• MUNICIPALITY OF THE STATE OF KUWAIT

~ /

MANAGEMENT AND CONTROL OF CAR PARKING

KUWAIT PARKING
DESIGN CRITERIA MANUAL
August 2007
I. Forward

The current Kuwait Car Park Design Criteria was based on standards set forth in the 1984
Institute of Structural Engineers "Design recommendation for multi-storey and underground
car parks." While many of these standards are still applicable tochy, the public has grown to
expect from parking facilities increased ease of access, friendlier environments, and a greater
attention to passive security enhancements. Increasingly, parking is considered an integral part
of the economic vitality of an area, and represents a considerable public investment and asset.

The latest trend has changed from a peak of compacts cars in the early 1990's to a new breed
of taller, wider automobiles represented by the Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs), mini-vans and
trucks. This trend, however, is not as universal as the one that took place before it: the compact
car reaction to higher gas prices. In Europe, where gas prices remain quite high, the use of
SUV s is far less than in the United States and Kuwait. While the cars of the current SUV trend
are not as long as the full size luxury vehicles that preceded them, their prominent use does
somewhat affect the current design of parking facilities. This is acknowledged in the update of
the parking design manual for Kuwait. While earlier versions of garage standards suggested a
percent of spaces be designed for "compact cars only", more recent garage design standards
have moved to "one size fits all" with no spaces designed for either small or large vehicles.

In addition, perhaps the most significant changes that have come about in the last 20 years have
been to the materials, methods and equipment that go into garage construction, operation and
safety. This revised document addresses provisions for surface parking lots, handi:apped
accessibility, motorcycle and bicycle parking, and design aspects for buses and trucks
associated with combined-use transit facilities, i.e. Park-and-Rides.

11. Method for updating the manual

The approach used was to first compare the current manual to U.S. industry standards,
resources and best practices. Resources for the updates include books on parking structures,
trade magazine and Internet articles, and research on other U.S. municipality standards. It also
included an extremely thorough examination of design criteria from a municipality located just
outside Washington, D.C. that has won several international design awards for its parking
facilities.

Each section of the current manual was updated, revised, supplied with missing data, and fully
reorganized, introducing new sections and re-grouping old ones.

The proposed new document was thoroughly reviewed and checked by experts in both Europe
and Kuwait, to assure that the manual contains proper technical requirements and code
references relevant to the Kuwait design authorities.

III. Findings

The following is a list itemizing many of the changes suggested in the new Kuwait Parking

Page i
Design Criteria:
I. Reorganization and expansion of Parking Design Criteria including:

a. A new Section on Code Requirements was added, organizing all references

throughout the current manual to a front section and adding new references that are
cited within the revisions. Reference of IES standards to 2002 3rd edition were
updated, including some handicapped references from that document. A new
requirement was included in the Section 1.1 for a registered professional engineer to
certify particular parking design aspects.

b. Section 1.3 "Presentation Requirements for Project Submission" was r~titled and
moved forward . Text was added indicating that further data or requirements may be
requested by the reviewing agency.

c. A Division titled "Architectural" was established, grouping three current Sections,

and adding three new ones, based on considerations related to architectural aspects of
the Project.

d. The "Structural" Division was reorganized, grouping three current Sections, and
adding three new ones, based on considerations related to structural aspects of the
Project.

e. Numerous improvements to "publicly operated" facilities are addressed throughout

the manual. Section 1.1.2 explains how these "publicly operated" elements are
identified, and encourages all car parks open to the public to consider adhering to
some or all of the additional requirements. Additional text provides the ability for
KM to direct adherence of "publicly operated" requirements to any garage, where
applicable, to maintain uniformity.

f. All Sections were expanded to include items that will result in:
1. customer enhancements;
11. improved operations; ·
111. increased passive security;
1v. added efficiency;
v. future flexibility;
v1. reduced maintenance and repairs;
vii. increased lifecycle of the structure;
viii. increased lifecycle of equipment; and
ix. better accommodations for staff functions.

2. The design preference was changed to "clear span" design, rectangular shaped garages,
with auxiliary speed ramps, flat floors, and drive aisles running in the long dimension of
the garages. These measures increase passive security, contain easier circulation patterns,
are efficient to build, allow for future horizontal expansion, and provide an overall higher
level of servicl

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 3. Allowance was made for " cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete slabs supported by a
- cast-in-place post-tensioned frame." This type of construction has been used successfully,
for a couple of decades internationally, for stand-alone and underground garages. [Section
3.2. l]

4. Maximum garage building site coverage and setbacks were established, for use where
zoning ordinance requirements may not exist. [Section 1.2.1]

5. Design preference was changed from angled-spaces and one-way aisles for all garages to
use for garages predominately serving retail customers and adding the preference for 90°
spaces and two-way aisles for garages serving commuters, employees, residents, and
transportation stations where transient in-and-out activity is less. [Section 2.2.2]

6. To eliminate double parking in the drive aisles and increase efficiency, the following
changes to parking space layout and drive aisles dimensions [Section 2.2. l O] are incllded:

a. Modifications to the drawing "Parking Space Layout Standards", providing

dimensions from curb-to-curb, plus standardized overhang, to arrive at column-to-
col umn module width. (Note : Most overall module widths, including overhang
dimensions, remain within a 0.2m of current.)

b. A minor reduction of typical parking space length was made from 5.6m to 5.5m Gust
under 4 inches), matching industry standards more closely.

c. Space depths were revised, based on 5 .Sm space length and actual angle, to arrive a:
new space depths (reduction acknowledges ability for overhang).

d. Drive aisle width of 90° parking was reduced to 6.0m for one way aisle (from 7 and
8) and changed the requirement for two way aisle to 7.00m.

e. One-way aisle widths remain the same, except that the provision for 90° one-way
aisles has been eliminated.

f. A stipulation was added that no aisle or ramp widths can be more than 0.6m above
the minimum standard to reduce double- parking violators. [Section 2 .3.7]

7. Parking should be prohibited along high speed roadways over 50 km/hr.

8. Parallel parking when permitted shall be 2.6m wide x 6.70m long, minimum travel lane
width shall be 3.70m. This places the old 2.50m wide x 7m long with 3 meter travel lane.
see appendix 9 Fig. l.

9. A minor reduction was made to parking space length from 5.6m to 5.5m Gust under 4
inches), matching industry standards more closely. [Section 2.2.9]

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10. Handicapped space requirements were added, including provisions for blue striping.
[Sections 2.2.12 and 2.2.13]

11. Motorcycle and bicycle space requirements were added. [2.2.14]

12. Provisions for truck and bus parking in surface lots were added. [2.2.15]

13. A requirement was added for double-striped space lines. Research has indicated that drivers
are more likely to park correctly between the double-striped limits than when there is only
one stripe. [2.2.16] as shown by appendix 1 figure A 1.1.

14. The column set back was increased from 0.5m to 0.6m to accommodate vehicle overhang
in accordance with overall layout standards [Section 2.2.10 and 2.2.17]

15. Additional space width clearance needed from column/wall was increased from 0.25m to
0.3m, to accommodate door swings of modem vehicles. [Section 2.2.19]

16. Firemen's access-way marking requirements were added for standpipes located between
parking spaces. [Section 2.2.18]

17. Requirements were added for curbs and platfonns in front of parking spaces, and confining
the use of wheel stops to parking lots and non-publicly operated garages. Consultant team
site visits observed severe cleaning issues due to wheel stops at the head of parking spaces
where pedestrians walk. Yet most platforms were relatively clean, at least in the utilized
portions of the public garages. [Section 2.2.11 and 3.1.7]

18. A requirement was added that parking spaces in "publicly operated" facilities are to be
striped 0.6m less than layout requiring vehicles to pull up closer to the curb [Section
2.2.11]; while retaining overall dimensions curb to curb. This is a technique simply to assist
in the prevention of cars parking so that the rear end of the vehicle is protruding into the
drive lane.

19. Changes to (non-parking) ramp widths include increases to almost all widths from O. lm up
to 0.7m (except two-way curved remained the same). The increases are more cmsistent
with industry standards now that wider vehicles such as SUV's and vans are so prevalent.
[Section 2.3.7]

20. Additional provisions for reducing cracks, extending the lifecycle of the concrete, and
reducing structural repairs have been included. [3 .1. 7]

21. Additional provisions for concrete deck sealers were added to prevent slab deterioration,
reduce staining, and protect from water penetration to support service rooms. [3 .1.8]

22. Fire resistance of structural members was increased from 1-hour to 2-hour to reflect
standard fire protection code requirements. [3 .1.11]

Page iv
23. Section were added [3 .6 Paints and Coatings] to specify the paint types, thickness and
surfaces to be coated. These paints and coatings are state-of-the-art materials, designed to
extend the life of the structure, assure ease of cleaning, and standardize colors of parking
-levels, walls, drains and fire lines.

