwing
51 between Šuppiluliuma I of Ḫ attuša and Šattiwaza of Mittani—Egyptologists

have been involved right from the early stages of research on Indo-Aryan and
Indo-Aryans in ancient Near East.40 The term Hurrian-Indo-Aryan mari̯annu/
-nni (the Akkadian ending is -nnu, Hurrian ending is -nni) was first41 etymo-
logically compared in 1910 with Vedic márya “young man, man, hero, lover”42
by the Iranist Friedrich Carl Andreas43 (1846–1930).44 Representatives of the
mari̯anni class were known from inscriptions of the Egyptian 18th–20th
Dynasties, mostly mentioned (with the exception of some papyri) in the
519 ff.; Wegner, Einführung in die hurritische Sprache, Index 232 s.v. “marianni”; von Dassow,
State and Society in the Late Bronze Age, 77 ff., 96 ff., 148 ff., 268 ff., 300 ff.
40
Burchardt, Die altkanaanäischen Fremdworte und Eigennamen im Ägyptischen, 29a no. 544
on the Hieroglyphic rendering of the name Mithra- (= MIAV, 10C; see also 12A and 12H).
Mayrhofer, “Die bisher vorgeschlagenen Etymologien und ältesten Bezeugungen des Mithra-
Namens” and Vittmann, “Läßt sich der mitannische Mitra hieroglyphisch nachweisen”; with a
critical comment see Schneider, Asiatische Personennamen in ägyptischen Quellen des Neuen
Reiches, 137 (“Möglicherweise ist später in aram. Dokumenten Ägyptens mit Mithras-haltigen
Namen zu rechnen [. . .] Für das 13. Jh. v. Chr. jedoch einen noch dazu hybriden PN mit diesem
GN anzusetzen, scheint mir kaum möglich”). Winckler, “Die Arier in den Urkunden von
Boghazköi,” 291 ff.; EWAia II, 329 f. s.v. Franz de Liagre Böhl (1882–1976) reminded Winck-
ler of the Egyptian sources for mari̯annu and Burchardt, Die altkanaanäischen Fremdworte und
Eigennamen im Ägyptischen, 470 s.v. mrjn. Hermann Ranke (1878–1953) proofread the evi-
dence from the New Kingdom for Winckler’s preliminary report (1910). See Hoch, Semitic
Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 135–37, sub no. 175
on the Egyptian sources for mari̯annu.
41
The term mari̯anni was already known in 1888/89 as mariann(i)=arde “charioteer” from
line 32 in the above mentioned Hurrian Mittani letter (Wegner, Einführung in die hurritische
Sprache, 153, 156; Moran, The Amarna Letters, 67).
42
EWAia II, 329 f. s.v. márya- “junger Mann, Mann, Held, Liebhaber einer Frau.”
43
Manfred Mayrhofer demonstrated his versatile interest beyond historical comparative lin-
guistics for the last time in 2011 in “Friedrich Nietzsche, Lou Andreas-Salomé, Friedrich Carl
Andreas—und Zarathustra” (see also MhAKS I, 209–14; MhAKS II, XIII sub 1978 J, XVIII sub
1989 J) on the occasion of a new biography on Lou Andreas Salomé (1861–1937) who was mar-
ried to F.C. Andreas since 1887. The seriousness and wide range of Mayrhofer’s interest in top-
ics around Nietzsche, Lou Salomé and Andreas (as well as Zarathustra of course) might be
underlined by the fact that Mayrhofer keenly awaited the third part of Ulrike Kienzle’s biogra-
phy of Giuseppe Sinopoli (1946–2001). Sinopoli was commissioned to write an opera to be
performed at the Bayerische Staatsoper in Munich. He chose the topic “Lou Salomé” (libretto:
Karl Dietrich Gräwe, director: Götz Friedrich) which premiered in May 1981 (Kienzle, Giuseppe
Sinopoli, 223–43; on Andreas see 229 f., 234). As a side note it might be added that Sinopoli, a
trained physician, worked successfully as a pianist, composer and became a world-wide renowned
conductor, collector of Greek art, also studied Near Eastern Archaeology with Paolo Matthiae
and Alessandro Roccati as well as Egyptology with Sergio Donadoni and Paolo Emilio Pecorella
in Rome (Kienzle, Giuseppe Sinopoli, 370). Sinopoli submitted his PhD thesis which was pub-
lished posthumously with the title Il re e il palazzo.
44
Winckler “Die Arier in den Urkunden von Boghaz-köi,” Sp. 2911: “Ich verdanke meine
sanskritische Weisheit F. C. Andreas.” See MIAV, 13 f. on the history of research.

Fig. 2 Renderings of the term mari̯anni/-nnu in Egyptian texts (after Hoch, Semitic
Words in Egyptian Texts of the New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, 135 f.).
context of military campaigns and booty made by Egyptian troops as the

determinative of kneeling captives visualizes whose hands are bound behind
their backs (Fig. 2).
Over the course of the 20th century, a handful of additional termini technici
could be added to the Indo-Aryan lexicon in the ancient Near East: Wolfram
von Soden (1908–1996), reviewing textual evidence from Nuzi,45 connected
Indo-Aryan-Hurrian p/babru-nnu with Vedic babhrú- “reddish brown,
brown,” p/binkara-nnu with Vedic piṅgalá- “reddish brown, reddish, reddish
yellow, greenish yellow” and p/baritta-nnu with Vedic palitá- “grey,” which
45
Compare von Soden, Review of Harvard Semitic Series XV (1955); on von Soden see
fn. 101.

