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机械循环支持治疗心力衰竭的研究进展
尤涛 黄剑 综述 陈建昌 审校
( 苏州大学附属第二医院心血管内科,江苏 苏州 215004)
Abstract: The current therapy for end stage heart failure mainly consists of standard medication,cardiac transplantation and mechani-
cal circulatory support ( MCS) . Ever since its' invention in the 20th century,considerable progress have been seen in this field. With the
progress of technology,the utilization of mechanical circulatory support has evolved from solo pre-transplantation bridging into long term and
destination support. The most extensively used and studied MCS apparatus is the left ventricular assist device ( VAD or LVAD) ,accompa-
nied by intra aortic balloon pump,extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and total artificial heart. According to the latest evidence from re-
cent large scale clinical trials such as REMATCH,HM Ⅱ DT,etc,indications for MCS has expanded and patients treated with this technol-
ogy received substantial benefits. A growing number of MCS supported patients have added new evidence into our current knowledge,inclu-
ding emerging cases with various complications,such as bleeding,infection and thrombosis. All these changes are calling for optimization of
implantation timing,operation techniques and peri-procedure care. The recent progress of minimized component,contact-free rotor driving
system,as well as the evolution of novel material,is facilitating the development of next-generation MCS,featured by optimized mobility,
simplicity and durability. Hopefully,future cardiac mechanical support device will replace cardiac transplantation and become a standard
treatment for heart failure.
Key words: mechanical circulatory support; end stage heart failure; destination therapy; left ventricular aid device; indications
1 机械循环支持发展史 对神经内分泌系统及病理重构研发的药物,如血管紧
经过半世纪的发展,机械循环支持 ( MCS) 已成为 张素转换酶抑制剂、β 受体阻滞剂,已成为一线治疗并
治疗终末期心力衰竭的重要手段。 该设备最初仅用 列入指南。 经皮冠状动脉介入治疗 ( PCI) 飞速发展,
于心脏移植前过渡,随着技术革新,其适应证已扩展 也改善了先天 性 心 脏 病、冠 心 病 所 致 心 力 衰 竭 的 预
至终点治疗,并于 2002 年由美国国立卫生院 ( NIH) 批 后。然而,大部分心脏病患者最终难逃终末期心力衰
[1]
准用 于 非 心 脏 移 植 适 应 证 的 终 末 期 心 力 衰 竭 。 竭,并死 于 泵 衰 竭 或 恶 性 心 律 失 常。 心 脏 再 同 步 化
1970 年以来,心力衰竭机制研究取得突破性进展,针 ( CRT) 虽改善心功能,但适用范围有限,心内植入式
4. 2 溶血 杂,不易标准化。设计简单的随机对照试验评判其疗
常见于微轴流泵系统,如 Impella 2. 5。 正确的输 效尚存在一定困难。
入导管位置可减少这一并发症。 7 结论
4. 3 栓塞及脑卒中 20 世纪 80 年代以后,血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂、
致命性的脑卒中仍是最严重的并发症之一,各种 β 受体阻滞剂等药物在心力衰竭治疗领域取得了革命
装置的脑卒中风险类似。 已有一项试验评价华法林 性突破,此后 30 余年间 MCS 的发展进一步提高了重
联合阿司匹林抗凝作为预防治疗 。 症心力衰竭患者的生存质量及预后。 未来随着技术
4. 4 血流动力学异常 进步,这一得益有望进一步扩大。MCS 直接改善心脏
过快的流入道抽吸速度可能导致左心室塌陷,室 血流动力学,打破恶性循环,对药物治疗反应差的心
间隔偏曲; 而不恰当的血管活性药物可致外周血管阻 力衰竭患者有显著疗效,已成为重者难治性心力衰竭
[13]
力急剧上升、泵供血流不足,使脏器缺血 。 和心源性休克治疗的希望所在。VAD 支持使无法进
4. 5 机械故障 行心脏移植的终末期心力衰竭患者有了新的选择。在
虽发生 率 不 高,但 后 果 严 重。 在 REMATCH 和 现有证据基础上,开展更多大规模临床试验,将有助于
HM Ⅱ DT 试验中,部分患者因 MCS 部件故障而不得 客观评价 MCS 疗效,为未来的规范化治疗提供依据。
不重新手术、甚至死亡。 可以相信,随着目前对其分子机制的深入研究和新技术
4. 6 感染 的研发,
MCS 将有望成为除药物治疗外,对抗心力衰竭
多为细菌,病原体来自管路、泵自身或驱动电缆。 的有力武器,
带来心力衰竭治疗的二次革命。
非接触式充电技术有望改善这一情况 。
[参 考 文 献 ]
4. 7 出血
多见于动静脉畸形患者。 恒流泵因液体切应力 [1] Frazier OH,Delgado RM. Mechanical circulatory support for advanced heart
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较高,凝血因子聚合受限,发生出血概率较高 。
[2] Undar A,Wang S. Current devices for pediatric extracorporeal life support and
5 不足之处 mechanical circulatory support systems in the United States[J]. Biomed Mater
目前研究显示 MCS 有助于改善血流动力学指标, Eng,2013,23: 57-62.
