Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm of photovoltaic System:

A Review
*
Zhipeng Fan, Shaowu Li , Hang Cheng, Liwei Liu
School oflnformation Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000
*E-mail: xidu_surfer@163.com
Abstract: The perturbation observation method is one of the most commonly used methods to track the
maximum power of photovoltaic (PV) system, but there are few reviews on perturb and observe (P&O)
algorithm. In this paper, the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on P&O algorithm is discussed.
The classical fixed-step P&O algorithm, improved classical P&O algorithm and hybrid P&O combine with
intelligent algorithms are analyzed in terms of accuracy and fast tracking. By comparing the study of MPPT
method in P&O algorithm, it is found that in recent years, researchers have improved the classical P&O
algorithm through the improved classical P&O algorithm and the hybrid algorithm of P&O combined with
machine learning/meta-heuristic. These two methods can reduce the oscillation of MPP, accelerate the
convergence speed, improve the tracking accuracy, reduce the power loss and improve the conversion
efficiency of PV system.
Key Words: PV system, P&O, MPPT, Meta-heuristic
2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) | 978-1-6654-4089-9/21/$31.00 ©2021 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/CCDC52312.2021.9602272

The organizational structure of this paper is as follows:

1 INTRODUCTION section 2 introduces the traditional P&O, section 3
Along with the depletion of the fossil energy and describes the improvement method of P&O, section 4
environmental pollution, governments pay more and more analyzes the methods proposed in the literature in recent
attention to renewable clean energy [ 1 , 2] . No pollution years, and section 5 summarizes the paper.
during PV power generation, simple maintenance and the 2 CONVENTIONAL PERTURB AND
advantages of abundant solar energy resources and wide
OBSERVE WITH FIXED STEP SIZE
distribution are paid attention to by scholars at domestic
and foreign. The conversion efficiency of PV power
2.1 Principle of the Conventional P&O method with
generation is one of the important factors restricting the
Fixed Step Size
rapid development of PV power generation system. The
maximum power point tracking can change its input voltage Due to its simple implementation, low cost, easy
and current by adjusting the operating parameters of the troubleshooting, and small maintenance, the conventional
connected converter to ensure maximum power from the P&O algorithm only needs voltage and current sensors,
PV array to improve the conversion efficiency of PV power direct online MPPT technology, does not need any PV array
generation. information, and displays fast convergence to MPP, etc., as
As scholars continue to study it, MPPT algorithm was a control method for extensive research and application.
first applied to the space PV system in 1 968 [3] . Since then,
various MPPT algorithms have been proposed, which are
widely used to track the maximum power point of PV
systems. MPPT control can be divided into two categories:
1 OOOW/m2
the first is conventional MPPT control, mainly with Perturb
and observe method [4-6], incremental conductance
method [ 1 , 7-9] and so on. The second is intelligent
algorithm, including fuzzy control method [ 1 , 1 0],
simulated annealing algorithm (SAA) [ 1 1], ant colony
optimization algorithm (ACO) [12, 1 3], particle swarm
optimization (PSO) [ 1 4, 1 5], artificial neural network Voltage (V)

method (ANN), genetic algorithm (GA) [ 1 6, 17] and other
meta-heuristic algorithm and learning automata (LA) [ 1 8],
gradient rise [ 1 9], least squares algorithm [20-22] and other
machine learning methods.
*Corresponding author.
This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation (NNSF)
of China under Grant 6 1 963014.
Fig. 1 . Conventional P&O MPPT technique
Its basic principle is to increase or decrease the output
voltage of the solar PV array by changing the duty ratio 'd'
of the DC-DC converter every certain time. This process is
called "disturbance", and the direction of its output power
changes after observation. As shown in Fig.1, if the output
voltage is disturbed, solar PV panels and /:J.P > 0 , then we
can know the working point is located in the left of the MPP
of maximum power point, disturbance observation