258 peter raulwing
most probably refers to the colors of horses.46 These terms do not only belong
to a hippological semantic field, but also follow the same morphological pat-
tern in word formation such as Indo-Aryan mari̯a-nni/-nnu47 and Indo-Aryan
aššušša-nni.48 This word pattern is also documented for other technical terms
outside a hippological context: Manfred Mayrhofer connected Indo-Aryan
mišta-nnu “bounty” with Vedic mīḍhá- “booty, price for fight” (see also
́
Avestan mīzda- “wage, fee”)49 as well as Indo-Aryan u̯adura-nni “bride price”50
with Vedic vadhū-́ “bride, young woman”;51 and Hildegard Lewy (1903–
1967) and Mayrhofer put together the hapax legomenon from Nuzi martia-
nni with Vedic mártiya- “man, person, warrior.”52 Heinz Kronasser
(1913–1968) pointed out the etymological relationship between Indo-Aryan-
Hurrian mak/ga-nni and Vedic maghá- “present, gift”53 as well as for mani-
nnu “necklace,” documented in Alalaḫ and the Amarna texts,54 and Vedic
46
MIAV, 19; MhMy, 15 f.; MhGKs, 76; EWAia II, 210 s.v. babhrú-, 126 s.v. pingalá- and
103 f. s.v. palitá- “grey”; Zaccagnini, “Pferde und Streitwagen in Nuzi, Bemerkungen zur Tech-
nologie,” 24; Kendall, Warfare and Military Matters in the Nuzi Tablets, Index 385 ff. s.v.;
Raulwing “Indogermanen, Indoarier und maryannu in der Streitwagenforschung,” 518, Table 1.
47
See fn. 39 and 41.
48
See fn. 19. Interestingly, AlT 136: 40 (the Census List of Irta) contains the hapax legom-
enon aššuḫanni; in this text also seven mari̯annina are mentioned (Wiseman, The Alalakh Tab-
lets, 65; von Dassow, State and Society in the Late Bronze Age, 257 and Table 4.3, 4.2. sub
“uncertain”). A scribal error of the signs ša and ḫa can be excluded.
49
Mayrhofer, “Ein arisch-ḫurritischer Rechtsausdruck in Alalaḫ?”; EWAia II, 357 f. s.v.
mīdhá-.
50
See Cohen and Westbrook, Amarna Diplomacy and Pintore, Il matrimonio interdinastico
nel Vicino Oriente.
51
EWAia II, 497 f. s.v. vadhū-; Mayrhofer, “Ein indo-arischer Rechtsterminus im Mittanni-
Brief ?” (see also Girbal, “Kommentare zu einigen Stellen aus dem Mittanni-Brief ” for EA 24;
Rowe and van Soldt, “The Hurrian Word for ‘Brideprice’ in an Akkadian Text from Alalaḫ IV”
for AlT 94; Wegner, Einführung in die hurritische Sprache, 22, 238.
52
EWAia II, 327 f. “Sterblicher Mensch.” Lewy and Mayrhofer, “Apropos of the text HSS
XV32,” 30 f.; see also Mayrhofer, Review of A. Salonen, Hippologica Accadica [. . .], 207a; MIAV,
137 R4 s.v. martianni-: 63I 207a fn. 1 and MhMy, 68 s.v. martianni: 72C 115 (Diakonoff, “Die
Arier im Vorderen Orient”) as well as Nachlese, 89 sub 74 Caa.
53
EWAia II, 289 f. s.v. maghá-. Kammenhuber, Die Arier im Vorderen Orient, 211 ff., and
O’Connor, “Semitic *mgn and its supposed Sanskrit origin,” 29 f. and fn. 29 with further bibli-
ography, have opposed the etymological relationship between mak/ga-nni and Vedic maghá-
“Geschenk.”
54
Speiser, “The Alalakh tablets,” 20 hinting at EA 22. Kronasser, “Hurrisch makanni-
‘Geschenk’ ” and “Heth. mannin(n)i- ‘Halsschmuck’ ”; see Mayrhofer, “Zu den arischen Sprach-
resten in Vorderasien,” 88, 9273 and MIAV, 05C. See also EA 25, 38 ff. (Moran, The Amarna
Letters, 73 f.) for necklaces made of lapis lazuli and gold. The necklace mentioned in EA 21 may
last, as Tušratta hopes, “100,000 years” (trusting in solid Mittanian craftsmanship). See also
Adler, Das Akkadische des Königs Tušratta von Mitanni, 299.

maṇ í- “jewelry.”55 A letter listing inventory gifts from the Mittani king
Tušratta, a contemporary of Amenhotep III and Akhenaten, furthermore con-
firms that mani-nnu also denoted a “necklace [as part of the harness (decora-
tion) for chariot horses]” (EA 22 I: 12–14).56 In addition, this term is a
fascinating example of both hippological and non-hippological semantic fields
being used by king Tušratta in the very same letter found in el-ʿAmārna.57
In summary, New Kingdom Egypt was part of the research on Indo-Aryan
and Indo-Aryans insofar as a number of topics involving discussions on pos-
sible linguistic and cultural-historical influences on textual evidence and
archaeological remains. Just to mention a few:
• The role of Indo-Aryan “elements” in the so-called “Hyksos movement”;58

• The mentioned mari̯anni class59 in the context of the question of the
introduction of horses and chariots;60
• Terms for “horse” (Indo-Aryan *aśva- as the postulated source for the
Semitic and Egyptian evidence);61
• Terms for “chariot”62 and it parts;63
55
EWAia II, 293 f.
56
Hofmann, Fuhrwesen und Pferdehaltung im Alten Ägypten, 104: “(Schmuck)kette für
Pferde.”
57
EA 24 I, 12 u. II, 6 = Moran, The Amarna Letters, 51 “2 maninnu-necklaces, for horses”
and II, 6–8 “1 maninnu-necklace, cut from 35 genuine lapislazuli stones [. . .].”
58
MIAV, 27 and Index R14 sub “Hyksos” (see also Oren, The Hyksos and “The Hyksos
Enigma—Introductory Overview”).
59
MIAV, Index R4 sub “mari̯annu.”
60
Raulwing and Clutton-Brock, “The Buhen horse: Fifty years after its discovery (1958–
2008),” 73–82.
61
MIAV, Index R 8 sub ssm.t (śśsm.t); R14 sub “Pferdewort.” See von Deines, “Die Nach-
richten über das Pferd und den Wagen in den ägyptischen Texten”; Donner, “Die Herkunft des
ägyptischen Wortes SSmt™ = Pferd”; Hofmann, Fuhrwesen und Pferdehaltung im Alten Ägypten,
3 ff.; Schneider, “Fremdwörter in der ägyptischen Militärsprache des Neuen Reiches,” 189 sub
no. 22; Raulwing and Clutton-Brock, “The Buhen horse,” 78–82. On horses and Indo-Europeans
recently Gaitzsch, Das Pferd bei den Indogermanen, see 250 ff. on Egypt.
62
The so-called “Florentine Chariot” is not only the oldest of the eight surviving complete
chariots, but also the earliest one discovered at the beginning of modern scholarly research in the
19th century. Since the 1830s this chariot has drawn much attention, especially over the last 150
years: Littauer and Crouwel, Chariots and Related Equipment From the Tomb of Tutʾankhamūn,
105–08; Decker and Herb, Bildatlas zum Sport im Alten Ägypten, 200 f.; Del Francia, “Il carro
di Firenze”; Herold, Streitwagentechnologie in der Ramses-Stadt, 259–65 (here: 262–64). Indi-
cated by its two four-spoked wheels, the “Florence Chariot” is the oldest of eight (almost) fully
preserved light, horse-drawn vehicles from the New Kingdom which survived the ravages of over
3000 years until today. Due to the use of birch bark wrapped around certain parts of the chariot
scholars proposed that this particular vehicle must have been imported from an area with a
natural supply of birch trees, based on the assumption that birch bark can only be processed
when fresh. Therefore it was suggested that this chariot must have been manufactured in an area

260 peter raulwing
• Depictions of Indo-Aryans on Egyptian reliefs from the New Kingdom;64

• “Blue eyes” (“Blauäugigkeit”)65 in Egypt discussed in the context of the
so-called Nordic Race (“Nordische Rasse”);66
• Indo-Aryan influences on the Egyptian royal court67 and the Egyptian
pantheon under Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten);68
• Diplomatic relationships between Egypt and Mittani including interna-
tional marriages.69
At this point it seems necessary to re-emphasize the purely linguistic nature of

