Standard costing công thức:

a.
Direct material price variances = Actual quantity purchased used x [ Actual price per unit – Standard price per unit ]
Direct material quantity variances = Standard price per unit x [ Actual quantity purchased used – Standard quantity to
be used ]
Ta có: Standard quantity to be used = Actual production x Est material per units
Total = U + U hoặc U + F (trường hợp này so sánh xem cái nào lớn hơn thì lấy đơn vị theo cái lớn và lấy lớn – bé)
b.
Direct labour price (rate) variances = Actual hour worked x ( Actual rate per hour – Standard rate per hour )
Direct labour quantity (efficiency) variances = Standard rate per hour x ( Actual hour worked – Standard hour
worked )
Ta có: Standard hour worked = Actual production x Est hour per units
Total
c.
Variable overhead spending variances = Actual variable overhead – ( Actual direct labour hour x Standard variable
overhead rate )
Variable overhead efficiency variances = Standard variable overhead rate x ( Actual direct labour hour – Standard
direct labour hour )
Total
So sánh: Cách tính Total
Nếu Actual > Standard => U Ví dụ:
Nếu Actual < Standard => F 10U + 4U = 14U
10F + 4F = 14F
10F + 4U = 6F
10U + 4F = 6U
Budget công thức:
Direct material budget tháng and tháng (VD: Direct material budget May and June)
April(*) May June July
Planned production
(x) Material required per unit
Total material required
Add: Desired ending inventory of material B C D
Less: Beginning inventory of material A B C
Estimated material purchased
(x) Cost per unit $
Estimated material cost $ E F
Payment to suppliers ($) E F
Ending inventory of [tháng trước (*)] March = 10% (đề cho) of April’s usage requirement =A
Ending inventory of [tháng tiếp theo] April = 10% (đề cho) of May’s usage requirement =B
Ending inventory of [tháng tiếp theo] May = 10% (đề cho) of June’s usage requirement =C
Ending inventory of [tháng tiếp theo] June = 10% (đề cho) of July’s usage requirement =D

Direct labour budget tháng and tháng (VD: Direct material budget May and June)
April(*) May June
Planned production
(x) Estimated hour per unit
Total hour required
(x) Rate per hour $
Total estimated direct labour cost $ G H
Payment to direct labour ($) G H
Absorption costing công thức:
Absorption costing Variable costing
Direct material Direct material
Direct labor Direct labour
Variable manufacturing overhead Variable manufacturing overhead
Fixed manufacturing overhead (số total / số sản xuất) ð Total absorption costing = B
ð Total absorption costing = A
Profit and loss statement for the year ended…

Sales (số bán x giá bán) Sales (số bán x giá bán)
Less: Cost of sales (số bán x A) Less: Total variable cost
Gross profit Variable manufactured cost (số bán x B)
Less: Selling and administrative cost Variable selling and administrative cost (số bán x giá
Variable selling and administrative cost (số bán x giá đề cho)
đề cho) Total contribution margin
Fixed selling and administrative cost Less: Fixed costs
Net profit Fixed manufactured cost
Fixed selling and administrative cost
Net profit
Breakeven analysis công thức
Tóm tắt phần đề:
Fixed costs
Variable costs
Selling price

!"#$% '()*) 9$::",2 3-"'$

- Breakeven point (in unit) = (đơn vị unit) Ta có CMPU =
+(,*-"./*"(, 01-2", 3$- /,"* (+567) ;1-"1.:$ '()*)
Nếu đề hỏi thêm Revenue thì:
!"#$% '()*)
- Breakeven point (revenue) = !"#$ (đơn vị $)
%&''()* ,-(.&

Nếu đề hỏi Profit hoặc Net profit (giống nhau)

!"#$% 01,/<1'*/-$% '()*=6-(>"*
- Units sold to earn the target profit (đề luôn cho) = +567
=> Profit

Nếu đề hỏi bất kì thứ gì giá mới, nhìn dữ kiện đề cho Variable cost hay Fixed cost hay Selling price có giảm hay tăng
thì làm giá mới
*(chú ý phần Fixed cost có nhiều dữ kiện)
VD: Dữ kiện đầu tiên cho fixed cost (bao gồm fixed manufacturing và fixed selling)
Dữ kiện 2 kêu Fixed manufacturing decrease 20% thì ta làm như sau:
New fixed costs= fixed manufacturing x 80% + fixed selling
*Nếu cho bình thường thì tính bình thường, hỏi gì tính NEW đó, decrease (reduce) lấy 100% trừ số đề cho, increase
lấy 100% cộng số đề cho
CÁC VÍ DỤ CỦA CÁC ĐỀ TRÊN:

Question Absorption-Variable costing

As planned, the factory produced 30,000 units of rock cars during the year.
The manufacturing cost incurred were: direct material cost were $10 per unit, direct labour cost were $20 per unit,
variable manufacturing overhead were $15 per unit and total fixed manufacturing overhead of $240,000
The selling and administrative expenses incurred during the year were: variable selling and administrative expense
were $5 per unit and the total fixed selling and administrative expense were $100,000
All the rock cars are sold for $80 per unit. During the year, Flintstone sold 32,000 rock cars.
You are required to calculate:
a. Contribution margin per unit and net profit
b. Gross profit per unit and net profit

a.
Variable costing
Direct material $10
Direct labour $20
Variable manufacturing overhead $15
Variable costing (per unit) $45

Profit and loss statement for the year ended

Sales (32,000 x $80) $2,560,000
Less: Total variable cost
Variable manufactured cost (32,000 x 45) ($1,440,000)
Variable selling and administrative cost (32,000 x 5) ($160,000)
Total contribution margin $960,000
Less: Fixed costs
Fixed manufactured cost ($240,000)
Fixed selling and administrative cost ($100,000)
Net profit 620,000

b.
Absorption costing
Direct material $10
Direct labour $20
Variable manufacturing overhead $15
Fixed manufacturing overhead ($240,000/$30,000) $8
Absorption costing (per unit) $53

Profit and loss statement for the year ended

Sales (32,000 x 80) $2,560,000
Less: Cost of sale (32,000 x $53) ($1,696,000)
Gross profit $864,000
Less: Selling and administrative cost
Fixed selling and administrative cost ($100,000)
Variable selling and administrative cost ($160,000)
Net profit $604,000
Question Budget
Your company produce sports cap. The following planned production details were obtained from the factory:

April May June July

5,000 6,000 8,000 9,000

• The factory is also estimated to use 4 hours of direct labour to produce 1 cap. Direct labours are expected to be paid
at the rate of $10 per hour. Direct labours are usually paid on 7th of the following month. (trả tháng sau)
• The factory is estimated to use 5 meters of leather for every cap it produces. The factory has decided to estimate its
ending inventory of material (leather) equivalent to 40% of the followings month’s material (leather) usage
requirement. All materials (leather) will be purchased on credit at $3 per meter. The suppliers of leather are estimated
to be paid in the month after purchase. (trả tháng sau)
You are required:
a. To prepare direct material usage and purchase budget (including payment to suppliers) for the month of May and
June
b. To prepare direct labour budget (including payment to direct labour) for the month of May and June

a.
Direct material budget for May and June
April May June July
Planned production 5,000 6,000 8,000 9,000
(x) Material required per unit 5 5 5 5
Total material required 25,000 30,000 40,000 45,000
Add: Desired ending inventory of material 12,000 16,000 18,000
Less: Beginning inventory of material (10,000) (12,000) (16,000)
Estimated material purchased 27,000 34,000 42,000
(x) Cost per unit $ 3 3 3
Estimated material cost $ 81,000 102,000 126,000
Payment to suppliers ($) 81,000 102,000

Ending inventory of March = 40% of April’s usage requirement =10,000

Ending inventory of April = 40% of May’s usage requirement =12,000
Ending inventory of May = 40% of June’s usage requirement =16,000
Ending inventory of June = 40% of July’s usage requirement =18,000

b.
Direct labour budget for May and June
April May June
Planned production 5,000 6,000 8,000
(x) Estimated hour per unit 4 4 4
Total hour required 20,000 24,000 32,000
(x) Rate per hour $ 10 10 10
Total estimated direct labour cost $ 200,000 240,000 320,000
Payment to direct labour ($) 200,000 240,000
Question Breakeven analysis
The following information was obtained from the Bach:
• The selling price $30 per unit.
• The variable manufacturing cost is $10 per unit and the variable selling expense is $2.00 per unit.
• Total fixed manufacturing costs were $300,000 and total selling, marketing and administrative costs were $200, 000.
• As part of its strategy, the factory plans to decrease its selling price by 5% per shield next year. The decision to decrease
its selling price was made to meet the decrease of its fixed cost (in total) by 10% the following year.
• 60,000 units sold in the current year.
Ignore income tax considerations.
Required:
a. Calculate the current year’s breakeven in unit (i.e., before the proposed increases next year)
b. Compute the net profit for the current year (before the proposed increases next year.
c. Compute the number of units needs to sell in the following year in order to achieve the same net profit as the
current year (ie. the net profit calculated in part (b) above), if the planned decrease in the selling price per unit
and fixed cost in total is implemented. Assume that the variable cost per unit remains the same.
d. Factory has a plan to migrate its production to another location where it will be able to reduce its variable cost
by 10% and fixed cost by 20%. This will result in the company being able to reduce its selling price by 15%.
Explain the feasibility of the plan based on its break-even in units.