978- 1-6654-4089-9/21/$3 1 .00 @202 1 IEEE 14 13

Authorized licensed use limited to: CENTRO FED DE EDUCACAO TECNOLOGICA DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on May 22,2023 at 17:24:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 algorithm and therefore will increase the reference voltage
of PV solar panels, so that the working point toward the
MPP. Or, if the output voltage disturbance, solar PV panels
and /1 P < 0 , then we can know that the right side of the
working point is located in the MPP point. P&O algorithm
will reduce the reference voltage of solar PV panels, and
then move the working point to MPP point [ 1 6] . We can
periodically repeat this process until we reach the MPP
point.
2.2 Shortcomings of the Conventional P&O method
Although the Conventional P&O MPPT technique has
been widely used, it also has several obvious shortcomings,
some of which have been mentioned in Refs. [ 1 9, 23]. This
paper summarizes the relevant shortcomings and analyzes
the reasons for them as follows;
Firstly, the MPP point shock problem, as shown in
Fig.2., when disturbance near gradually work into the MPP,
the operating point in the 2-1-3 - 1 -2 circular movement,
namely tJ.P values have been changing between
positive-zero- negative, this is the shortcomings exist near a
MPP oscillation.
Secondly, the system cannot give consideration to
both tracking accuracy and response speed. When a small
step is adopted, as shown in Fig. 2 (a), the oscillation is
small and accurate, but the response speed of the system is
slow. When the step size is large, as shown in Fig. 2 (b),
although the response speed is improved, the vibration
generated is larger and the accuracy is reduced.
250
C MP P )
____i:__? .;-': 1 � 3
W/m2 ). In addition, the maximum power point from point 2
to 8 points. However, at point 4, when dP > 0 and dV > 0 ,
the duty ratio increases and the voltage decreases, s o the
working point deviates and moves to point 5, instead of
moving towards the maximum power point (point 8). This
is the third disadvantage of traditional P&O algorithms, a
process known as "wrong tracking direction" . In point 5,
when dP < 0 , dV > 0 , the duty ratio increases; The
working point moves in the correct direction (point 8). The
number of iterations required by the algorithm to reach the
new maximum power point will be determined by the step
size of the duty ratio. However, only if the amount of
radiation at point 5 does not increase will it move in the
right direction. Otherwise, the operating point will further
deviate from the maximum power point direction, and
move away from the maximum power point direction.
Because solar radiation is not always constant, tracking the
wrong direction can seriously affect the conversion
efficiency of solar panels. This disadvantage is that the
algorithm does not distinguish between an increase in
voltage and power, an increase in solar radiation, or an
increase in disturbance. The above three problems increase
the power loss of PV system and reduce the system
efficiency.
�������
250 CMPP)
,,-- a ....__
200 �7
[ 150 /
� 100
(l_

Oscillations
200 around the -,-
MP P
50
� 150
I 10 15 Volt� M 25 30 35 40
100
Fig.3. rapidly changing irradiation
50
3 IMPROVEMENT ALGORITHM

10 15 20 25 Existing improved algorithm is mainly divided into

Voltage (V)
two kinds: the first is a variable step n; The second is
(a)Small fixed step adaptive step size. However, the essence of the two
size methods is the same. When the operating point is not near
250 MPP, a larger fixed step size is adopted to reduce the
corresponding time; but when the operating point moves
200
near MPP, a smaller step size is adopted to improve the
� 150 tracking accuracy. Details are as follows:
J 100
3.1 Improved Conventional P&O Algorithm

The existing improved classical P&O method of fixed

50
- --- i step size is essentially the P&O method of variable step size,
that is, when it is far away from MPP, it adopts a longer
10 15 20 25 30 35 4(
Voltage (V) stride length to improve the response speed; when the
(b)Large fixed step size operating point moves to MPP, it adopts a smaller step
Fig.2. Oscillations around the MPP length to reduce the oscillation of MPP point and improve
Thirdly, the possible error tracking radiation is rapidly the accuracy. As shown in Fig.4, a threshold is added or
changing the direction, as shown in figure 3, assuming that subtracted according to the voltage value ( Vmpp ) of MPP
the initial radiation of 400 W/m2 , if radiation rapidly under various radiation conditions near the MPP point. As a
changing to 1 000 W/m2 , the operating point moves from partition or boundary, small steps are adopted within the
point 2 to point 4, rather than the point 3, because the PV boundary and long strides are adopted outside the boundary.
panels generate new P - V curves due to radiation This improved method can reduce the oscillation at the
increases (curve transformation from 400 W/m2 to 1 000