the study on Indo-Aryan in the ancient Near East. All cultural-historical inter-
pretations (in the broadest sense) must therefore be extremely cautious and
follow strict methodological guidelines. The observation by Dietz Otto Edzard
of what is today’s state of Armenia. This area also matched roughly the location of Mittani.
Congruously, it was thought that the “Florentine Chariot” was an “originalarisches Stück” (“a
genuine Aryan piece”) as Schachermeyr, Indogermanen und Orient, 55 (MIAV, 44E) phrased it
(on Schachermeyr see fn. 103). However, palaeobotanical studies proved that the provenience of
the “Florentine Chariot” is not tied to the circulation area of birch trees (Germer, Flora des
pharaonischen Ägypten, 18; Raulwing “Pferd und Wagen im Alten Ägypten,” 75–79).
63
MIAV, Index R14 sub “Streitwagen.” Although Egyptian mrkbt, “chariot,” certainly
derives from Akkadian narkabtu (“chariot”), many termini technici of the Egyptian military
semantic field in general as well as for parts of the chariot in particular are of Semitic linguistic
heritage as Schneider, “Fremdwörter in der ägyptischen Militärsprache des Neuen Reiches,”
187–90 sub 3: Die Fremdwörter der ägyptischen Militärsprache and 3.1: Technologie des
Wagens / Ausrüstung des Gespanns, as well as Hoch, Semitic Words in Egyptian Texts of the New
Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period, have shown.
64
MIAV, Index R14 sub “Rassemerkmale”. See also Darnell, “Supposed depictions of Hit-
tites in the Amarna Period.”
65
MIAV, 32 f. and Index R14 (the entry “Bauäugigkeit, e.g., refers to “Rassemerkmale”). On
Tiye see MIAV, Index R 14, s.v. “Teje.”
66
On the term “Nordic Race” in fn. 81. Studies on race of the ancient Egyptians go back to
the 19th century (see Beinlich-Seeber, Bibliographie Altägypten 1822–1946, 96–98 sub “Anthro-
pologie, physische”; and Jahresberichte der Geschichtswissenschaft published between 1880 and
1916 with regular bibliographical reports including studies on “race”). We might mention
here Champion, Beyond Egyptology; Ebers, “Bemerkungen zu Sayces Rassen des Alten Testa-
ments”; Evans, Anthropology at War; Münter, “Über den Vorgang des Rassenwandels im
Ägyptervolke”; Petrie, “Black Skin,” “Die Bevölkerungsverhältnisse des alten Ägyptens und die
Rassenfrage,” Racial Photographs from the Ancient Egyptian Pictures and Sculptures, “The Earliest
Racial Types,” and “The races of early Egypt”; Schmidt, “Die Rasse der ältesten Bewohner
Ägyptens”; Silberman, “Petrie's Head”; Stahr, Die Rassenfrage im antiken Ägypten; Wiedemann,
“Die Rassen im alten Aegypten”; etc. See also Ashton, “Foreigners at Memphis?” I owe a great
depth of gratitude to Dr. Thomas Gertzen for discussing this chapter in Egyptology in the con-
text of history of research, comments and bibliography.
67
MIAV, 30 ff.
68
See, e.g., Goegginger, “Das Werden des indoeuropäischen Gottesbegriffes,” 169 (= MhMy
74B).
69
MIAV, 30 ff. and Table 2 and Cohen and Westbrook, Amarna Diplomacy.

(1931–2004) that “a neutral reflection” on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans is

again possible at the beginning of the 21st century,70 might provide a first
indication to the, one might say, delicate nature of this topic especially in
the 1930s and 1940s. During this time frame, publications on Indo-Aryan
and Indo-Aryans increased significantly while shifting the topic of research
more and more away from its linguistic base across various academic disci-
plines which then involved, among others, physical anthropology (what was
called “Rassenkunde” at the time and what is now “biologische Anthropolo-
gie” in German).
IV
Linguistic terms such as “Aryan” (“Arier” and “arisch”), “Indo-European” and
“Indo-Europeans” (“indogermanisch,” “Indogermanen,” “indo-europäisch”
“Indo-Europäer”), etc. are well established in their respective linguistic disci-
plines and scientific communities. Therefore, their application is fully justified
provided a purely linguistic context. However, the problem arises on another
level. In parallel to their correct linguistic use, some of these terms have been
applied during the 19th and 20th century in a non-scientific (i.e. ideological
and political) context. One can even say, the broad public knows those terms
almost exclusively in their non-linguistic context, so that when applied out-
side of purely linguistic research, they may give way to misunderstandings.71
This was always one of the challenges of research on “Indo-Aryan” and “Indo-
Aryans,” which can be divided into different phases since their first discovery
in Hittite cuneiform texts in 1906/07. Although non-linguistic hypotheses,
theories, thoughts and ideas had somewhat influenced the discussion since the
beginning of the 20th century,72 it was, as the result of Hitler’s “Machtergrei-
fung” and “Gleichschaltung,” the 1930s and 1940s with their new political,
social, ideological and academic policies73 in which studies on race, based on
70
Edzard, Geschichte Mesopotamiens, 152 (“Nach dem Abwägen vieler Für- und Gegendar-
stellungen ist eine ganz neutrale Betrachtung möglich geworden”).
71
Wiesehöfer, “Zur Geschichte der Begriffe ‘Arier’ und ‘arisch’,” 160 f.36 (“Man möge die
Probe aufs Exempel machen und fragen, was den Lesern, zu ‘arisch’, ‘Arier’ einfalle; es wird auf
nationalsozialistische Rassenlehre, Blondheit, Blauäugigkeit, den Gegensatz zu ‘jüdisch’, ‘Jude’
verwiesen werden, nur in Ausnahmefällen auf die sprachwissenschaftliche Grundbedeutung
bzw. die Selbstbezeichnung bestimmter indo-iranischer Völkerschaften. Die Gefahr besteht
natürlich auch, daß sich bei ihnen beim Lesen von Arbeiten des 19. und beginnenden 20. Jahr-
hunderts, welche den Terminus ‘arisch’ korrekt verwenden, falsche Konnotationen von Rassis-
mus und nationalsozialistischem Gedankengut einstellen”).
72
See, e.g., Losemann, “Reformprojekte der NS-Hochschulpolitik.”
73
See the indexes in MIAV and entries such as “Rassemerkmale” (“racial features”), etc.

262 peter raulwing
physical-anthropological concepts, i.e. the interlacing of linguistic classifica-

tions (“Sprachklassifikationen”) and classifications of races74 (“Rassen-
klassifikationen”)—often uncritically accepted and even propagated by
scholars and scientists—also reached the discussion on Indo-Aryan and
Indo-Aryans in the ancient Near East;75 and this mainly in German-speaking
publications.76 At that time, frequently used terms were: “Indogermanen” and
“indogermanisch”77 (Indo-European, Indo-Europeans); “Arier” and “arisch”78
74
On the term “race” see Barkhaus, “‘Rasse’—Zur Genese eines spezifisch neuzeitlichen
Ordnungsbegriffs”; Conze and Sommer, “Rasse”; Schmitz-Berning, Vokabular des Nationalso-
zialismus, 481–91; and Kaiser, Grenzverwirrungen, 294 ff. This is not the place to discuss con-
cepts of race in the context of modern genetics (see, e.g., Lewontin, “Confusions about human
races”).
75
See Römer, Sprachwissenschaft und Rassenideologie in Deutschland. On racial theories in
Germany between 1918 and 1933 see Vetsch, Ideologisierte Wissenschaft.
76
MIAV, 78–97.
77
On the early phase of Indo-European linguistics and the origin of the terms “indoger-
manisch,” “Indogermanen” and “Indo-European/Indoeuropean” see Shapiro, “On the origin of
the term ‘Indo-Germanic’ ”; Koerner, “Observations on the sources, transmission, and meaning
of ‘Indo-European’ ”; Bolognesi, “Sul termine ‘indo-germanisch’ ”; and Bergounioux, “Indo-
europeen, de l’adjectif au nom” (see also Bergounioux, “‘Aryen’, ‘indo-européen’, ‘sémite’ dans
l’université française (1850–1914).”)—Mayrhofer and other scholars have shown that the role
of Friedrich Schlegel (1772–1829) was not comprehensively analyzed for the early history of
historical comparative linguistic studies. In 1803/04 Schlegel studied Sanskrit and Persian under
the Scottish scholar Alexander Hamilton (1762–1824) who was probably the only European at
the time who had learned Sanskrit and was able to teach. In 1808 Schlegel published his ground-
breaking work Ueber die Sprache und die Weisheit der Indier (“On the Language and Wisdom of
the Indians”). On Hamilton see the illuminating studies of Rocher, Alexander Hamilton, 1762–
1824 (on Schlegel, see 44–52) and Oppenberg, Quellenstudien zu Friedrich Schlegels Übersetzun-
gen aus dem Sanskrit; Struc-Oppenberg, Friedrich Schlegel. On Schlegel and his role in the
founding years of historical comparative linguistics see Koerner, “Friedrich Schlegel and the
emergence of historical-comparative grammar” and “The place of Friedrich Schlegel in the devel-
opment of historical-comparative linguistics”; Mayrhofer, “Über Friedrich Schlegel und die
Anfänge der Indogermanistik”; Marchand, German Orientalism in the Age of the Empire (on
Schlegel, see 58 ff.); and Tzoref-Ashkenazi, Der romantische Mythos vom Ursprung der Deutschen
(see 105–10 on Schlegel in Paris with further bibliography) and “The nationalist aspect of Schle-
gel’s On the Language and Wisdom of the Indians.” See also McGetchin, Indology, Indomania, and
Orientalism and Marchand, German Orientalism in the Age of Empire, Index 524 sub “Schlegel,
Friedrich” with multiple entries. See furthermore Mayrhofer, Sanskrit und die Sprachen Alteuro-
pas; Rabault-Feuerhahn, L’archive des origines; Hundt, “Geselligkeit im Kreise von Dorothea
und Friedrich Schlegel in Paris in den Jahren 1802–1804”; and Walravens, “Les recherches sur
l’Extrême Orient au début du XIXe siècle ou Paris” on Paris. On the institutional and academic
background see Dasgupta, From Salon to Dicipline.
78
Siegert, “Zur Geschichte der Begriffe ‘Arier’ und ‘arisch’.” Although Walther Wüst (see fn.
98) was his “verehrter Lehrer” and this article was published in Wörter und Sachen edited by
Wüst, Siegert’s study is still informative despite its publication date. See furthermore Wiese-
höfer, “Zur Geschichte der Begriffe ‘Arier’ und ‘arisch’ ” and Schmitt, “Aryans.” In a wider
context see Benes, “From Indo-Germans to Aryans” and In Babel’s Shadow, 197 ff., Chapter 5
as well as Sieferle, “Indien und die Arier in der Rassentheorie.”