24. Lighting levels were increased at entrance/exit from 200 lux to 500 lux to diminish the
· "black.,out" effect coming from sunlight into the garage. Brighter lighting levels attract
patrons and make pedestrians more visible. [Section 5 .1.16]

25. Lighting levels were established for exterior locations such as the open roof, surface lots,
and garage drive/pedestrians ways outside the garage. These recommended levels, while
lower than most locations within the garage, are at the high end of the standards, yet low
enough to avoid spillover lighting to adjacent properties. (Note: most other lighting levels
from the current manual have been verified as adequate, and retained.) [Section 5.1.16]

26. Changes were made to the hours and patterns certain lighting is to be turned off. [Section
5 .1.17] Recommended is replacing the old Ku 11.10 section with a coordinated system that
allows for a control switch to override the system and operate all lights all the time - as a
security enhancement for the publicly operated facilities.

27. Metal Halide and High Pressure Sodium fixtures that provide far better lighting and require
less maintenance have replaced the requirement for fluorescent tubes. [Section 5.1.18]

28. The following passive security and safety provisions were added:

a. glass-backed elevators or stairwells where feasible; [Section 2.5.2]

b. conduit for future CCTV; [Section 2.5.3]
c. offices and booths equipped with alarms; [Section 2.5.4]
d. increased impact designs for barrier walls; [Sections 2.5.7 and 3.3.8]
e. raised platforms and hand railings at pedestrian lobbies and walkways;
f. positioning of stair and elevator doors toward public; [Section 2.5 .12] and
g. fire standpipe system. [Section 4.1.16]

29. Consideration is given to the standardization of equipment and data communications when
technology is recommended.

30. Allowances are made for the advent of automated parking structures

Page v
-
Kuwait Parking Design Criteria

Section Table of Contents Page

1 General 1
1.1 Code Requirements 1
1.2 Site Use and Preliminary Planning 4
1.3 Presentation Requirements for Project Submission 5
2 Architectural 6
2.1 General 6
. 2.2 Parking Space Layout 7
2.3 Traffic Circulation and Ramps 12
2.4 Entry/Exit Standards 15
2.5 Safety and Security 17
2.6 Pedestrian Circulation and Elevators 18
3 Structural 21
3.1 General 21
3.2 Type of Construction 22
3.3 Design Loads and Requirements 23
3.4 Drainage 24
3.5 Asphalt Paving and Concrete Driveways 26
3.6 Paints and Coatings 26
4 Mechanical 29
4.1 General 29
5 Electrical 32
5.1 General 32
6 Fire Protection 38
6.1 General 38
6.2 Fire safety standards 39
7 Landscaping and Irrigation 39
8 Signage and Graphic 44

9 Support Services 45
9.1 Staff Accommodations and Public Amenities 45
9.2 Parking Revenue Collection System 47
9.3 Provisions for Maintenance 49

Appendix 1: Typical Vehicle and handicap Space Striping Layout

Appendix 2: Typical Layouts at Entry and Exit Gates
Appendix 3: Calculation of Dynamic Capacity
Appendix 4: Calculation of Exit Reservoir Space
Appendix 5: Parking Policies relevant to Parking Design Criteria
Appendix 6: Signs on Ribbed Floors
Appendix 7: Parking Rates by Land-use
Appendix 8: Paint Color Codes
Appendix 9: Parking Orientation
Appendix 10: Public Amenities
Appendix 11: Bus and Truck Parking Recommendations

Page vi
Section 1 - General

1. 1 Code Requirements
1.1.1 These parking criteria were specifically designed for all multi-storey car parks, surface
lots and on-street parking spaces that allow public access. However, the basic
requirements are also applicable to all private surface car parks and to car parking
associated with private sector developments and major rehab projects, including those
within the City of Kuwait and outside the City, i.e. including the new towns. The
intention is to provide consistency in layout, signs and services, in order to optimize
public familiarity with the car parks.

1.1.2 In this document most standards apply to all garages open to the public. Throughout the
document references are made to automated car parks; the automated car park does not
require ramps and aisles or large dimensioned parking stalls, automated garages are
except from many of the requirements in this manual. Otherwise, all car parks and
surface lots shall refer to this manual for guidance in layout and capacity for constructing
parking facilities. Deviations require specific approval of Kuwait Municipality Transport
Studies Division. Furthermore, the Kuwait Municipality has the right to require any
garage to include some or all of the provisions labeled as "publicly operated' when it
deems necessary, especially where there is an interest in maintaining uniformity.

1.1.3 It is the policy of the Kuwait Municipality to set all applicable codes, regulations and
industry standards, hereinafter referred to as "Code Requirements," in the design and
construction of all public parking garages.

1.1.4 Designers have a duty to comply with the rules and regulations of the Ministry of
Electricity and Water (MEW), the Ministry of Public Works (MPW), Kuwait fire
Brigade, Kuwait Municipality and any other applicable statutory rules and regulations of
Kuwait. This manual is not intended to limit or supersede these rules and regulations and
is to be read in conjunction with them. Attention is drawn to the requirement that a
registered professional engineer must certify the static and dynamic design of car parks
and the design of their traffic and pedestrian aids and facilities, before submission to the
Kuwait Municipality Transport Studies Division for approval.

1.1 .5 When the KM parking manual codes conflict with another code or policy, then the KM
Parking Manual shall apply. This document identifies some primary codes that are to be
followed . The latest applicable adopted version of each code is to be used. Nonetheless,
any observed divergence from the standards set forth in this document shall be brought to
the attention of the Municipality. Furthermore, consultants employed by the
Municipality for design and construction of publicly operated parking facilities are
responsible for complying with these and all other codes that may be applicable.

1.1.6 The standards set forth within this document are to be considered as minimum
requirements.

Page 1
1.1.7 Where no criteria or requirements are given in this manual, designers may be guided by:
"Design recommendations for multi-storey and underground car parks" 3rd edition (June
2002) published by the Institution of Structural Engineers, I Upper Belgrave Street,
London SWl X 8BH.

1.1.8 Technical terms used in this manual in connection with car park layout are defined in the
reference given in 1.1.12.

1. 1.9 References to National and International Standards and Codes of Practice shall not
preclude the use of alternative equivalent Standards, or Codes of Practice Provided that
such alternatives are acceptable to the Authority approvilg the car park design. ·

1.1. l O Climatic conditions shall be considered in all aspects of car park design. Ministry of
Electricity and Water regulations give the following climatology data:

• Maximum recorded sun radiation temperature in summer 84°C (on black bulb)
• Maximum outside ambient temperature in summer 50°C
• Maximum recorded relative humidity 100% at 30°C (for short periods)
• Minimum outside ambient temperature in winter-3°C (occasional)
• Maximum wind speed during a storm reaches 130 Km/Hr
• Average wind speed is 25 Km/Hr
• Prevailing Winds are normally, north to north-western.
• Violent sand and dust storms are common in Kuwait and dust remains suspended in
the air even on comparatively still days: Visibility may vary during storms from
average to nil.

1.1.11 The overall design of electrical and mechanical systems and associated controls are to be
fully coordinated and synchronized to produce an energy efficient design with the
flexibility to shut down systems when not in use, monitor all functions during operation
and indicate commands as required.

1.1.12 The following identifies some of the primary codes, standards, and regulations and their
authority of applicability to the design of parking structures under the jurisdiction of the
Kuwait Municipality. Additional codes, standards, and regulations may apply.

CODES, REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS applicable to Kuwait Parking Structures

Building:

BSCP2004 Foundations
BS 8110 The Structural Use of Concrete.
BS 5337 The Structural Use of Concrete for Retaining Aqueous Liquids.
BSCP 117 Composite Constructions in Structural Steel and Concrete.
BSCP 118 the Structural Use of Aluminum
BS 449 Part 2 - The Use of Structural Steel in Building:
BS 4604 The Use of High Strength Friction Grip Bolts in Structural Steelwork.