14 14 2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

Authorized licensed use limited to: CENTRO FED DE EDUCACAO TECNOLOGICA DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on May 22,2023 at 17:24:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 MPP point, improve the accuracy, and increase the tracking
speed ·
��������������������-,
250 MPP I
v -5%
mpp I : ...
- mpp
200
-... .
� Metaheuristic is an iterative generation process, through the
�150
�
"- 100
50
o l...i!�
!!l �r=
5 ==�1�
0���
1 5��2�
0��2� 30-'---�3�5�__140
5_:_��
Voltage (V)
Fig.4. Position change of Vmpp depending of the irradiance level.
In Ref. [23], the author divided the working area into
four regions by using the P&O of variable step size. In these
four regions, the step size is different, and the step size
changes with the distance between the working area and
MPP. [24] Adaptive P&O is adopted, which uses current
disturbance to replace voltage disturbance and improves
tracking performance. The adaptive P&O method has a
faster tracking speed and low power, voltage and current
curve oscillation during steady-state.
In Refs. [25-27] all introduce boundary threshold.
Given a boundary, when the operation point moves to the
boundary, the boundary can be used to prevent the
operation point from moving away from MPP. In Ref. [25]
proposed a method to reduce the steady-state oscillation
and the probability of tracking direction loss. Under various
radiation conditions, the voltage value of MPP point is
added or reduced by 5% as the boundary, so that the
operating point oscillates around MPP all the time without
wrong direction tracking. The modified mode retains the
traditional P&O structure, but adopts a unique technique of
dynamically changing the disturbance size. The key to the
success of the algorithm is that it can accurately detect the
occurrence of oscillation and introduce a boundary
condition to prevent it from deviating from MPP
uncontrollably.
In Ref. [2], a dual-mode MPPT algorithm was adopted,
which improved the first and third disadvantages of the
above traditional P&O technologies. The improved method
adopts mode 1 , namely traditional P&O algorithm, when
the solar radiation is constant or changes slowly. When the
solar radiation changes rapidly, mode 2 is adopted and
variable step size is adopted to track MPP. The two modes
are compared with a reference threshold by comparing the
derivative value. When the derivative value is less than the
threshold value, mode 1 is adopted; when the derivative
value is greater than the threshold value, it indicates that in
the rapidly changing radiation environment, mode 2 is
selected for tracking.
3.2 Hybrid algorithm
In essence, the hybrid algorithm is an adaptive
algorithm, which mainly refers to the combination of
searching for the optimal solution through continuous
iteration and the traditional P&O algorithm, so that the new
algorithm can automatically adjust the step size to optimize
the shortcomings of the traditional P&O and improve the
conversion efficiency of MPP. Common iterative methods
2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)
Authorized licensed use limited to: CENTRO FED DE EDUCACAO TECNOLOGICA DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on May 22,2023 at 17:24:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
include meta-heuristic algorithm, machine learning
algorithm, etc. Meta-heuristic algorithm is the
improvement of heuristic algorithm, is the combination of
v +5%
random algorithm and local search algorithm product.
intelligent combination of different concepts, this process
realizes the exploration and development of search space
with heuristic algorithm. In this process, learning strategies