(Aryan, Aryans); “blauäugig” (blue-eyed); “blond”;79 “nordisch”80 (Nordic)
79
Already used by Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) in Kosmos. Entwurf einer physi-
schen Weltbeschreibung, 287 fn. † (“Zu dieser blonden, blauäugigen indogermanischen, gothi-
schen oder arischen Race des östlichsten Asiens gehören die Usün, Tingling, Hutis und großen
Yueten”). Without being able to go into further details in this retrospective we might summarize
here: From the perspective of conceptual history Erich Biehahn distinguished three phases in
German-speaking literature in the last third of the 18th century regarding the concept of blond
(people) and, as he called it, the “cult” of being blond (Biehahn, “Blondheit und Blondheitskult
in der deutschen Literatur”; see also Sieglin, Die Blonden Haare der indogermanischen Völker des
Altertums, who collected classical sources and before him, e.g., Poesche, Die Arier, Chapters II:
“Die blonde Race,” III: “Die Entstehung der blonden Race” and IV: “Die geographische Ver-
breitung der blonden Race”). The above mentioned phases are, according to Biehahn: The first
phase embracing the nationalistic concepts of “fatherland” and being “German” (“vaterländisch-
deutschtümelnd”) based on Tacitus, Germania, Chapter 4 truces et caerulei oculi, ritulae comae
“blue [sky-coloured] eyes and reddish [golden-red, yellow] hair” (Lund, Germanenideologie im
Nationalsozialismus; von See, “Der Germane als Barbar,” 32). The second phase can be described
as “romantic” (in connection with the Romantic Period in Europe at the turn of the 18th and
19th centuries). In this phase “blond” became a metaphor of certain emotional, psychological
features (“seelische Eigenschaften”). The third phase is characterized, as Biehahn summarizes, by
terms such as “heroism” and “neo-romantic” influences from France on the literature produced
during the Kaiserreich (German Empire) in which “being blond” was interpreted as a feature of
race (classifications). See also Römer, Sprachwissenschaft und Rassenideologie in Deutschland,
86–89; and Wiwjorra, Der Germanenmythos with further bibliography.
80
MIAV, 34B, 36M, 36O, 36P, 36R, and 43E. See Pertz, Das Wort “Nordisch” (although
published in 1939 Pertz is fairly modest in voice and tone; even so on p. 70 there are clearly
anti-Semitic resentments and a favoring of the “Nordic Race”) and Römer, Sprachwissenschaft
und Rassenideologie in Deutschland, 22 ff.; EWDS 1963, 514 s.v. “nordisch”; this lemma has been
omitted in the 22nd (1989) and 23rd edition (1995) of the EWDS. See also Schmitz-Berning,
Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, 429–32. Applied to 1930s and 1940s, the economist, soci-
ologist and historian Friedrich Hertz (1878–1964), who was one of the most important and
consistent critics of racial concepts of his time (see the bibliography here for some examples),
pointed out the irrelevance of any scientific meaning of the term “Nordisch” for many Germans
under the Nazi dictatorship. According to Stołyhwo, Das Problem der nordischen Rasse in Wis-
senschaft und Politik 1932–1940, 8, Hertz noted: “Es unterliegt daher keinem Zweifel, [. . .] dass
für einen durchschnittlichen deutschen Biertrinker, der für die Hitlerliste seine Stimme abgibt,
der ‘nordische Mensch’ einfach einen Deutschen bedeutet, und wenn er auch anthropologisch
einen laponoiden Typ darstellt” (this quotation has been translated from Polish into German as
a “Dienstliche Übersetzung der Publikationsstelle in Berlin-Dahlem 1940”). See also Klemperer,
LTI. Notizbuch eines Philologen, 101 f. (“Dieser Sancta-Simplicitas-Seele [a well-meaning col-
league during Klemperer’s forced labor under the NS regime], die ganz unnazistisch und ganz
menschlich empfand, war das Grundelement des nazistischen Giftes eingeflossen; sie identifi-
zierte das Deutsche mit dem magischen Begriff des Arischen; es schien ihr kaum faßlich, daß mit
mir, dem Fremden, der Kreatur aus einer anderen Sparte des Tierreiches, eine Deutsche verhei-
ratet sei, sie hatte ‘artfremd’ und ‘deutschblütig’ und ‘niederrassig’ und ‘nordisch’ und ‘Rassen-
schande’ allzuoft gehört und nachgesprochen: sie verband sicherlich mit alledem keinen klaren
Begriff—aber ihr Gefühl konnte es nicht fassen, daß meine Frau eine Deutsche sein sollte).”—
Victor Klemperer (1881–1960), professor for Romance Studies (“Romanistik”) in Dresden, used
the acronym “LTI” for “Lingua Tertii Imperii” (“Language of the ‘Third Reich’ ”).