Page 2
BSCP l 02 Protections of Buildings against Water from the Ground.
BSCP 111 Structural Recommendations for Load Bearing Walls.
BS 5628 The Structural Use of Masonry.
BS 6031 Code of Practice for Earthworks
BS 6399 Design Loading for Buildings
ACI American Concrete Institute Standards:
ACI 30 l Specifications for Structure Concrete in Buildings
ACI 318-83 Seismic Risk
AASHTO American Assoc. of State Highway & Trans. M-148
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials Specifications
ASTM C-309 Curing Concrete
PCI Pre-stressed Concrete Institute
KFB Kuwait Fire Brigade

Drainage:
BS 5572 Sanitary Pipe works
BS 6297 Design & Installation Small Sewage Treatment Works
BS 6367 Paving Drainage
BS 8301 Building Drainage
BSCP301 Fig. 2-3 Chamber Interceptor
BSCP310 Water Supply
MEW Ministry of Electricity and Water
MPW Ministry of Public Works

Electrical:
MEW Ministry of Electricity and Water-Regulations for Electrical Installations
ILE Institute for Lighting Engineers
NE/NFPA National Electrical Code / National Fire Protection Association

Elevators:
BS 5655 Elevator Lifts
BS EN 81 Safety Rules for Construction & Installation of Lifts
ASME A 17 .1 Safety Code for Elevators and Escalators
KFB Kuwait Fire Brigade

Fire Safety:
BS 5306 Fire protection to Car Parking
BS 5839 Fire Detection and Alarm System in Buildings
NFPA National Fire Protection Association:
NFPA #10 Installation of Portable Fire Extinguisher
NFPA #13 Installation of Sprinkler Systems
NFPA #14 Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems
NFPA #80 Fire Doors and Windows
NFPA#88A Parking Structures
NFPA #90A Installation of Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems
NFPA #101 Code for Life Safety from Fire in Buildings and Structures

Page 3
 NFPA #110 Emergency and Standby Power Systems, Kuwait Fire Department
- l'v1EW Ministry of Electricity and Water

Handicapped:
BS 8300 Design of building approaches to met the needs of Disabled
ISE Parking Provisions for Disabled People

Mechanical:
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
SMACNA Sheet Metal Air Conditioning Contractors Association
ANSI American National Standards Institute
UL Underwriter's Laboratories
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Inc.

Roads:
N1PW Ministry of Public Works
KTSM Kuwait Traffic Signs Manual

Zoning:
KM Kuwait Municipality

1.2 Site Use and Preliminary Planning 1

1.2.1 Efficient use shall be made of the available site area. Where no specific guidelines and/or
zoning regulations require set-backs from property lines nor amenities; the following
minimum standards shall be used: a garage structure shall occupy no more than 85% of
the property site and be set back a minimum of 2 meters from the property lines (8 meters
from the nearest street curb line). Ten percent (10%) of the total site shall be designated
as amenity space. Section 7 " Landscaping" addresses provisions for the amenity space.

1.2.2 A standard of 35 .5 m2/parking spaces may be used for preliminary estimation of overall
space requirements for multi-storey car parks. The standard for surface car parks should
be 25 m2/parking space.

1.2.3 The points of access from the car park onto the immediate road network and their
capacity to accommodate the traffic generated by the car park must be carefully studia:I
in Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA). Any proposed street improvements or the possibility
of their being required in consequence of the car parks construction must be considered
and included in the design proposals.

1.2.4 If demolition of existing structures is necessary, or if prior use of the site suggests the
possible existence of subsurface environmental contaminants, an environmental
assessment may be required. In any event, the presence of lead based paint, asbestos,

1
Automated parking structures obviously have different requirements that will be defined by the engineer of each
structure. Throughout this KM Parking Design Manual you will see similar comments. This is repeated so as not to
preclude the automated garage option, which is highly appropriate for a modern city which is not yet built-out.

Page4
 buried fuel tanks, and contaminated soil should be determined. Removal and disposal of
all hazardous substances and petroleum products must be addressed in subsequent
construction documents.

1.3 Presentation Requirements for Project Submission

1.3.1 The drawings that will be required for review and approval by the Kuwait Municipality
Transport Studies Division shall show the following minimum information:

a) Location Map (Scale 1:5000) - Location of Building and access to adjoining road
network within one kilometer (Scale 1: 1000), and allotted plot survey datum information
(Scale 1:500 or larger).
b) Perspective (Scale arbitrary).

c) Site Plan of Development to include proposed vehicle.and pedestrian circulation, as

well as surrounding buildings within 500 meters, and their service and operational
requirements (Scale 1:500).

d) Landscape-Irrigation Plan showing landscape treatment of site open space (Scale 1:500
or larger).

e) Site Elevations and Longitudinal and Transverse Building Sections (Scale 1:200)

f) Ground Floor Plan including enter and exit lanes to adjacent network roads (Scale 1:200)

g) Floor plans of each basement, first floor above ground, typical upper floor and top floor
plans (Scale 1:200).

h) A plan for each of the above mentioned floors and the external areas indicating proposed
internal directional signing, surface and curb markings and also any necessary external
roadway signing and road markings, including car park direction signs. See Section 8.5
for further requirements for signage drawings.

1.3.2 The above drawings (e-h) shall indicate all dimensions and turning radii; clearance
between floor and overhead obstructions; floor levels, ramp gradient start and finish
points, ramp lengths, clearance height on ramps (min 2.3m); proposed internal vehicular
circulation, pedestrian access and circulation, principles and layout of any entry/exit
facilities.

1.3.3 The units used in all calculations and drawings submitted to authorities approving car
park designs, shall be in accordance with the metric system, unless otherwise agreed by
the Authority. Calculations will be based on Kuwait Municipality Standards and not
substitute standards from other GCC Countries (see Appendix 7 for Parking Rates by
land-use type).
1.3.4 Further requirements or additional data may be required by the Kuwait Municipality
Transport Studies Division (i.e. traffic impact assessments) to properly evaluate the
project.

Page 5
Section 2 - Architectural

2.1 General
2.1. l The garage shall have an exterior architectural treatment that aesthetically blends with
adjoining properties and is appropriate for the site. Parked vehicles shall be shielded from
view as much as possible. Facade treatments must take into consideration the effect they
may have on the openness classification of the structure as described in Section 3.1.3.

2.1.2 The garage shall be recognizable as a parking garage, through either design or signing or
both.

2.1.3 Rectangular shaped parking facilities are desired. Curved, triangular and other irregularly
shaped parking areas/structures must be avoided.

2.1.4 The parking garage shall park no more than the specified rnmber of cars it is designed
for. All publicly operated garages shall be designed for future expansion up to the
maximum parking capacity permitted on the site by Municipality zoning regulations.
Where possible, expansions should be horizontal (rather than vertical), reducing the need
to close the existing portion for construction of the addition.

2.1.5 For buildings used solely as multi-storey car parks, the maximum number of floors shall
be 5 above grade, l at grade and 2 below grade (3 levels below if water able allows). No
limit is imposed on Automated Parking Structures. The absolute total number of floors
will depend on the Municipality regulations applicable to the specific site.

2.1.6 The minimum vertical clearance for vehicles shall be 2.3m to the underside of any
obstruction, except a minimum of 2.5m shall be provided for routes to "van accessible"
handicap spaces (see Section 2.2.13). A clearance bar shall be suspended at each vehicle
entrance at a height such that its clearance height is equal to the mininum clearance
anywhere in the garage. Lettering on the bar (and/or signage) shall indicate the minimum
clearance. Additional clearance bars may be required inside the garage, past the van
accessible handicap spaces, alerting drivers that clearance has bem reduced to the 2.3m
minimum throughout the remainder of the garage.

2.1.7 To determine the structural height it is recommended that designs be prepared in outline
for signing, lighting, ventilation, the sprinkler system and any other possible projections,
below structure such as conduits and drainage pipes. The projections below structure of
these various services should be estimated and be added to the clear headroom to
determine the clear structure height required floor to floor.

2.1.8 The design is to be highly efficient. Building corners and other space, which cannot be
used for vehicle parking, shall be used for required stairwells, elevators, parking offices,
storage space, motorcycle and bicycle parking, etc. to the extent possible. Storage and
ancillary rooms should be limited to the size and number absolutely necessary for facility
operations.

Page 6
2.1.9 The facility shall be designed so that the driver encounters a mm1mum number of
restraints - from the time of entry to the time of departure. The designer should avoid
point of entry with inadequate access definition, insufficient access lanes, conflicts with
pedestrian traffic, and low lighting levels. Within the structure avoid inadequate or
excessive vertical travel circuits or search patterns, steep ramps, tighttums, sub-standard
park/un-park geometrics, low lighting levels, excessive decision points, and inconsistent
signage. Basically keep the patterns simple and well defined.