are used to acquire and grasp information in order to
effectively discover approximate optimal solutions.
In Refs. [ 1 5 , 1 6, 26, 28-32], meta-heuristic and P&O
hybrid optimization methods were used to improve the
shortcomings of traditional P&O. In Ref. [ 1 5], parameter
tuning algorithms based on genetic algorithm (GA) and
cuckoo search (CS) were proposed to provide optimal
controller parameters for P&O MPPT. This algorithm
overcomes the shortcoming of classical P&O multi-point
tracking algorithm in atmospheric environment changing
rapidly, such as oscillation near the maximum power point,
slow convergence speed, etc., and has strong robustness to
rapidly changing sunlight, which proves that this algorithm
has the ability to track MPP in atmospheric environment
changing randomly and rapidly.
In Ref. [26] proposed a new MPPT algorithm by
combining P&O algorithm and Fuzzy Logic Control C FLC )
algorithm. The algorithm takes advantage of the simple
properties of P&O and FLC, and reduces the computational
complexity without affecting the high performance. The
author verified the optimal performance of the adaptive
P&O-Fuzzy MPPT algorithm through the steady-state and
dynamic simulation results, and realized the high MPP ratio
with low oscillation and overshoot, which is conducive to
the operation with high stability. Significant differences
were observed at low irradiance and could be treated by this
algorithm. In Ref. [29] proposed BAT optimization P&O.
In Ref. [ 1 6] proposed genetic algorithm-PID-P&O joint
optimization MPPT. In Ref. [ 3 1 ] proposed gray Wolf
algorithm optimization P&O. In Ref. [30] proposed
fireworks method optimization P&O. In Ref. [32] used
artificial swarm hybrid P&O optimization. In Ref. [28] used
Q-Modified Krill shrimp Swarm algorithm (Q-MKH)
optimization model parameters. These methods are all to
find the optimal duty ratio through iteration through
meta-heuristic algorithm, and to get the best step size by
adjusting duty ratio. These methods can effectively
improve tracking speed and reduce oscillation.
In Refs. [ 17, 1 8, 2 1 ] are all literature on hybrid
optimization method of machine learning and P&O.
Among them, In Ref. [ 1 8] uses the adaptive disturbance
observation method and the gradient ascent method to
constantly update the duty ratio, that is, to add a momentum
term propagating in a similar direction to the disturbance to
improve the performance of the disturbance observation
method. This improved method has a faster response to
MPP and less oscillation to MPP. The author's optimization
algorithm is,
11D(n) D(n) - D(n-1)
=
(1)
11D (n J al1Dcn-1) + f(n)
(2)
=
14 15
 In the formula, D (n J is duty ratio, 'n' is momentum 3.3 Shortcomings of the Improvement Algorithm
parameter, and f(n) is disturbance in traditional P&O Compared with the classical algorithm, the improved
algorithm. The author regards the above equation (2) as algorithm has some improvements in tracking accuracy and
difference equation and solves the equation tracking speed, but the improved algorithm also has
n
ilD(n) L�=O a -tf (t) (3) disadvantages, which are summarized as follows:
=
Disadvantages of the classical optimization algorithm:
Equation (3) above indicates an exponential weighted sum
during current disturbance, when 0 < D(n) < 1 , the latest
although additional hardware is not required, the program
design needs to be changed in order to achieve additional
time instantaneous term 'n' has a higher weight. functions, which makes the requirements for hardware
In Ref. [ 1 7] will learning automata (LA) and the increased.
technology of P&O hybrid method. LA will find out the The disadvantages of the hybrid algorithm are more
optimal duty ratio in various environmental conditions obvious. Firstly, it needs DSP or FPGA to assist in the