264 peter raulwing
and “nordische Rasse”81 (Nordic Race). Terms and their inherent, often
81
MIAV, 34B, 36M, 36O, 36R, and 39M. The terms “nordische Rasse” and “Nordic Race”
go back, as most scholars propose, to the French equivalent “race nordique” coined by the chief
librarian at the Musée National d’Histoire Naturelle, Joseph Deniker (1852–1918), who
described his “race nordique” as “blond,” “dolichocephalic” and “tall,” mainly documented in
northern Europe (Deniker, “Les races de l’Europe,” 298 f., 301, “Les races de l’Europe,” 127 f.
and Les races et les peuples de la terre, 386). Deniker based his classifications on studies on
human skulls published by the Swedish anatomist and professor of veterinary medicine in
Stockholm, Anders Retzius (1776–1860). Retzius measured the maximum width of the head,
multiplied by 100 and divided by its maximum length (Retzius, “Ethnologische Schriften,” 3
(overview) and 164 “Die Masse[sic = “measures”] des A. Retzius”), and divided human crania
into two groups: dolichocephalic (long-headed) and brachycephalic (broad-headed); see Römer,
Sprachwissenschaft und Rassenideologie in Deutschland, 22; critically Gould, The Mismeasure of
Man chapter III, 105 ff. and Kaiser, Grenzverwirrungen, 39 with fn. 62. The German physical
anthropologist Karl Saller (1904–1969) noted in his Habilitationsschrift (Saller, “Die Entste-
hung der nordischen Rasse,” 411, 415) that Deniker’s “Nordic Race” was based on the same
descriptive—although terminologically not exactly matching—classificatory criteria (“blond,”
“blue-eyed,” “tall,” etc.) as the Homo sapiens europaeus described by the eminent Swedish bota-
nist and zoologist Carl von Linné (1707–1778) in his normative 10th edition of his Systema
naturae from 1758: “White, sanguine, muscular; with blond curled or wavy hair, blue eyes,
mobile, sharp, imaginative, covered with clothes, ruled by laws.” The same descriptive features
were used by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach (1752–1840) to describe what he called the “Cau-
casian Race” at the end of the 18th century, a term which is still used in the US today (Blumen-
bach, De generis humani varietate nativa; see Klatt, “Klytia und die ‘schöne Georgianerin’—Eine
Anmerkung zu Blumenbachs Rassentypologie,” 88 ff. for the context of the history of research
including Blumenbach’s publication and letters, etc.; see also Nutz, “Varietäten des Menschenge-
schlechts, 5790 (with further bibliography), 61; Hoßfeld, Geschichte der biologischen Anthropolo-
gie in Deutschland, 64–67). However, Saller pointed out that, in fact, the physician and physical
anthropologist Hermann von Hölder (1819–1906) has described this long-headed “Nordic”
type much earlier than Deniker with the exact same criteria (von Hölder, “Beiträge zur
Ethnographie von Württemberg” and Zusammenstellung der in Württemberg vorkommenden
Schädelformen). Although von Hölder did not use the term “Nordische Rasse” (“Nordic Race”),
but “Germanische Rasse” (“Germanic Race”), he should, according to Saller, be regarded as the
“inventor” of the “Nordic Race.” In contrast to Saller, however, Kurt Riedel, editor of the “Karl
Krause-Schriftkreis”—founded after the philosopher Karl Krause (1781–1832)—, claimed in
an anti-Semitic and racial pamphlet that the term “Nordic Race” was not coined by Deniker,
but in fact by Karl Penka (1847–1912), “Gymnasialprofessor” in Vienna (Riedel called Penka
the “Winkelried” and “Herold der ‘Nordischen Rasse’ ”; Riedel, “Wer hat den Ausdruck ‘Nor-
dische Rasse’ geprägt?”, 73 and Die rassenkundliche Begründung des Begriffs “nordisch” durch den
Wiener Professor Karl Penka (1847–1912). See Seidler and Rett, Rassenhygiene, 63 f.; Lund,
“Rassenkunde und Nationalsozialismus,” 332 f.; von Karstedt, Sprache und Kultur: 78. Pus-
man, Die “Wissenschaften vom Menschen” auf Wiener Boden (1870–1959), 55; Schmitz-
Berning, Vokabular des Nationalsozialismus, 430 f.). The term “Nordic Race” was then taken
over from Penka by others, especially H.F.K. Günther (see fn. 98). However, Riedel also
pointed out that Penka used the term “Nordische Rasse” restrictively (“sparsam”). Although
Penka quoted von Hölder, Deniker quoted Penka’s Origines ariacae as well as von Hölder, and
the anthropologist William Z. Ripley (1867–1941), e.g., analyzed Deniker in 1898 (Ripley,
The Races of Europe, 365 and Appendix D. Deniker’s Classification of the Races of Europe.
[Condensed from Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, N.S. i

nonspecific and ambiguous meanings and connotations,which have changed

significantly since the 19th century and which have been adjusted to specific
political and ideological trends and developments.82
However, Manfred Mayrhofer had—to finish this section in our brief
retrospective—a great sense of humor, and the fictive dialogue “Morgen-
stündchen eines neudeutschen Componisten. (Nach einer Münchener
Volkssage)” in the journal Münchener Punsch, humoristisches Originalblatt, a
satirical journal published between 1848 and 1871,83 shall not only end this
segment, but would certainly have amused him. In this scene, written in 1865
for the Münchener Punsch, a snobbish and grumpy composer named
“Rumorhäuser” gives his servant a hard time. While getting dressed in the
morning “Rumorhäuser” lectures his “Kammerdiener” invoking the “Indo-
European race”:
(1898): 166–173]), revisiting the question of the origin of the term “Nordische Rasse” in the
context that physical anthropological, biological, ethnological, linguistic and other concepts or
systematics might lead to new results from the viewpoint of the history of scholarship.
82
A critical interdisciplinary history of these terms in the context of the political and aca-
demic developments in the 19th and 20th century has not yet been written. However, Römer,
Sprachwissenschaft und Rassenideologie in Deutschland and Knobloch, Volkhafte Sprachforschung,
touch upon questions related to Indo-European linguistics. In addition on the 18th and 19th
century see Poliakov, Der arische Mythos (see also Pachler, Der “Arische Mythos”; Pernsteiner, Die
Geschichte des “arischen” Mythos; Summerer, Der “Arier”; von See, “Der Arier-Mythos”). Auroux,
et al., Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaften, and Gipper and Schmitter, Sprachwissenschaft und
Sprachphilosophie im Zeitalter der Romantik provide a first overview. Outside any NS context,
one example from the outgoing 20th century might be listed here: Gamkrelidze and Ivanov,
“The early history of Indo-European languages,” 116 (“Anthropometry, which is the scientific
measurement of the human body, has begun to chart the imposition of the Hittite physiog-
nomy, typified in Hittite reliefs, on certain European populations. The blue-eyed, blond-haired
Nordic must still be regarded as the product of inter-breeding between the Indo-European
invaders and their predecessors in the settlement of Europe”). This was uncritically taken over in
the German translation for Spektrum der Wissenschaft and printed as: “Die Anthropometrie, die
wissenschaftliche Vermessung des menschlichen Körpers, untersucht neuerdings, inwieweit sich
die in hethitischen Reliefs dargestellte Physiognomie bei den Angehörigen europäischer Völker
wiederfindet. Der blonde, blauäugige nordische Typ ist nach wie vor als das Ergebnis einer
Vermischung indoeuropäischer Eindringlinge mit ihren Vorgängern in der Besiedlung Europas
anzusehen” (Gamkredlidze and Ivanov, “Die Frühgeschichte der indoeuropäischen Sprachen,”
137 = Spektrum der Wissenschaft. Dossier 1/2000, Die Evolution der Sprachen. Heidelberg:
Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 2000: 51–57; here p. 57 = Schrift und Sprache, ed. B. Riese, 66–73.
Heidelberg [etc.]: Spektrum, Akademie-Verlag, 1994; here p. 73).—It also demonstrates that the
use of the term “indoeuropäisch” does not automatically guarantee a purely linguistic content.
83
Münchener Punsch, humoristisches Originalblatt 18 (1865): 66–69; here p. 68. Martin
Schleich (1827–1871), who edited the journal and used the alias M.E. Bertram, wrote most of
the articles.