但仍缺乏随机大样本生存获益的阳性结果。 随机分 [3] Kirklin JK,Naftel DC. Mechanical circulatory support: registering a therapy in
evolution[J]. Circ Heart Fail,2008,
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组的伦理问题,患者与装置选择的不确定性、治疗时
[4] Prondzinsky R,Lemm H,Swyter M,et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation
机的 差 异 均 可 能 导 致 不 易 获 得 一 致 结 果。 此 外, in patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock:
LVAD 平均价格为 30 万 ~ 40 万元,总治疗费可超过 the prospective,randomized IABP SHOCK Trial for attenuation of multiorgan
[15] [5] Pae WE,Connell JM,Adelowo A,et al. Does total implantability reduce infec-
的广泛使用 。 tion with the use of a left ventricular assist device? The LionHeart experience in
6 展望与方向 Europe[J]. J Heart Lung Transplant,2007,26: 219-229.
6. 1 恒流优于脉冲 [6] Carrel T,Englberger L,Martinelli MV,et al. Continuous flow left ventricular
assist devices: a valid option for heart failure patients[J]. Swiss Med Wkly,
虽然经典的脉冲泵仍具有最大限度增加充盈压 、
2012,142: w13701.
提供更佳双心室支持等优点,恒流泵对血流动力学支 [7] Thiele H,Sick P,Boudriot E,et al. Randomized comparison of intra-aortic
持更理想,仍是当今 LVAD 的发展趋势,且恒流双心 balloon support with a percutaneous left ventricular assist device in patients with
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support ( destination therapy) : on track to compete with heart transplantation [15] Alba AC,Alba LF,Delgado DH,et al. Cost-effectiveness of ventricular assist
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144: 584-603; discussion 597-598. device therapy as a bridge to transplantation compared with nonbridged cardiac
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and complications[J]. Heart Fail Rev,2013,18: 35-53. 收稿日期: 2013-10-25
女性猝死危险因素及相关疾病
童琳 综述 蔡琳 审校
( 成都市第三人民医院心内科,四川 成都 610031)
摘要: 心源性猝死是发达国家最主要的死因之一,而女性猝死和男性相比有其自身的特点。汇总几个专门针对女性猝死的
大型前瞻性随访研究,结果提示吸烟、运动、饮酒、抑郁焦虑情绪、脂肪酸的种类、饮食及血清镁的含量以及肥胖是女性猝死的危险
因素。除冠心病、心肌梗死、心力衰竭以外高血压、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全等疾病也和猝死的发生密切相关。
关键词: 女性猝死; 危险因素; 病因
Abstract: Sudden cardiac death is one of the leading causes of death in developed countries. Summary of several specialized large pro-
spective follow-up studies of sudden death for women suggest that smoking,exercise,alcohol,depression and anxiety,the type of fatty acid,
content of the diet and serum magnesium and obesity are risk factors for sudden death. In addition to coronary heart disease,myocardial in-
farction and heart failure,hypertension,diabetes,chronic renal failure are also closely related to the occurrence of sudden death.
Key words: women sudden death; risk factor; cause of disease