600–500 BC

泰勒斯 Thales of Miletus (c. 624 – 546 BC). Of the Milesian school. Believed that all was made
of water.
Pherecydes of Syros (c. 620 – c. 550 BC). Cosmologist.
阿那克西曼德, Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610 – 546 BC). Of the Milesian school. Famous for
the concept of Apeiron, or "the boundless".
阿那克西美尼, Anaximenes of Miletus (c. 585 – 525 BC). Of the Milesian school. Believed that
all was made of air.
毕 达 哥 拉 斯 , Pythagoras of Samos (c. 580 – c. 500 BC). Of the Ionian School. Believed the
deepest reality to be composed of numbers, and that souls are immortal.
色诺芬尼, Xenophanes of Colophon (c. 570 – 480 BC). Sometimes associated with the Eleatic
school.
Epicharmus of Kos (c. 530 – 450 BC). Comic playwright and moralist.

500–400 BC
赫 拉 克 利 特 , Heraclitus of Ephesus (c. 535 – c. 475 BC). Of the Ionians. Emphasized the
mutability of the universe.
巴门尼德, Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 – 450 BC). Of the Eleatics. Reflected on the concept of
Being.
阿那克萨戈拉, Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500 – 428 BC). Of the Ionians. Pluralist.
恩培多克勒, Empedocles (492 – 432 BC). Eclectic cosmogonist. Pluralist.
芝诺, Zeno of Elea (c. 490 – 430 BC). Of the Eleatics. Known for his paradoxes.
普罗泰戈拉, Protagoras of Abdera (c. 481 – 420 BC). Sophist. Early advocate of relativism.
Antiphon (480 – 411 BC). Sophist.
Hippias (Middle of the 5th century BC). Sophist.
高尔吉亚, Gorgias. (c. 483 – 375 BC). Sophist. Early advocate of solipsism.
苏 格 拉 底 , Socrates of Athens (c. 470 – 399 BC). Emphasized virtue ethics. In epistemology,
understood dialectic to be central to the pursuit of truth.
Critias of Athens (c. 460 – 413 BC). Atheist writer and politician.
Prodicus of Ceos (c. 465 – c. 395 BC). Sophist.
Leucippus of Miletus (First half of the 5th century BC). Founding Atomist, Determinist.
Thrasymachus of Miletus (c. 459 – c. 400 BC). Sophist.
德谟克利特, Democritus of Abdera (c. 450 – 370 BC). Founding Atomist.
Diagoras of Melos (c. 450 – 415 BC). Atheist.
Archelaus. A pupil of Anaxagoras.
Melissus of Samos. Eleatic.
Cratylus. Follower of Heraclitus.
Ion of Chios. Pythagorean cosmologist.
Echecrates. Pythagorean.
Timaeus of Locri. Pythagorean.

400–300 BC
安提斯塞尼, Antisthenes (c. 444 – 365 BC). Founder of Cynicism. Pupil of Socrates.
阿里斯提卜, Aristippus of Cyrene (c. 440 – 366 BC). A Cyrenaic. Advocate of ethical hedonism.
Alcidamas c. 435 – c. 350 BC). Sophist.
Lycophron (Sophist) c. 430 – c. 350 BC). Sophist.
Diogenes of Apollonia (c. 425 BC – c 350 BC). Cosmologist.
Hippo (c. 425 – c 350 BC). Atheist cosmologist.
色诺芬, Xenophon (c. 427 – 355 BC). Historian.
柏拉图, Plato (c. 427 – 347 BC). Famed for view of the transcendental forms. Advocated polity
governed by philosophers.
Speusippus (c. 408 – 339 BC). Nephew of Plato. 347 年统领学园
Eudoxus of Cnidus (c. 408 – 355 BC). Pupil of Plato.
第欧根尼, Diogenes of Sinope (c. 404/399 – 323 BC). Cynic. 犬儒学派
Xenocrates (c. 396 – 314 BC). Disciple of Plato.
亚 里 士 多 德 , Aristotle (c. 384 – 322 BC). A polymath whose works ranged across all
philosophical fields.

Hellenistic era philosophers 希腊化时期

300–200 BC
Theophrastus (c. 371 BC–c. 287 BC). Peripatetic.
皮浪, Pyrrho of Elis (c. 360 – 270 BC). Skeptic.
Strato of Lampsacus (c. 340 BC–c. 268 BC). Atheist, Materialist.
伊壁鸠鲁, Epicurus (c. 341 – 270 BC). Materialist Atomist, hedonist. Founder of Epicureanism
芝诺, Zeno of Citium (c. 333 – 264 BC). Founder of Stoicism.
克利安西, Cleanthes, 331-233 BC
Timon (c. 320 – 230 BC). Pyrrhonist, skeptic.
克里希普思 Chrysippos of Soli (c. 280 – 207 BC). Major figure in Stoicism. 斯多亚派

200–100 BC
Carneades (c. 214 – 129 BC). Academic skeptic. Understood probability as the purveyor of truth.

Roman era philosophers 罗马时代

100 BC – 100 AD
Lucretius (c. 99 – 55 BC). Epicurean.
西塞罗 Cicero (c. 106 BC – 43 BC) Skeptic. Political theorist.
斐洛 Philo (c. 20 BC – 40 AD). Believed in the allegorical method of reading texts.
塞内卡 Seneca the Younger (c. 4 BC – 65 AD). Stoic.
昆体良 Quintilian (c. 35 – c. 100 AD). Rhetorician and teacher

100–200 AD 一般的哲学家和教父
爱比克泰德 Epictetus (c. 55 – 135). Stoic. Emphasized ethics of self–determination.
奥勒留 Marcus Aurelius (121–180). Stoic.

200–400 AD
Sextus Empiricus (fl. during the 2nd and possibly the 3rd centuries AD). Skeptic, Pyrrhonist.
Plotinus (c. 205 – 270). Neoplatonist. Had a holistic metaphysics.
Porphyry (c. 232 – 304). Student of Plotinus.
Iamblichus of Syria (c. 245 – 325). Late neoplatonist. Espoused theurgy.
Augustine of Hippo (c. 354 – 430). Original Sin. Church father.
Proclus (c. 412 – 485). Neoplatonist.