2.1.10 Requirements for those with handicap disabilities, parking shall be close to lefts.

2.1.11 The design and material selection for publicly operated garages shall consider the need
for ease of maintenance and future expansion, economy, and long life.

2.1.12 Heavy duty, Underwriter Laboratory (UL) fire rated metal doors with metal door frames
shall be used throughout the building.

a. Hardware shall be of a heavy-duty type.

b. Doors to office space, restrooms, storage rooms, and equipment rooms, which are
accessible to the public, shall be lockable. Locks shall be a high security cylinders
type with master-keys. Keying shall be coordinated with the public operator.

c. Doors in stairwells shall have rectangular vision panels (i.e. windows) positioned to
provide the best possible view of hiding places within the stairwell.

2.1.13 Handrails and guardrails for publicly operated facilities shall be constructed of aluminum
or galvanized steel with a suitable architectural finish, with suitable durable anchors.
Hand and guardrail treatments shall be in accordance with Section 3 .6 Paints and
Coatings.

2.1.14 The construction contractor of publicly operated garages shall be required to provide a
small supply of bricks, floor tile, ceiling tile, and other materials which may be difficult
to match, if needed for repairs in the future.

2.2 Parking Space Layout 2

2.2.1 All parking spaces shall be accessible for self:.parking, i.e. no spaces shall be "buried" or
situated in such a manner as to make it necessary to move another vehicle to utilize a
parking space, i.e. double parking is not allowed. i.e. double parking is not allowed.

2.2.2 Design preference is for 90° parking stalls and two-way drive aisles for garages
predominantly serving commuters, employees, residents and transportation stations.
Angled parking stalls of not more than 75° and one-way drives aisles may be used for
garages predominantly serving commercial, retail customers, and narrow sites where 90°
parking is not possible. 90° parking with one-way aisles are not recommended.

2
Ibid most requirements do not apply to automated structures

Page7
.... 2.2.3 Use of 30° angle parking is not recommended for use in publicly operated facilities at all.

2.2.4 Traffic aisles shall be double-loaded bays, serving parking stalls on both sides wherever
possible.

2.2.5 Traffic aisles shall be aligned parallel to the long dimension of the parking areas
wherever feasible.

2.2.6 The perimeter of the parking area shall be lined with parking stalls to the maximum
extent possible.

2.2.7 On-street parallel parking spaces shall be 2.6m wide and 6.7m in length. A minimum
travel lane width of 3.7m must be available adjacent to parking lane to allow use of .
parallel spaces. Refer to traffic codes to determine if parallel parking is suitable for
specific roadway widths (see full size drawings in Appendix 9 Fig. 1).

E
,...0
C')

E
0
(0
6.70m
C'i

2.2.8 Car parking stall minimum dimensions are 2.8m in width and 5.5 in length (see Appendix
9 Figure 2 for full size drawing), for 90 degree parking.

2.2.9 A saw-tooth pattern is required for angled spaces. Minimum dimensions for curb to curb
parking space layout and drive aisles are shown in the following drawing and table
(Parking Space Layout Standards).

Page 8
L

Parking Lot Layout Dimensions

K
Aisle
Direction

u L

.,_ _________,~---
E D DI

p ar k"mg s,pace L ayou t Sta nd ards

Dimension Description 30° 45° 60° 75° 90° Remarks
A Space width 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
B Space length 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50
C Length of stall line 10.35 8.30 7.12 6.25 5.50
D 1-wav aisle width 3.60 3.80 5.50 6.00 -- one way aisle
01 2-wav aisle width -- -- -- -- 7.60 two wav aisle
E Off set depth 5.18 5.90 6.17 6.05 5.50
F Curb Off set 3.00 2.60 2.00 1.33 0.60
G Free distance from wall or column face 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
L Space width parallel to aisle 5.60 3.96 3.23 2.90 2.80
K Set back from perpendicular to aisle 8.96 6.17 3.56 1.62 0
M Min . distance from Bay curb to Bay curb 13.96 15.60 17.84 18.10 -- one way aisle
-- -- -- 18.60 two way aisle
N Minimum curb to curb 15.16 16.80 19.04 19.30 -- one way aisle
-- -- -- 19.80 two way aisle
Note:- All dimensions are in meters.

Page 9
2.2.l O Concrete curb and platform, minimum 75cm wide, shall be installed at the front of all
garage parking spaces. Curb and platform height shall be perpendicular to the parking
stall length. Anchored wheel stops may be used in surface lots. They may also be
considered for garages, except those publicly operated. The curb and platform shall
extend a minimum of 0.6m from the near face of the column or wall. Parking space stall
lines shall be striped 0.6m less than layout dimensions cited in Section 2.2.9 thereby
requiring vehicles to pull up closer to the curb. The equivalent stall depth reduction (0.6m
from each parking bay) shall be added to the required drive aisle width, thereby
maintaining the same minimum overall dimension from curb to curb. See Appendix 1,
FigureA l. l for striping detail of typical parking spaces.

2.2.11 Curb height shall not be not less than 150mm, except where curbing is used at the end of
parking bays, where the height shall be 120mm. Wheel stops, where allowable by Section
3.1.7, shall also be 120mm in height. Raised islands shall not be provided at the end of
parking bays unless required as pedestrian sidewalks for safe egress.

2.2.12 Stalls for handicap accessible parking shall be grouped together and located convenient to
pedestrian exit points, preferably at street grade level. Handicap spaces cannot be
designated on parking ramps that exceed a 2% slope. Sometimes, accessible parking may
need to be placed in more than one location, to accommodate desired destination
requirements. The number of handicap accessible parking spaces shall not be less than
2% of the overall number of spaces in a parking facility, or as required by code. A 1.5m
aisJe diagonal crosshatched is to be provided adjacent to each handicapped accessible
parking space (two handicap spaces can share a crosshatch aisle). One of every eight
required handicap accessible parking spaces shall be van accessible. A 2.5m crosshatched
aisle on one side of each van accessible space is required. All crosswalks in the parking
facility shalJ be similarly marked. See Appendix 1, FigureAl. l for striping detail of
handicap parking spaces.

2.2.13 Access aisles adjacent to all handicap spaces shall not exceed 2% cross slope. Handicap
parkers egress routes should not be behind parked cars. If this is unavoidable, a 92cm
wide path shall be clearly marked with crosswalk hatch-marks. Each handicap accessible
parking space shall be marked with a "Reserved Handicap (symbol) Parking" and
wheelchair symbol on ground as required by Section 2.2.15. Van spaces shall also be
signed as "Van Accessible". All van accessible spaces, and the route to these spaces,
shall be provided with a minimum vertical garage clearance of 2.5 m.

2.2.14 Provision shall be made for motorcycle and bicycle parking by utilizing odd comers,
which would otherwise be unused. Areas shall be sized to provide motorcycle and bicycle
parking spaces equivalent to a minimum of 2% of the overall number of spaces in a
parking facility (need not exceed 20), or as required by code. Cycle-Safe inverted "U"
bicycle racks shall be provided, and where possible located within visibility by garage
staff

Page 10
2.2.15 In surface parking facilities separate parking areas should be provided for trucks and
buses, in order to enhance vehicle visibility and safety. Dimensions for both truck and
bus parking stalls depend on the individual vehicle type. The table below provides some
dimensions for a standard 35 passenger bus and/or a semi-single axle trailer unit.
(See appendix 11, Fig. I and Fig.2)

B us an d t rue k par ki ne area - d'1mens1ons

# bay travel lane curb to
For one-way traffic (in meters): bays width lanes width curb
With parking bay on one side 1 2.75 1 3.35 6.10
With parking bays on both sides 2 2.75 1 3.35 8.85
For two-way traffic:
Parking bay on one side 1 2.75 2 3.35 9.45
Parking bays on both sides 2 2.75 2 3.35 12.20

Saw tooth Berth design or through parking Min . Max.

bavs:
Length of space for standard bus 18.30 - 19.8 meters
Length of space for an articulated bus 24.40 - 26.0 meters
Recessed area from curb line 2.15 - 3.05 meters

Parallel Parking Berth design: bay

Length of space for standard bus 24.40 meters
Length of space for articulated bus 30 .50 meters

Trucks operate best under a pull-in, pull-out arrangement. Stall lengths and widths must
reflect regulated truck widths and lengths including operation of double or triple trailers.
(See appendix 11, Fig.3)

BODY WIDTH LENGTH TURN INSIDE

TYPE RADIUS RADIUS
Single Unit 2.6m + 1.4m door swing 9.2m + 3.0m bumper 12.8m 8.7m
Truck = 4.0m overhanq
Intermediate 2.6m + 1.4m door swing 15.0m + 3.0m bumper 12.2m 6.1m
Semi-trailer = 4.0m overhanq
Large 2.6m + 1.4m door swing 15.0m + 1.5m bumper 13.7m 6.1m
Semi-trailer =4.0m overhanq
Single Unit 2.6m + .5m door access 12.2m + 4.5m bumper 12.8m 7.1m
Bus = 3.1m overhanq

Buses operate best under a linear bus bays arrangement. This improves the safety of
passenger circulation. The bus layover/parking area should be separate from the
passenger loading area. Park-and-rides lots should have separate entrances for ccrs and
buses (For full detail see appendix 11, Buses and Trucks Parking Recommendations).