266 peter raulwing
Rumorhäuser : Was Pariser Waare, wer wird sich denn heut’zu Tage noch auf einem
Pariser Teppich Hühneraugen holen? Wozu haben wir jetzt die
bequeme Verbindung mit dem Orient? Ich habe nie andere als indi-
sche oder höchstens persische Teppiche leiden können. Bis morgen
will ich auf einem andern Boden stehen, verstanden? Ueberhaupt,
Ihr einfältigen Europäer, Ihr müßt Euch etwas mehr asiatisiren,
sonst kommen wir nicht aus mit einander. (Er wäscht sich.)
Kammerdiener : Das ist eben das Wunderbare, daß Euer Gnaden bei allem orientali-
schen Geschmack doch der ächte Repräsentant deutscher Kraftmu-
sik sind.
Rumorhäuser : Wir Deutschen stammen ja von Asien her, wir gehören zur Indoger-
manischen Race, verstehst du?
Kammerdiener : So, so; daß ich zu einer Race gehören muß, hab’ ich mir schon
gedacht, und daß es die hintergermanische ist, freut mich zu wissen.
V
Although a significant number of studies on a wide range of aspects of “Indo-
Aryan” and “Indo-Aryans” have been contributed over the years, it was par-
ticularly Manfred Mayrhofer who set the applicable and reliable standards for
interpreting the linguistic evidence, especially between the late 1950s and
mid-1970s. On the other hand his colleague Annelies Kammenhuber (1922–
1995)—in 1972 briefly joined by Igor M. Diakonoff (1915–1999) in an often
quoted article84—stood for a rather “minimalist” approach, as a reviewer of
her book on the Indo-Aryans noted.85 This “minimalist” approach led the
aforementioned Edzard to comment in his review of Kammenhuber’s book
that one might have well changed the title into “Die beiden Arier im Vorderen
Orient” (“Both Indo-Aryans in the Near East”) since Kammenhuber has
stricken all but two personal names from the Indo-Aryan lexicon which have
previously being included in the corpus of Indo-Aryan.86 However, it was
Mayrhofer, who demonstrated time after after time that a linguistically reli-
able Indo-Aryan lexicon can only be achieved by what he referred to as
κρίνειν—“to calmly distinguish and balance”—in combination with linguis-
tic competence and by accepting the method of cumulative evidence of
the linguistic material with specific morphological types of termini technici,
84
Diakonoff, “Die Arier im Vorderen Orient. Ende eines Mythos.”
85
von Soden, Review of Kammenhuber, Die Arier im Vorderen Orient, 220. However, on
von Soden see fn. 101.
86
Kammenhuber, Die Arier im Vorderen Orient; Edzard, “Rezension zu Kammenhuber, Die
Arier im Vorderen Orient,” 310. Kammenhuber, “Indogermanen,” 94 § 3.2.: “Da keine (Indo-)
Arier in Vorderasien nachzuweisen sind [. . .].”

personal names, glosses, and appellatives;87 an approach which promises

long-term success and continuance.88 However, the just described situation
does by no means vitiate the merits of Kammenhuber and her role in the
research on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans in the 1960s and early 1970s, which
led—despite all academic controversy—to a “erfreuliche[] “Entmytholo-
gisierung” des Arier-Themas” (which might be rendered as “a gratifying ‘de-
mythologizing’ of the research on Indo-Aryans”).89
Mayrhofer’s studies since the late 1950s, including his practically single-
handedly completed Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen (1997–
2001), have laid the cornerstone for the linguistic and bibliographical research
on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans upon which all further contributions—in
one way or another—are built. Shortly after the publication of his Nachlese in
2006, I had suggested to unite all three bibliographical supplements including
the overview given in the Nachlese90 in one updated, revised and enlarged vol-
ume in which all entries will have subsequent individual sigla and references in
the indices. In addition, this new volume will contain additional entries listed
from a broader cultural-historical perspective and studies from various aca-
demic disciplines, including Egyptology, which characterized Mayrhofer’s
first monograph, Die Indo-Arier im Alten Orient (1966). A first electronic ver-
sion of the Gesamtbibliographie was warmly welcomed by Mayrhofer who
quickly named it Mitannicum in our correspondence; he also proofread an
improved and enlarged second version. We were extremely pleased when
Rüdiger Schmitt, who worked closely with Mayrhofer on the Indo-Arier im
Alten Orient during their common time in Saarbrücken, agreed to collaborate
as an advisor for this project. Thomas Schneider and Brill immediately sug-
gested publishing a first edition of the Gesamtbibliographie in the series Cul-
ture and History of the Ancient Near East and all following editions—updated
on an annual basis—electronically on Brill’s website for subscribers. Utilizing
new media certainly moves the research on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans into
the 21st century; a progress in research, accessibility and sharing of informa-
tion from laptops and PCs91 which was unthinkable 45 years ago when Die
Indo-Arier im Alten Orient was published. Mayrhofer immediately recognized
these new opportunities and supported them with great enthusiasm.
87
Exemplifyed in Mayrhofer’ review article of Kammenhuber, Die Arier im Vorderen Orient
(Mayrhofer, “Zu den arischen Sprachresten in Vorderasien”).
88
This approach is proven correct by the citations of Mayrhofer’s publications on Indo-Aryan
and Indo-Aryans.
89
Mayrhofer, “Die vorderasiatischen Arier,” 140 (= MhAKS I, 30).
90
MIAV, MhMy, MhGKs and Nachlese.
91
For historical-comparative linguistics, see Meier-Brügger, Indo-European Linguistics, 6–8:
“Indo-European Linguistics in the Age of PC and Internet.”

268 peter raulwing
Although a critical history of Indo-European, Indo-Iranian and Indo-Aryan

studies, especially in German-speaking countries, is still a desideratum, other
disciplines such as German studies (“Germanistik”), Prehistory (“Vor- und
Frühgeschichte”), Egyptology, and Near Eastern Archaeology (including phi-
lology), among others, have shown a new trend towards critical studies on
academic institutes and their faculty.92 In this sense, Mayrhofer’s publications
have not been written with the intent to provide an overview on the history of
scholarship and academic disciplines such as Indo-European and Indo-Iranian
linguistics, Indology, Near Eastern Archaeology as well as Assyriology and
other philological disciplines in the ancient Near East, Egyptology, ancient
history, history of religion, anthropology, physical anthropology, etc., and
their focus on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans. Neither did they aim to shed
light on the political, sociological, or ideological background of publishing
houses, series, journals,93 and editors,94 nor were they committed to offer bio-
graphical sketches of specific scholars95 and their studies on Indo-Aryan such
92
See, e.g., Becker, “Neusumerische Renaissance?”; Cooper, “Posing the Sumerian Question:
Race and Scholarship in the Early History of Assyriology”; Beckh, “Das Institut für Ägyptologie
der LMU im Nationalsozialismus”; Christ, Klios Wandlungen (chapters V and VI); Grüttner,
Biographisches Lexikon zur nationalsozialistischen Wissenschaftspolitik; Hanisch, “Akzentverschie-
bung” and Die Nachfolger der Exegeten; Hauser, “Deutsche Forschungen zum Alten Orient”;
Hausmann, Die Geisteswissenschaften im “Dritten Reich”; Junginger, “Das ‘Arische Seminar’ an
der Universität Tübingen 1940–1945”; Heinrich, Die deutsche Religionswissenschaft und der
Nationalsozialismus; von Karstedt, Sprache und Kultur; Knobloch, Volkhafte Sprachforschung;
Losemann, Nationalsozialismus und Antike; Mangold, Eine ‘weltbürgerliche Wissenschaft’; March-
and, Down from Olympus and German Orientalism in the Age of Empire; Näf, Von Perikles zu
Hitler? and “Zu den Forschungen über Antike und Altertumswissenschaft”; Neumann, “Altori-
entalistik in der DDR (1986–1990)”; Oelsner, “Der Altorientalist Benno Landsberger (1890–
1968)”; Puschner, “Grundzüge völkischer Rassenideologie”; Renger, “Die Geschichte der
Altorientalistik und vorderasiatischen Archäologie in Berlin von 1875 bis 1945”; Stadnikow,
“Die Bedeutung des Alten Orients für deutsches Denken Skizzen aus dem Zeitraum 1871–
1945”; and Szabó, Vertreibung, Rückkehr, Wiedergutmachung.
93
For publishing houses, see e.g., Stöckel, Die “rechte Nation” und ihr Verleger; furthermore
Losemann, “Rassenideologie und antisemitische Publizistik in Deutschland im 19. und 20.
Jahrhundert.”
94
We may list, e.g., Bernhard Kummer (1897–1962): teaching “Old Nordic Languages and
Culture” at Jena University in 1942, and who is listed in MIAV 55Aa and 62E with his series
“Forschungsfragen unserer Zeit” published in the right-wing publishing house “Hohe Warte”
(see also fn. 97). Kummer was close to the Amt Rosenberg and was persecuted by Himmler’s
SS-Ahnenerbe (Kater, Das “Ahnenerbe” der SS 1935–1945, 125). On Kummer see Wiedemann,
Rassenmutter und Rebellin, 151 ff. (Chapter 2.4. “Der ‘Nordische Gedanke’“ and 2.4.1. “Bern-
hard Kummer”) and Heinrich, “Bernhard Kummer (1897–1962),” 245 ff. (Chapter entitled:
“Supporting the Nationalist Socialist Regime as the Institutionalized Rebirth of Pre-Christian
Culture and Religion in Germany”).
95
For some of the scholars listed in MIAV, especially for the time until 1945, critical biogra-
phies have been written. In most cases, though, without referring to studies on Indo-Aryan in