(temperature T, radiation G) through the learning process. optimization, which directly increases the complex both in
The author proposes that the disturbance voltage of the hardware and designing implementation, and at the same
method is changed according to the increase or decrease of time increases the hardware cost significantly. Secondly,
the optimal duty ratio voltage to reach MPP with a small the hybrid algorithm also increases computational burden.
disturbance value. This technique divides the operation Finally, in order to improve the accuracy of some
division into 27 sub-regions, and gives the most duty ratio algorithms, a large number of data are needed for training.
of each region according to the radiation and temperature
table lookup. However, this method relies on table lookup, 4 COMPARISON AND ANALYSIS
is complicated, and requires a large amount of execution
This section makes a comparative analysis of the
time in DSP controller, resulting in relatively low response
above MPPT. In Tab. I, it compares the complexity,
speed and high-power consumption. In Ref. [ 2 1 ] used P&O
accuracy, convergence speed and tracking efficiency of the
mixed least square method and PID control to adjust
classical fixed-step P&O, improved and hybrid methods. In
self-tuning MPPT.
Tab.2, it compares and analyzes the merits and demerits of
Tab.2 merits and demerits of different P&O methods
Ref. MPPT technique merits demerits
fuzzy-P&O very quickly converges to MPP complex both in hardware and designing implementation
no oscillations at MPP under low irradiance precision is not so high
robust usually need a DSP
do not require the knowledge of the exact more complexity and cost
model
2 a dual-mode very quickly converges to MPP more complexity (rapidly changing environment used
P&O mode 2)
oscillations at MPP
3 P&O simple, robust, high efficiency oscillations around the MPP
wrong tracks under rapidly changing environment
7 improve P&O reduced oscillations at MPP complex both in hardware implementation and designing
improve tracking efficiency more complexity and cost
8 IC attains MPP accurately costlier than the P&O due to requirement of higher
higher efficiency and fast convergence sampling rate and speed control because of the complex
structure
differentiation process under low levels of insolation
becomes difficult and results are unsatisfactory
11 ACO improves convergence characteristics increase computational burden,
13 PSO reduced oscillations at MPP more complexity and cost
computed very rapidly need a DSP
15 GA-cuckoo-P&O robust complex both in hardware implementation and designing
higher efficiency and fast convergence more complexity and cost
need a DSP
16 GA-PID-P&O robust complex both in hardware implementation and designing
higher efficiency and fast convergence more complexity and cost
reduction of the ripple need a DSP
17 LA-P&O improved the tracking performance costlier
less oscillation around MPP for accurate training large data is required
18 dynamic faster response toward the MPP increase computational burden
response P&O smaller oscillations about MPP
22 three point reduced oscillations at MPP increase complexity
weighted quickly converges decrease in operating speed
28 8-modified krill limited oscillations increase computational burden
herd stable operation increase complexity
algorithm-P&O
29 BA reduced oscillations at MPP increase computational burden
improve tracking efficiency increase complexity
31 GWO-P&O faster response toward the MPP complex both in hardware implementation and designing
more complexity and cost
32 ABC-P&O enhanced working efficacy increase computational burden
greater performance and precision more complexity