Selling price = $30

Variable costs = $10 + $2 = $12
Fixed costs = $300,000 + $200,000 = $500,000
a.
!"#$% '()*) $@AA,AAA
Breakeven point (in unit) = +(,*-"./*"(, 01-2", 3$- /,"* (+567) = $CAD$EF = 27,778 unit
b.
!"#$% 01,/<1'*/-$% '()*=6-(>"*
Units sold to earn the target profit = +567
$@AA,AAA=6-(>"*
ó 60,000 = $CAD$EF
=> Profit = $580,000
c.
New selling price = $30 x 95% = $28,5
New fixed costs = $500,000 x 90% = $450,000
$G@A,AAA=$@HA,AAA
Units sold to earn the target profit = = 62,425 units
$FH,@D$EF
d.
New variable costs = $12 x 90% = $10,8
New selling price = $30 x 85% = $25,5
New fixed costs = $500,000 x 80% = $400,000
!"#$% '()*) $GAA,AAA
Breakeven point (in unit) = = = 27,211 unit
+(,*-"./*"(, 01-2", 3$- /,"* (+567) $F@,@D$EA,H
ð Adopt the strategy because no of unit to be sold is lower than original plan
 Question Standard costing
The company uses a standard costing system and the standard cost per unit is as follows:

Standard Direct Material per unit is 1 liter at RM1 per liter.

(Actual) Direct Material purchased and used 5,150 liters amounting to RM5,665

Standard Direct Labor per unit is 2 direct labor hours at RM2.50 per hour.
(Actual) Direct Labors worked 10,200 direct labors hours and paid for RM27,540

Standard Variable Overhead is 2 direct labor hours at RMRM3.00 per direct labor hours.
(Actual) Variable Overhead incurred RM31,775

Actual production for May 2023 was 5,200 units. Actual production cost was:

Nadal Factory allocates its overhead on the basis of direct labor hours.
You are required to calculate:
a. Direct material price variance, quantity variance and total direct material variance
b. Direct labour rate variance, efficiency variance and total direct labour variance
c. Variable overhead spending variance, efficiency variance and total variable overhead variance

a.
Direct material price variances = Actual quantity purchased used x [ Actual price per unit – Standard price per unit ]
= 5,150 x [ (5,665/5,150) - 1 ]
= 5,150 x [1,1-1] = 515 (U)
Direct material quantity variances = Standard price per unit x [ Actual quantity purchased used – Standard quantity to be
used (*) ]
= 1 x [ 5,150 – (5,200 x 1) ]
= 1 x [5,150 – 5,200] = 50 (F)
(*)Standard quantity to be used = Actual production x Est material per units
Total material variances = 515 (U) + 50 (F) = 465 (U)

b.
Direct labour price (rate) variances = Actual hour worked x ( Actual rate per hour – Standard rate per hour )
= 10,200 x [ (27,540/10,200) – 2,5 ]
= 10,200 x [2,7 – 2,5] = 2,040 (U)
Direct labour quantity (efficiency) variances = Standard rate per hour x ( Actual hour worked – Standard hour worked )
= 2,5 x [10,200 – (5,200 x 2)]
= 2,5 x [10,200 – 10,400] = 500 (F)
Standard hour worked = Actual production x Est hour per units
Total labour variances = 2,040 (U) + 500 (F) = 1,540 (U)

c.
Variable overhead spending variances = Actual variable overhead – ( Actual direct labour hour x Standard variable
overhead rate )
= 31,775 – [10,200 x 3]
= 31,774 – 30,600 = 1,175 (U)
Variable overhead efficiency variances = Standard variable overhead rate x ( Actual direct labour hour – Standard direct
labour hour )
= 3 x [10,200 – 10,400] = 600 (F)
Total variable overhead variances = 1,175 (U) + 600 (F) = 575 (U)