as Eduard Meyer,96 Hans Friedrich Karl Günther,97 Walther Wüst,98 Otto
the ancient Near East. The information in the following footnotes cannot even remotely indicate
this trend in history of scholarship.
96
Eduard Meyer (1855–1930): professor for ancient history from 1885 at Breslau Univer-
sity, since 1889 at Halle University, since 1902 including as emeritus Professor at Berlin Univer-
sity. On his role regarding the discovery of Indo-Aryan in the ancient Near East see MIAV, 08H,
09K, 09L, 13F, 14D, 15E, 25I, and 28K and Mayrhofer, “Eduard Meyer und die älteste indo-
iranische Onomastik.” On Meyer see (e.g.) Christ, Von Gibbon zu Rostovtzeff; Calder III and
Demandt, Eduard Meyer, 286–333; Demandt, “Eduard Meyer und Oswald Spengler. Läßt sich
Geschichte voraussagen?”; Matthes, “Eduard Meyer und die Deutsche Orientgesellschaft”;
Hauser, “History, races, and orientalism”; Ulf, “Ideologie als Grundlage für Abgrenzung und
Spezifik der Antike”; and von Ungern-Sternberg, “Ein Historiker am Scheideweg: Eduard
Meyer im Herbst 1914.” Meyer’s letters are available online (http://ag.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/
site/lang__de/4084/Default.aspx [accessed 19 December 2012]).
97
Hans Friedrich Karl Günther (1891–1968): PhD in German studies (“Germanistik”),
author of popular racial and antisemitic studies, since 1930 professor of “Social Anthropology”
(“Sozialanthropologie”) in Jena, and from 1935 until 1945 professor of “Racial Studies, Biology
of Peoples and Rural Sociology” (“Rassenkunde, Völkerbiologie und Ländliche Soziologie”) in
Berlin (MIAV, 34B, 36M). See Hertz, Hans Günther als Rassenforscher; Merkenschlager, Götter,
Helden und Günther; Saller, “Die Entstehung der nordischen Rasse.” Furthermore Weisen-
burger, “Der ‘Rassepapst’ ” and Schwandt, Hans F. K. Günther; Lutzhöft, Der Nordische Gedanke
in Deutschland 1920–1940 (who interviewed Günther for his project); Elvert, Mitteleuropa!,
309–30 (the Chapter entitled “Die ‘nordisch-germanische Frage’ als Aspekt der nationalsoziali-
stischen Europapolitik” on Günther); Essner, “Im ‘Irrgarten der Rassenlogik’ oder nordische
Rassenlehre”; Hoßfeld, Geschichte der biologischen Anthropologie in Deutschland, 220 ff.; Hutton,
Race and the Third Reich, 35 ff., 64 ff., 80 ff., 101 ff.; Kaiser, Granzverwirrungen, 305 ff. See, e.g.,
Quiring, “Die Abkunft des Tutanchamon (1358–1351),” 57 Fig. 2 with the caption:
“Wahrscheinlich Kopf der Taduḫepa, Tochter des Königs Tušratta von Mitan[sic] [. . .] Echna-
ton-Saal Museum Kairo, Inv.-Nr. 6206” = Cairo JdE 59286. This unfinished head of Taduḫepa,
daughter of Tušratta, king of Mittani in the 14th century BCE, portrays the mother of Tut-
ankhamun, and shows “Aryan features” (“arische Züge”); to “confirm” those “arische Züge,” the
author asked Günther for his “expertise” (p. 60). Günther, Die nordische Rasse bei den Indoger-
manen Asiens from 1934 was reprinted in 1982 in Pähl (Bavaria) in the “Verlag Hohe Warte von
Bebenburg” (founded in 1949 by Franz Karg von Bebenburg (1910–2003), known for his long-
term support for Mathilde Ludendorff (1877–1966) and her neo-pagan movement “Deutsche
Gotterkenntnis,” etc.; see Wiedemann, Rassenmutter und Rebellin, 164 ff.). This edition has been
amended with comments by Jürgen Spanuth (1907–1998), who published with radical right-
wing publishing houses in Germany and who was also known for his theories on Atlantis.
Günther’s book Die nordische Rasse bei den Indogermanen Asiens was published 2006 in a French
translation in Paris by L’Homme Libre (La race nordique chez les Indo-Européens d’Asie. Contri-
bution aux études portant sur la patrie originelle et l’origine raciale des Indo-Européens).
98
Walther Wüst (1901–1993): from 1935 until 1945 professor for “Aryan culture and lin-
guistics” (“Arische Kultur- und Sprachwissenschaft”) and dean of the philosophical faculty at the
University of Munich, since 1936 SS-Standartenführer (MIAV, 27I, 27K, sub 28N, 34F, sub
40I, 58T, 59S, sub 60D; MhMy 66S, 74E; in MhGKs, 310, Mayrhofer quoted Wüst as “eine[n]
gute[n] Kenner indoarischer Religion und Sprache”). On Wüst see Kater, Das “Ahnenerbe” der
SS 1935–1945, Index 522 with dozens of entries; Schreiber, Walther Wüst; Grüttner, Biographi-
sches Lexikon zur nationalsozialistischen Wissenschaftspolitik, 187; Junginger, “From Buddha to