Page 11
2.2. 16 There shall be at least 3 stalls between column;. Colwnns shall be set back at least 0.6m
(and preferably l .Om) measured from the edge of the curb/platform to the near face of the
column. The center of the double~striped stall line should fall on column lines.
Substandard stalls to allow for columns will not be permitted. See drawing in appendix 9.

2.2.17 Additional clearance between a stall and an adjacent wal or other structure shall be 0.6m.

2.2.18 Coordinate the parking space layout and location of standpipe systems with mechanical
requirements. Where standpipes fall between two parking space~ provide a 1.12 m fire
fighter access space between parking stalls. Access-ways shall be delineated by diagonal
crosshatch striping and shall always be painted yellow.
2.1..19 Parking spaces stripes shall be double-
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~R
lined (except handicap crosshatch aisles) --- -----1-------------- ----- 5i3i
and shall consist of 10cm stripes that are
20cm apart. A single 10cm stripe parallel
to the drive aisle shall be used to connect
the two stall lines. All parking space
dimensions shall be measured to the
center of the double-stripe. Paint stripes
shall be white when provided on asphalt --- ----•-------------
(such as in surface lots) and yellow when
S.Sm Layout Length
provided on concrete (such as in Stripe 4.9m m concrete platform

garages). Handicap spaces shall be

striped, with blue paint, as described
above in Section 2.2.12. A blue handicap
wheelchair symbol shall be painted at
the rear of each handicap space. See
Appendix l and Figure 1 for larger
"Typical Space Striping" detail."

2.3 Traffic Circulation and Ramps

2.3.1 A simple logical search pattern shall be provided wherever possible within the car park
Traffic circulation patterns shall be designed so that drivers searching for parking
encounter minimum conflicts with exiting vehicles.

2.3.2 Traffic circulation can be either clockwise or counter-clockwise, as predicated by the

main street level entrances: vehicles, after passing the entrance, shall travel in a straight-
line path. Designs that force vehicles to tum immediately upon entering the garage are
undesirable.
2.3.3 Traffic aisles shall be aligned parallel to the long dimension of the parking areas
wherever feasible.
2.3.4 In general, aisles that are excessively long should have a break incorporated in order to
reduce travel distances especially those to egress the car park.

Page 12
 2.3.5 Minimum traffic drive aisle widths are provided in Section 2.2.9.
2.3.6 End aisles must be designed to provide an adequate turning aisle radius for safe
circulation. Minimum inner curve radius shall be 6.0m and a minimum drive aisle width
of 8.0m is required for two-way traffic.
- 2.3.7 Minimum ramp widths shall be (drawings on following page):

One-way ramps:
Straight wall to wall= 4.lm curb to curb= 3.lm
Curved wall to wall = 5 .4m curb to curb = 4.1 m

Two-way ramps:

Straight wall to wall= 7.7m curb to curb= 6.7m

Curved wall to wall= I Om curb to curb= 8.7m

One-Way Ramps:

Straight; Wall to Wall= 4.1 Om, Curb to Curb=3 . l Om.

( )

. 0.5 l(________3_.i_om_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____.)I

.... 0.5 .

Curved; Wall to Wall= 5.40m, Curb to Curb=4. l Om.

5.40m

)I 065 ·1
4.!0m

Page 13
 Two-Way Ramps:

Straight; Wall to Wall= 7.70m, Curb to Curb=6.70m.

7 70m
,

0 .5 0.5
,
3.!0m -I 0.50 I 3.10m .
~
6.70m
.,
'

Curved; Wall to Wall= lOm, Curb to Curb=8.70m.

!Om
'
0.65 0.65
I I
4.10m I 0.50 I 4.10m
I I

8.70m

Minimum Preferred Outer Curb Radii for Curved Ramps

Option Radius Structure Structure Width of

(m) Clearance Out Clearance In Central raised
Side Kerbs (m) Side Kerbs (m) Kerb (m)

One Way Curved Ramp 9.00 0.65 0.65 0.50

Two Way Curved Ramp 13.25 0.65 0.65 0.50

Page 14
2.3.8 Drive aisle widths and ramps shall not exceed the minimum dimensions by more than
0.6m in publicly operated facilities and in all other garages (except where reasonable
justification is provided).

2.3.9 Ramping designs that incorporate separate rapid access/egress ("~eed ramps") serving
each parking level are the most desirable. These speed ramps shall have no direct access
to parking spaces. The parking levels shall be relatively flat with this design. The speed
ramps shall contain loop detectors to operate illuminated space counting signs, displaying
the number of parking spaces available on each level.

2.3.10 Where separate speed ramps cannot be accommodated, continuous ramps with parking
are preferred.

2.3.11 Maximum slopes shall be 5% for parking ramps, with 3 to 4% preferred. Ramps without
parking shall not exceed l 0%. Curved speed ramps of maximum grades of 12% may be
pennitted over lengths less than 30m. However, when ramps are required as a second
means of pedestrian escape during a fire, they shall not exceed I 00/o.

Max. G ra d"1ents f or Ve h"IC Ie Ramps

Ramp Type Rise Max. Gradient
1
Straight Ramps not qreater than 1. 50m 1:06
greater than 1.50m 1:10
2
Curved Ramps not greater than 3.00m 1: 10
qreater than 3.00m 1:12
1 Need transition gradients top and bottom
2 Gradient measured on center line

2.3.12 Ramps steeper than 7% shall have at least 3.0m lengths of transition grading of half the
ramp slope at both top and bottom.

2.3.13 Curved 2-way ramps shall have a raised curb 150mm high and at least 500mm wide
separating the lanes. Internal spiral helical ramps shall have counter-clockwise traffic
flow. Concentric spiral up and down ramps may be used, in which case the outer ramp
should be the up ramp, as it will have the lesser gradient.

2.4 Entry I Exit Standards

2.4. l The number of points of access shall be determined within the context of the functional
design of the garage and the surrounding streets.

2.4.2 Entry and exit gates and revenue collection facilities shall be provided at each car park in
accordance with the layouts given in Appendix 2.

2.4.3 The number of entry and exit lanes to be provided will be dependent upon such factors as
the dynamic capacity of the car park, the parking demand and the traffic flow on the road
Unless otherwise indicated, sufficient entry and exit gates shall be provided to allow 25%

Page 15
 of the capacity of the car park to arrive or to leave in 15 minutes. An example of the
calculation of dynamic capacity is given in Appendix 3. For further details, see the
reference in Section 1.1.7.

2.4.4 The following parking control service capacities shall be adopted for each lane:

Entry: 400 cars/hr where ticket is taken from a machine dispenser

800 cars/hr where no gate access control

Exit: Pay cashier on exit, variable charge- 200 cars/hr

Pay cashier on exit, fixed charge - 270 cars/hr
Proximity Access Card Reader- 500 cars/hr
No access controls or toll tags - 800 cars/hr
Advance payment' , with tokens or pay-on-foot - 400 cars/hr.

Adequate reservoir space is required on the approach to entrance gates to avoid cars
4
interfering with other traffic. Ideally the illuminated "FULL" sign could be read from the
street or the layout should permit cars to return to the road when the car park is full.
Similarly, at exit gates, there must be adequate vehicle reservoir space beWeen the
barrier and the adjacent road or street to avoid blocking the traffic flow. The capacity of
both these reservoirs shall be determined from dynamic capacity considerations in
accordance with the reference in Section 1.1. 7. An example of the calculation of exit
reservoir capacity is given in Appendix 4.