1416 2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)

Authorized licensed use limited to: CENTRO FED DE EDUCACAO TECNOLOGICA DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on May 22,2023 at 17:24:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 the PV system P&O maximum power point tracking
literature in recent years.
Tab. l comparison of features
characteristics type of P&O algorithms
conventional improve hybrid
P&O P&O P&O
complexity low medium high
accuracy low medium high
convergence speed medium medium high
tracking efficiency low low high
5 CONCLUSION
The P&O MPPT method of PV system is summarized
in this paper. Aimed at the disadvantages of conventional
P&O, the proposed method has improved the conventional
P&O algorithm and hybrid method improve the P&O
algorithm both classes, including classical fixed step P&O
algorithm is only need two sensors, testing temperature and
irradiation quantity, do not need to add new components,
only need to add a function in the MPPT tracking program,
define thresholds; Method two is hybrid optimization
algorithm, this method is mainly by machine learning and
meta-heuristic algorithm, iterative to find the most duty
ratio, get the operating point at each time the maximum
Uber length, but this method needs to increase the DSP
hardware to increase the cost. Both of the two improved
methods can reduce the oscillation of MPP, accelerate the
convergence speed, improve the tracking accuracy, reduce
the power loss, and improve the conversion efficiency of
PV system.
REFERENCES
[ l ] Dorji, S., et al., Maximum Power Point Tracking of solar PV
cell using Perturb & Observe and fuzzy logic controller
algorithm for boost converter and quadratic boost converter.
Materials Today: Proceedings. 27: p. 1224-1229, 2020.
[2] Ghamrawi, A., J.-P. Gaubert, and D. Mehdi, A new
dual-mode maximum power point tracking algorithm based
on the Perturb and Observe algorithm used on solar energy
system. Solar Energy. 174: p. 508-514, 2018.
[3] Esram, T. and P.L. Chapman, Comparison of PV Array
Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion. 22(2): p. 439-449, 2007.
[ 4] Bianconi, E., et al., Perturb and Observe MPPT algorithm
with a current controller based on the sliding mode.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems,
2013. 44(1): p. 346-356, 2013.
[5] Sera, D., et al., On the Perturb-and-Observe and Incremental
Conductance MPPT Methods for PV Systems. IEEE Journal
of PVs. 3(3): p. 1070-1078, 2013.
[6] Tafticht, T., et al., An improved maximum power point
tracking method for PV systems. Renewable Energy. 33(7): p.
1 508- 1 5 16, 2008.
[7] Elgendy, M.A., B. Zahawi, and D.J. Atkinson, Assessment of
the Incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point
Tracking Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable
Energy. 4(1): p. 1 08-1 17, 2013.
[8] Huynh, D.C. and M.W. Dunnigan, Development and
Comparison of an Improved Incremental Conductance
Algorithm for Tracking the MPP of a Solar PV Panel. IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 7(4): p. 1421-1429,
2016.
2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)
Authorized licensed use limited to: CENTRO FED DE EDUCACAO TECNOLOGICA DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on May 22,2023 at 17:24:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
[9] M. A. A. Mohd Zainuri, M. A. Mohd Radzi, and A.C.S.a.N.A.
Rahim, Development of adaptive perturb and observe-fuzzy
control maximum power point tracking for PV boost de-de
converter. IET Renewable Power Generation, vol. 8, no. 2,
pp. 1 83-194, March 2014, doi: 10.1 049/iet-rpg.2012.0362.,
2014.
[ 1 0] Lyden, S. and M.E. Haque, A Simulated Annealing Global
Maximum Power Point Tracking Approach for PV Modules
Under Partial Shading Conditions. IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics. 3 1 (6): p. 4171-4 1 8 1 , 2016.
[ 1 1] Krishnan G, S., et al., MPPT in PV systems using ant colony
optimization with dwindling population. IET Renewable
Power Generation. 14(7): p. 1 105- 1 1 12, 2020.
[ 1 2] Titri, S., et al., A new MPPT controller based on the Ant
colony optimization algorithm for PV systems under partial
shading conditions. Applied Soft Computing. 58: p. 465-479,
2017.
[13] Ishaque, K., et al., An Improved Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO)-Based MPPT for PV With Reduced
Steady-State Oscillation. IEEE Transactions on Power
Electronics. 27(8): p. 3627-3638, 2012.