270 peter raulwing
Reche,99 Egon von Eickstedt,100 Wolfram von Soden,101 Jacob Wilhelm Hauer102
or Fritz Schachermeyr103—to name just a few. Therefore, one of the tasks
resulting from Mayrhofer’s publications on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryan can
certainly be defined as incorporating the mentioned topics into further studies
and placing them in an interdisciplinary context from the viewpoint of the
Adolf Hitler: Walther Wüst and the Aryan Tradition” and http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/
personal/galeria/wuest.htm (accessed 19 December 2012).
99
Otto Reche (1879–1966): from 1927 until 1945 professor for Anthropology and Ethnol-
ogy (“Anthropologie und Ethnologie”) at the University of Leipzig (MIAV, sub 27F, 36O,
36P). See Geisenhainer, Rasse ist Schicksal. Otto Reche (1879–1966) and “Otto Reches Rassen-
kunde zwischen Metaphorik und Metatheorie”; Vetsch, Ideologisierte Wissenschaft, 61–67. After
1945 Reche continued to deliver anthropological parental testing (“Abstammungsgutachten”).
Reche was also consulted after World War II to provide an “Abstammungsgutachten” for Anna
Anderson (1896–1984) who became known for claiming to be Grand Duchess Anastasia of
Russia (1901–1918). Reche concluded that Anderson was either Anastasia herself or and identi-
cal twin (Massie, The Romanovs, 190); recent DNA tests have proven, though, that Anderson
was not related to Anastasia at all.
100
Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt (1891–1966): from 1933 until 1945 professor for Anthro-
pology (“Anthropologie”) in Breslau, from 1946 until 1961 in Mainz (MIAV, 61Da). See Lüd-
decke, Rassen, Schädel und Gelehrte; Preuß, “Anthropologe und Forschungsreisender”; Vetsch,
Ideologisierte Wissenschaft, 75–82. From a different viewpoint see Ilse Schwidetzky (1907–1997),
von Eickstedt’s pupil since her time in Breslau until 1945 and successor to his chair in Mainz
after his retirement in 1961, “Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt” and “Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt”;
Schwidetzky, et al., “Biographie Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt (10.4.1892–20.12.1965).” On the
development of the physical anthropology in Germany see Hoßfeld, Geschichte der biologischen
Anthropologie in Deutschland, 206 ff., 267 ff.; for Austria see Fuchs, “Rasse”, “Volk”, Geschlecht,
250, 281, 298, 34791; Lund, “Rassenkunde und Nationalsozialismus.” Again, from a different
viewpoint see Schwidetzky and Spiegel-Rösing, Maus und Schlange. On Schwidetzky (and von
Eickstedt) critically Massin, “Anthropologie und Humangenetik im Nationalsozialismus,”
23–42.
101
Wolfram von Soden (1908–1996): from 1938 until 1945 professor for Assyriology and
Arabic Studies (“Assyriologie und Arabistik”) in Göttingen, from 1954 until 1961 in Vienna,
and—until his emeritus status—1976 in Münster (MIAV, 37K, 38K, 39M, 39M, 40N, etc.).
See Cancik-Kirschbaum, “Erforschung semitischer Völker ‘unerwünscht’ ”; Flygare, Assyriologi
under nazismen; and the obituaries by Borger, Edzard, Hunger, Neu and Röllig.
102
Jacob Wilhelm Hauer (1881–1962): from 1925 until 1927 professor in Marburg, until
1945 the chair for “Religious Studies and Indology” (“Religionswissenschaften und Indologie”)
in Tübingen (MIAV, 27Aa, 36H). Additionally see Hauer, “Zum Gegenwärtigen Stand der
Indogermanenfrage”; Dierks, Jakob Wilhelm Hauer, 1881–1962, 467, 480; and Junginger,
“Jakob Wilhelm Hauer.”
103
Fritz Schachermeyr (1895–1987): from 1931 professor of Ancient History (“Alte
Geschichte”) in Jena, since 1941 in Heidelberg, until 1945 in Graz, and from 1952 until 1963
in Vienna, where he taught until 1970 (MIAV 21I, 35I, 36Q, 37I, sub 37K, 44E, 49E, 51H,
54L, 54M, 64L, 67N). See Losemann, Nationalsozialismus und Antike, Index 281 s.v. with
multiple entries; Näf, “Der Althistoriker Fritz Schachermeyr und seine Geschichtsauffassung”;
Dobesch, “Fritz Schachermeyr”; and—most comprehensively—Pesditschek, Barbar, Kreter,
Arier (with further bibliography and an anlysis of archival material).

history of scholarship and conceptual history, including academic institutes

and disciplines, as well as individual scholarly or scientific careers.
Manfred Mayrhofer’s nationally and internationally well-recognized merits
of having laid the foundation for a reliable linguistic and bibliographical
research on Indo-Aryan and Indo-Aryans in the ancient Near East, to which
he dedicated several decades of his long, successful and prosperous scholarly
life, cannot be overestimated. His œuvre forms the basis for all further and
future research. His broad range of knowledge and linguistic expertise as well
as his gentleman-like style will be greatly missed.
Abbreviations104
AfO Archiv für Orientforschung
AlT Alalaḫ-Text(e). See Wiseman, The Alalakh Tablets.
AÖAW Almanach der Österreichischen Akadademie der Wissenschaften
BSAP Bulletin de la Société d’Anthropologie, Paris
CANE Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
CTH Laroche, E. Catalogue des textes hittites. Paris: Klincksieck,
1971.
EA El Amarna. See Moran, The Amarna Letters.
EWAia Mayrhofer, M. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen. I.-
III. Heidelberg: Winter, 1997–2001.
EWDS Kluge, F. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. (19th
edition by W. Mitzka. Berlin: de Gruyter, 1963; 23rd edition
1995 by E. Seebold).
HSS Harvard Semitic Series
IF Indogermanische Forschungen
IPNB Mayrhofer, M. and R. Schmitt, eds. Iranisches Personennamen-
buch. Wien: Verlag der ÖAW, 1977–.
JMainz Jahrbuch. Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz
JSSEA Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian Antiquities
LÄ Helck, W. and E. Otto, eds. Lexikon der Ägyptologie. I.–VI.
Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1972–1992.
MDOG Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orientgesellschaft
MhAKS I Mayrhofer, M. Ausgewählte Kleine Schriften. Edited by S. Deger-
Jalkotzy and R. Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1979.
104
Manfred Mayrhofer has abbreviated his editions, Kleine Schriften, etymologica and studies
as listed below, and which I have taken over from him in this bibliography.

272 peter raulwing
MhAKS II Mayrhofer, M. Ausgewählte Kleine Schriften. Vol. II. Edited by

R. Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Reichert, 1996 (“Festgabe für Manfred
Mayrhofer zum 70. Geburtstag”).
MhGKs Mayrhofer, M. “Welches Material aus dem Indo-Arischen von
Mitanni verbleibt für eine selektive Darstellung.” In Investiga-
tiones philologicae et comparativae. Gedenkschrift für Heinz Kro-
nasser, ed. E. Neu, 72–90. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1982. (=
MhAKS II: 304–322).
MhMy Mayrhofer, M. Die Arier im Vorderen Orient—ein Mythos? Mit
einem bibliographischen Supplement. Wien: Verlag der ÖAW,
1974. (= MhAKS I: 48–71 A, 1. Hauptteil [reprinted without
bibliographical supplement]).
MIAV Mayrhofer, M. Die Indo-Arier im Alten Orient. Mit einer analy-
tischen Bibliographie. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1966.
MIO Mitteilungen des Instituts für Orientforschung
Nachlese Mayrhofer, M. “Eine Nachlese zu den indo-arischen Sprach-
resten des Mittanni-Bereichs.” ÖAW. Anzeiger der Phil.-hist.
Klasse 141. Jahrgang (2006): 83–100.
ÖAW Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften
OLZ Orientalistische Literaturzeitung
RA Revue d’assyriologie et d’archéologie orientale
REE Revista de Estudios de Egiptología
RLA Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie
ZA Zeitschrift für Assyriologie
ZDMG Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
ZVS Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der
indogermanischen Sprachen
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Addendum:
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Manfred Mayrhofer S Studies On Indo Arya

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Egyptology from the First World War

to the Third Reich

Ideology, Scholarship, and Individual Biographies

Thomas Schneider and Peter Raulwing

© 2013 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-24329-3

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