2.4.5 Garage entrances shall preferably provide adequate reservoir space (five or six vehicles
per lane), either inside or outside the structure, so entering vehicles do not block the
movement of street traffic.

2.4.6 A layout that allows vehicles to travel in a straight-line path after passing the entrance
control point is preferable to a . layout that forces vehicles to turn immediately upon
entering the garage.

2.4.7 The distance between exit control points and the intersection of the driveway and street
shall be determined within the context of the functional design of the garage and clearly
indicated on the plans.

2.4.8 A straight queue length for at least two cars lengths prior to approaching the exit gates
from within the garage, allowing for queuing without interfering with parking or un-
parking of other vehicles, is desirable.

2.4.9 The exit area shall have no visual obstructions. Vision should be unimpeded as the driver
exits.

3
The driver purchases a token or pays at a pay station before leaving the car park and inserts the token/validated
ticket in a machine at the exit.
4
Once Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is in place the sign will actually broadcast the number of available
spaces to the approaching customer.

Page 16
2.5 Safety and Security
2.5. l Passive security techniques shall be considered.

2.5.2 Where feasible, staircases and/or elevator cores shall be visible from the exterior, and/or
glass enclosed.

2.5.3 Publicly operated facilities shall be designed for future addition of an active security
system; this design should use Intelligent Transportation System language when
describing the equipment and functions, so that_ the element may be included in future
ITS Architecture. A dedicated security communication frequency will be specified and
reserved. Physical sleeves shall be placed in slabs and beams for future security conduits.

2.5.4 Management offices and cashiering booths shall be equipped with a security/alarm
system in publicly operated facilities.

2.5.5 The layout of vehicular circulation of the car park shall be carefully anayzed and any
points of particular hazard should be protected by the installation of safety barriers.

2.5.6 Exterior walls, including roof parapets, shall be designed to reduce the likelihood of
accidental falls.

2.5.7 Safety barrier walls and parapets shall be desgned for impact from vehicles m
accordance with Section 3.3.8.

2.5.8 Openings between garage levels in stairwells, elevator-waiting areas, parking areas, etc.
shall be designed (or protected) to reduce the likelihood of accidental falls.

2.5.9 Floor parapets shall be 1. lm minimum height and shall have a smooth vertical inner face
free from projections, holes, gaps and the like, which might form toe holds for climbing.
Safety barriers and services shall be positioned so that they cannot be used for assistance
in climbing parapets.

2.5.10 Pedestrian access to the garage shall be provided at points along its perimeter which are
convenient to pedestrian circulation. Pedestrian and vehicle conflicts at ingress/egress
points shall be minimized. Hand railings shall be used to discourage pedestrians from
walking on entry/exit travel lanes.

2.5.11 All paths of pedestrian and vehicular circulation shall be well lit (see Section 5).

2.5.12 The stair and lift doors shall be positioned so that pedestrians approaching and leaving
are visible to the driver using the garage.

2.5.13 Pedestrian walk-ways shall be provided near lifts and stairs.

2.5.14 Hiding places, especially within stairwells, shall be eliminated. In publicly operated
garages, sloped sections shall be used under stairs at lowest level, along with full height

Page 17
- screening with lockable gates at the top of stairwells where the stair extends up to a non-
public service room above.

2.5.15 Raised areas are required at elevators and stairs. The platfonns and sloping access ramps
shall be protected by the installation of handrails, as required, to minimize
pedestrian/vehicle conflicts. Platfonns in front of elevators shall be a minimum of 3m
from the elevator doors.

2.5 .16 Consideration shall be given to the needs of handicapped persons. For example in
pedestrian areas, steps or curbs ·should be ramped especially on access-ways to and from
lifts.

2.5.17 A non-slip coating system shall be provided on concrete floors in all major pedestrian
areas (elevator lobbies, stairwell landings, treads, etc) within a publicly operated facility.
The pathway shall have an even floor surface to minimize stumbling.

2.5.18 When alternate payment methods are utilized, pay stations shall be visible to the public
using the parking facility: Pay station customers shall be protected from traffic.

2.5.19 The garage structure shall be located so as to permit Fire Department equipment access.
See Section 6 for other fire protection requirements.

2.5.20 Parking garages, designated by the Municipality, shall contain the following provisions
for after-hour closure:

a. all open areas at ground floor level shall be provided with openwork cladding to
provide natural ventilation and to prevent entry by intruders;

b. vehicle entry and exit points shall have lattice or openwork roller shutters which can be
locked during the hours when the car park is closed;

c. all pedestrian and staff accesses at ground floor level shall have lockable solid core
flush doors which shall be capable of being opened from the inside without the use of a
key but shall sound an alarm when opened without a key;

d. Generally, the designer shall provide all other things necessary to prevent unauthorized
access to the car park during the hours when it is closed.

2. 6 Pedestrian Circulation and Elevators

2.6.1 Stairs and lifts shall be located on the outer perimeter of the parking areas, wherever
possible, and be connected by appropriate walkways to the surrounding area pedestrian
systems. Stair/lift cores shall be provided within a travel distance of not more than 50m
from any parking space or as determined by the Fire Departirent regulations.

2.6.2 The effective width of staircases shall be not less than 1.25m and risers shall not be
greater than 0.19m with treads not less than 0.25m. The angle of pitch shall not exceed

Page 18
 38°. No flight-of stairs shall have less than 3 or more than 16 risers and there shall not be
more than two flights of stairs without a change of direction. A handrail should be
positioned 0.83m above the height of the threads and clear pedestrian headroom of at
least 2.3m must be maintained.

2.6.3 Parking garages shall be provided with a minimum of one elevator bank containing two
elevators. Additional banks of two elevators shall be located throughout the garage as
required to meet the pedestrian demands of the facility. They shall be placed at points that
are convenient for pedestrian circulation while compatible with garage arclitecture and
structural design. A stairwell shall be located adjacent to each bank of elevators.
Additional stairwells may be required to properly serve the site, or by code.

2.6.4 The number of lifts in a car park will depend on a combination of several factors
including car park capacity, car park layout and Fire Brigade. The number and capacity
of the lifts shall be such that they shall be capable of transporting not less than 25% of the
parking space capacity of the car park within 5 minutes, assuming an average of 1.5
persons per car and a waiting time at landings not exceeding 40 - 60 seconds. Where car
parks are integral with commercial retail or office developments each lift shall have a
capacity of not less than 20 persons.

2.6.5 Lifts shall serve all parking floors.

2.6.6 Weather-protected waiting areas shall be provided at all exposed levels of the elevator
and stairway access. Elevator entrances shall be protected against driving rain and dust
storms. No water or sand should be able to enter elevator hoist ways, or accumulate in
door tracks.

2.6. 7 Elevators shall be designed, manufactured and installed to address the specific outdoor
envirorunental conditions associated with a parking garage structure. All equipment shall
be resistant to vandalism.

2.6.8 Elevator lifts shall comply with all codes and regulations, in accordance with BS 5655
and EN 81 and with Kuwait Fire Department regulations. See Section 5 for electrical
related requirements associated with elevators.

2.6.9 All elevators shall be sized and configured to address handicap accessibility
requirements; entrances shall be 1.07m wide.

2.6.10 Elevator machine rooms shall be provided with heat, ventilation and/or air conditioning
to automatically maintain the temperature and humidity in these spaces within the range
of accepted standards. A thermostatically controlled heating system shall also be
provided to maintain the temperature of the hydraulic fluid within the manufacturer's
recommended range. Elevator shafts shall be adequately ventilated

2.6.11 Each elevator shall have a 24 hour, 7 day, electronic time switch equipped with a battery
back-up to operate the switch during power failures. The time switch shall automatically

Page 19
 control the outside call buttons at each landing, so an out-of-service elevator will not
respond; the call buttons inside the elevator cars shall not be affected. The time switch
shall shut down each elevator at a predetermined P.M. time on a daily basis, but will
allow an elevator passenger at that time to retain control of the elevator car while exiting.
After every call, and when the time switch deactivates the elevator call station button, the
elevator shall return to the dispatch level. The next day, at a predetermined A.M. time,
the time switch shall be capable of reactivating the elevators. The time switch shall not
.....
affect the Fire Department's service key operation. Garages that are open to the public at
all times may not require time clocks.

2.6.12 In the event of fire, the lifts should automatically home to a predetermined floor where
the doors are then opened and held open. The homing floor should be one where escape
routes to the outside are available. One lift in every group shall be capable of being
operated by the Fire Department during a fire. A fire alarm initiating device shall be
installed in each elevator lobby at each floor, and in machine rooms.