[ 1 4] Liu, Y.-H., et al., A Particle Swarm Optimization-Based
Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm for PV Systems
Operating Under Partially Shaded Conditions. IEEE
Transactions on Energy Conversion. 27(4): p. 1027-1 035,
2012.
[ 1 5] Ahmed, N.A., S. Abdul Rahman, and B.N. Alajmi, Optimal
controller tuning for P &O maximum power point tracking of
PV systems using genetic and cuckoo search algorithms.
International Transactions on Electrical Energy Systems,
2020.
[ 1 6] Harrag, A. and S. Messalti, Variable step size modified P&O
MPPT algorithm using GA-based hybrid offline/online PID
controller. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 49:
p. 1247-1260, 2015.
[ 1 7] Sheik Mohammed, S., D. Devaraj, and T.P. Imthias Ahamed,
A novel hybrid Maximum Power Point Tracking Technique
using Perturb & Observe algorithm and Leaming Automata
for solar PV system. Energy. 1 12: p. 1096-1 106, 2016.
[ 1 8] Raiker, G.A., Dynamic Response of Maximum Power Point
Tracking using Perturb and Observe Algorithm with
Momentum Term. IEEE 44th PV Specialist Conference
(PVSC), Washington, DC, 2017, pp. 3073-3076, doi:
10. l 109/PVSC.2017.8366696., 2017.
[ 1 9] Bag, A., B. Subudhi, and P.K. Ray, An Adaptive Variable
Leaky Least Mean Square Control Scheme for Grid
Integration of a PV System. IEEE Transactions on
Sustainable Energy. 1 1(3): p. 1 508- 1 5 1 5, 2020.
Gradient Descent Least Squares Regression-Based NN
[20] Kumar, N., B. Singh, and B.K. Panigrahi, Framework of
Structure for Power Quality Improvement in PY-Integrated
Low-Voltage Weak Grid System. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics. 66(12): p. 9724-9733, 2019.
[21] Subudhi, B. and R. Pradhan, A New Adaptive Maximum
Power Point Controller for a PV System. IEEE Transactions
on Sustainable Energy. 1 0(4): p. 1625-1632, 2019.
[22] S. M. Fatemi, M.S.S.a.A.T., Comparison of Three-Point
P&O and Hill Climbing Methods for Maximum Power Point
Tracking in PV Systems. International Power Electronics,
Drive Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC),
Shiraz, Iran, 2019, pp. 764-768, 2019.
[23] Ali, ALM., M.A. Sayed, and E.E.M. Mohamed, modified
efficient perturb and observe maximum power point tracking
technique for grid-tied PV system. International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems. 99: p. 192-202, 2018.
1417
 [24] Alivarani Mohapatral , B.N., Chidurala Saiprakash3,
Adaptive Perturb & Observe MPPT for PV System with
Experimental Validation. IEEE International Conference on
Sustainable Energy Technologies and systems
(IEEE-ICSETS 2019), 2019.
[25] Ahmed, J. and Z. Salam, an improved perturb and observe
(P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm
for higher efficiency. Applied Energy. 1 50: p. 97-108, 201 5 .
[26] Ahmed, J . and Z. Salam, A Modified P&O Maximum Power
Point Tracking Method with Reduced Steady-State
Oscillation and Improved Tracking Efficiency. IEEE
Transactions on Sustainable Energy. 7(4): p . 1 506-1 5 1 5,
201 6 .
[27] Alik, R . and A. Jusoh, Modified Perturb and Observe (P&O)
with checking algorithm under various solar irradiation.
Solar Energy. 1 48: p. 1 28-139, 2017.
[28] Ali, Z.M., et al., Variable step size perturb and observe
MPPT controller by applying 0-modified krill herd
14 18 2021 33rd Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC)
Authorized licensed use limited to: CENTRO FED DE EDUCACAO TECNOLOGICA DE MINAS GERAIS. Downloaded on May 22,2023 at 17:24:28 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
algorithm-sliding mode controller under partially shaded
conditions. Journal of Cleaner Production. 27 1 , 2020.
[29] da Rocha, M.V., L.P. Sampaio, and S .A.O. da S ilva,
Comparative analysis of MPPT algorithms based on Bat
algorithm for PV systems under partial shading condition.
Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 2020.
[30] Manickam, C., et al., Fireworks Emiched P&O Algorithm for
GMPPT and Detection of Partial Shading in PV Systems.
IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 32(6): p .
4432-4443, 2017.
[3 1 ] Mohanty, S . , B. Subudhi, and P.K. Ray, A Grey
Wolf-Assisted Perturb & Observe MPPT Algorithm for a PV
System. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion. 32(1): p.
340-347, 2017.
[32] Pilakkat, D. and S . Kanthalakshmi, Single phase PV system
operating under Partially Shaded Conditions with ABC-PO
as MPPT algorithm for grid connected applications. Energy
Reports. 6: p . 1 9 1 0- 1 9 2 1 . 1 , 2020.