2.6.13 Elevators shall be provided with a full height multi-beam infrared door protection device
to prevent car and hoist way doors from closing, when obstructed.

2.6.14 Vandal-resistant call buttons, and buttons inside the elevator cab, shall be constructed of
stainless steel, and flush mounted in publicly operated facilities. Signage adjacent to level
number buttons in the elevator cars shall be color-coded to match the garage color level
identification system.

2.6.15 Vandal-resistant car position indicator with directional arrows shall be placed inside each
elevator car above the entrance. Position indicator with directional arrows and lanterns
shall be placed in each elevator lobby above each elevator entrance It shall include an
internally illuminated sign with the words "Lift Not In Service". The light shall be
activated when 1) the electronic time switch has deactivated the call station panel, and 2)
when the elevator has been taken out of service by any other means Power for the
elevator "not in service light" and its controls shall be arranged so that it will remain in
operation when the elevator main breaker is turned off.

2.6.16 The elevator capacity, required data and required instructions shall be posted inside the
elevator.

2.6.17 An engraved sign prohibiting smoking in elevators, and a receptacle for the disposal of
smoking material, shall be attached to the wall near each call button station. The
receptacle shall be so located as to not interfere with pedestrian access.

2.6.18 Engraved signs warning against use of elevators during fires shall be incorporated in the
elevator call button station at each floor.
2.6. 19 Each car shall be provided with a separate telephone line md flush-mounted
speakerphone with built-in auto dialer and ringer to permit two-way conversations with
garage office or designated security agent The device shall be incorporated into the car
operating panel and be vandal-resistant.

Page 20
2.6.20 Elevator hoist way doors and frames, and car doors and walls shall be made of satin
finish stainless steel except for glass car walls provided for passive security purposes, in
publicly operated facilities. All glass shall be laminated (safety glass). Stainless steel
walls shall be removable and held in place with vandal-resistant fastenings. Elevator car
floors shall be rubber tile. Lighting in the car shall provide a minimum illumination level
of 50 lux. at the car threshold.

2.6.21 As required by building codes, emergency exits and stairs shall be located at the
extremities of the building, subject to the requirements of the Fire Department.
Enclosures to emergency stairs shall he designed to prevent flash over by fire through any
windows and shall have fire resistant doors opening in the direction of escape, fitted with
heavy duty automatic door closers. Escape routes shall be clear of obstructions and doors
of cupboards, toilets and other rooms shall not obstruct the escape route.

Section 3- Structura/5

3.1 General
3.1. l Structures shall be designed in accordance with the requirements and recommendationsof
the standards and codes of practice set forth in Section 1.1 and Section 3.3 Design Loads
and Requirements.

3.1.2 A "clear span" design (long beam spans resting on columns located at the front of
parking spaces only) shall be used to maximize parking efficiency, increase passive
security, and allow future parking flexibility. Column spacing width is required to be a
multiple of the parking space width (the standard shall be three spaces, with minor
deviation acceptable), with lines between stalls required to fall on column lines.

3.1.3 Publicly operated garage levels above grade shall meet the classification of an "open"
parking structure, which is (unless stipulated by other governing codes) open on two or
more sides totaling not less than 40% of the building perimeter. For a side to be
considered open, the total area of openings shall not be less than 50% of the exterior area
of the side on each level. Garages not meeting requirements for openness are consider
closed (such as most basement levels) and carry more stringent requirements for
ventilation and fire protection.

3.1.4 The main structure shall be freestanding and separated from the "stiff elements such as
stair and elevator towers, walls, etc. Masonry components shall be separated from the
main structure. Elevator shafts and stairwells that extend to an open roof level shall have
reinforced concrete roofs.

3.1 .5 Vibration shall be minimized to the extent possible. Structures subjected to induced
vibrations from machinery shall have a natural frequency that has a safe margin from the
frequency of the induced vibration.

Ibid requirements do not apply to automated structures

Page 21
3.1.6 Means to restrain vehicles at the edges and ends of parking and driving areas shall be
provided. Wheel stops or tension cables shall not be permitted for this purpose. Concrete
bumper walls are preferred.
3.1. 7 Publicly operated structures shall be designed and constructed to minimize future
maintenance problems, facilitate easy cleaning and repairs, and be durable and crack-free.
Shrinkage cracks shall be minimized by placing, finishing, and curing concrete in
accordance with ACI recommended practices. Slabs shall be finished only after bleed
water has evaporated.
3. l.8 Wet curing is the preferred method of concrete curing. If approved by MPW, a curing
compound that provides a maximum water loss of less than 0.019 grams/sq. cm. when
tested under ASTM C-309 or A...ASHTO M-148 may be utilized and applied in
accordance with manufacturer's directions .

3.1.9 Curing compounds shall be certified compatible with membrane waterproofing and deck
sealers. In addition, wet curing may be required to prevent hot weather cracking. For
precast concrete, an electronically controlled curing system that is compatible with the
moisture curing specified above may be used.

3 .1.10 All publicly operated concrete decks (except for areas designated to receive a traffic
bearing membrane system) shall be treated with a penetrating sealer as a protective
system that will effectively prevent concrete deterioration.

3.1.11 All structural members, stairwells, elevator shafts, and fire resisting walls shall have a
fire resistance of not less than 2-hour or more if required by code. Precast concrete units
shall be designed to be fire resistant in accordance with these standards.

3 .1.12 All driving and parking areas, except those receiving a traffic-bearing membrane system,
shall have a medium broom finish, pattern-swept toward the main direction of traffic
flow.

3.1.13 The design shall provide for openings, block-outs, embedments and attachments for
technical/electrical systems. Garage light fixtures shall be supported by a galvanized or
stainless steel embedment properly anchored. Power driven or drilled anchors shall not
be used.

3.2 Type of Construction

3.2.1 A comparative analysis must be undertaken; includin_g initial and long-term costs,
compatibility with functional requirements, and appearance; to determine which
elements should be constructed using:
a. Cast-in-place post-tensioned concrete slabs supported by a cast-in-place post-
tensioned frame, and/or

b. Precast pre-stressed concrete beams, columns, tees and/or '1ithe walls." In-situ (cast-
in-place) concrete slabs may be used for structural toppings precast elements.

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3.2.2 Mechanical connections between precast elements may also be used. Full consideration
shall be given to seismic loading effects in the design of connections between precast
elements.

3 .2.3 Basement walls and ground slabs shall be of in-situ concrete construction. Walls above
ground level and interior walls may be of in-situ concrete, precast concrete or masonry.

3.2.4 Basements shall be protected by an external, iI11Jerforate waterproof membrane. This

shall he properly designed and adequate precautions taken to resist maximum possible
water pressure.

3.2.5 Parapets, cladding and facings may be of precast concrete or in-situ concrete masonry.
Alternatively, Glass Reinforced Cement or Glass Reinforced Plastic or other material
may be used subject to the approval of the relevant authority.

3.2.6 All reinforcing steel, welded wire fabric, and tie wires used in beams, slabs, columns,
bumper walls, and architectural precast facades shall have a minimum concrete cover of
40mm. A cover of 50mm is preferred. 20mm of cover may be allowed on the underside
of slabs. A minimum cover of 80mm shall be provided for concrete in contact with the
earth.

3.2.7 For garages without basements, slabs poured at-grade shall be a minimum of 13cm in
thickness, placed over 15cm of washed gravel, and reinforced with welded wire fabric. A
vapor barrier shall be used under slabs in enclosed space.

3.2.8 If not post-tensioned, concrete slabs shall be poured in a strip pattern, with tooled
contraction joints. Contraction joints shall be arranged so that the long-side panel
dimension will not exceed the short-side panel dimension by more than 50%. Panel area
shall not exceed 55.74 meters square.

3.2.9 Expansion joints shall be adequate in number, properly placed, watertight and easily
maintained. Preferably, expansion joints shall be provided every 46m and in no case
greater than 60m. No compression seals shall be used. Expansion joints shall be
guaranteed for five years for publicly operated facilities.

3.2.10 Control joints shall not be saw cut. All construction and control joints shall be sealed with
a high quality, flexible polyurethane sealant. A fiv~year guarantee shall be provided for
publicly operated facilities.

3.2.11 Flexure cracks shall be minimized.

3.3 Design Loads and Requirements

3.3.1 Design loadings shall be calculated in accordance with the recommendations of BS
6399: Part I - Design loading for buildings and BS Code of Practice 3 - Chapter V: Part II ·
- "Wind Loads"

Page 23
3.3 .2 Wind loading shall be taken over the whole elevation of the building; no allowance shall
be made for percolation through an open structure. Wind loading shall he calculated on
the basis of a wind speed of 50 meter/second.

3.3.3 The structure shall be analyzed for seismic loading using a horizontal acceleration of
0.1 g. The design of members shall take account of the requirements and
recommendations of Appendix A9 of A.C.l. Code 318-83 - "Requirements for frames in
regions of moderate seismic risk". The fonn of the structure and the structural details
shall provide adequate resistance to seismic forces, based upon established good
engineering and design practice.

3.3.4 Structures shall be designed to remain stable at all stages of erection. If necessary,
suitable temporary bracing or supports shall be designed and provided.

3.3 .5 Design loads shall be based on the applicable code requiring the greatest design loadings.
In all cases the combination of loads which provides the greatest stresses shall be used.

3.3.6 Members shall withstand: their own weight; design loads due to pressure and suction of
wind; live and dead loads and erection forces as applicable.

3.3.7 Where applicable, component connections shall flex to accommodate building movement
and misalignment of structure without pennanent distortion, damage to components,
wrecking of joint connection, breakage of seals, and moisture penetration.

3.3.8 Safety barriers protecting parapets, bumper walls, lithe walls, and precast spandrels
subject to vehicle impact shall be designed to withstand a horizontal force of 4;600kgs
applied at a height of 460mm above the deck at any point along the structure.

3.4. Drainage
3.4.1 Drainage works shall be designed in accordance with the requirements and
recommendations of the relevant parts of BS 8301 - Building Drainage.

3.4.2 The parking structure shall be designed in such a manner that there will be no discharge
of storm waters off the exterior and interior edges of the elevated floors. The entire
perimeter of each floor shall be sloped toward the interior to provide positive drainage
Water shall drain away from elevators and stairwells. Provide positive drainage on all
levels (minimum 2% slope in all directions).

3.4.3 Both surface water drains and foul water sewers shall designed to be self-cleansing and
connected to the municipal drainage and sewerage systems. A manhole shall be provided
for each system, adjacent to the car park site boundary. Where municipal systems are not
available, septic tanks and soak ways shall be provided, designed in accordance with BS
6297 - Code of Practice for the Design and Installation of Small Sewage Treatment
Works an.d Cesspools.

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3.4.4 Stacks through the roof shall vent the foul water sewers. The stack may be used for
collecting discharges from sanitary appliances and for connecting vent pipes from traps.

3.4.5 Sanitary pipe work shall be designed in accordance with the relevant requirements and
recommendations of BS 5572 Code of Practice for Sanitary Pipe work. Flow in sanitary
pipe work and in foul water sewers shall be the sum of the maximum discharge for each
connected appliance calculated in accordance with Clause 7.2.1 and Table 2 of BS 5572.
All traps shall be vented and vent pipes may be connected to the stack above the level of
the highest discharge branch. Each toilet and each bathroom shall have a floor gully for
wash down, connected to the sanitary system, as well as door thresholds.

3.4.6 Roof drainage and rainwater pipes shall he designed in accordance with BS 6367 - Code
of Practice for Drainage of Roofs and Paved Areas and shall provide for rainfall on the
roof at a rate of I OOmm/hr.

3.4.7 All parking slabs shall be sloped to obtain proper drainage as required by Section3.4.2.

3.4.8 Drains shall be provided at the bottom of stairwells. They shall either be located outside
of the main pedestrian traffic area or be fitted with covers that do not pose a tripping
hazard. Any openings between the treads, risers, landings, and stairwell walls shall be
sealed. All stair treads, landings, and raised walking areas shall be sloped to drain.

3.4.9 Floor drains shall be of adequate size and located frequently enough to ensure that run-off
does not reach other levels of the facility. Do not locate floor drains in driving aisles
unless otherwise approved. Ordinarily, trench drains are undesirable.

3.4. l O Floor drainage systems may be connected to rainwater pipes, which are suitably sized.
The design flow from any area of flooring shall provide for immediate drainage of a
group of 16 sprinkler heads discharging simultaneously. Adequate provision for wash
down facilities shall he included in the floor drainage and the rainwater drainage systems.

3.4.11 Heavy duty, vandal-resistant drains with strainers shall be used. Drains for parking
decks, which are subject to storm water pick-up, shall be of the rectangular grill type, with
minimum dimensions of 30cm x 60cm. Drains shall be set 25mm below finished floor
elevations, and finish down to the drains to ensure that low points do not occur
immediately adjacent to the drains.

3.4.12 Drainage of basement floors shall discharge to sumps at the lowest level and, be pumped
from there to the surface water drainage system by means of ai:propriate types of sump
pumps. Not less than 2 pumps shall be provided at each sump, arranged to operate
alternately, each being designed for the maximum quantities entering the sump. Sump
pumps shall be provided with level control and high level alarm.

3 .4.13 All floor drainage shall pass through a petrol interceptor designed in accordance with CP
301 Fig. 2 - 3 Chamber Interceptor. Internal pipes shall be sized so that their outlets are
not drowned when passing maximum discharged quantity.

Page 25
3.4.14 All storm water drain lines, including leaders from the roof of elevator banks and
stairwells, shall be protected from damage by vehicles.
3 .4.15 Provide a sub-drainage system around the perimeter of the structure, if needed, and
waterproof all wall areas below grade. A sump pump shall be provided to discharge water
collected by the sub-drainage system to the building drainage system.
3 .4.16 Storm water manholes and inlets shall conform to MPW standards.

3.4.17 Piping along perimeter of structure shall not be visible from the exterior of structure.

3.4.18 Drainage from paving and access roods shall be designed in accordance with BS 6367 for
a rainfall rate of 50mm/hr.

3.4.19 Measures must be taken to ensure that external surface water from the adjacent public
highway, pavements or other areas does not run off into the car park.

3.5 Asphalt Paving and Concrete Driveways

3.5.1 Where a car park construction project includes access roads, these shall comply with
WIPW General Specifications, for Kuwait Motorway/Expressway, Volume 1 of 2,
(August 2004).
3.5.2 Such access roads must be consistent with adjacent highways and connect properly with
existing curb lines, pedestrian footpaths, road drainage, levels and utilities.
3.5.3 The need to repave existing streets in the affected parking construction area, and replace
existing curbs and gutters, shall be thoroughly investigited as part of the project design.

3.5.4 Design asphalt and concrete mixes to comply with cited regulation design standards.

3.5.5 For approaches to parking facilities and surface parking lots car parking related paving
sections are to be as follows:

Location Course Type Thickness

Parking Lots and Type 1 Driveways Sub-base Gravel 20cm*
Parking Lots and Type 1 Driveways Base Asphalt Concrete 6cm
Parking Lots and Type 1 Driveways Wearing Surface Asphalt Concrete SC 4cm
Type 2 Driveways Sub-base Gravel 20cm*
Type 2 Driveways Roadway Concrete 20cm
Notes: type 2 shall be used where heavy vehicles are present.*Material to be placed and compacted in 2 equal layers.

3. 6 Paints and Coatings

3.6.1 In underground garages and those serving predominately commercial retail customers, all
concrete walls and ceilings shall be painted in a light neutral color (such as off-white or
eggshell) to enhance lightening in the garage. In all other garages, the areas around
elevator and staircases, inside all staircases, and otrer locations of high pedestrian traffic
(that do not contain decorative tiles) shall be painted with a light neutral color. This paint
scheme shall allow painting walls and columns in distinctive ways, so as to aid customers
in remembering where they parked; this is actually preferred over all the same color. See
recommended color scheme in Appendix 8.

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3.6.2 Each painting system (primer, intermediate, and finish coat) shall consist of compatible
materials produced by a single manufacturer.

3.6.3 Levels shall be color-coded to match standards set forth in Appendix 8. This includes
staircase doors and frames, elevator doorframes (that are not stainless steel), bands
around the elevator and stairway areas, and on select columns. The change of level/color
shall occur near the center of the ramps, and in those locations, the first few columns on
either side of the break line are not to be painted. All color-coated surfaces will receive
the same three-coat system (primer, intermediate, and finish coat) of compatible paints.
Samples of all paint colors shall be submitted by the contractor for approval.

3.6.4 Drain Jines shall be painted to match the concrete color or the light neutral color when the
adjacent structure is painted. Fire lines (standpipes and sprinkler lines) shall be painted
Standard Safety Red .

3.6.5 Elevator shafts for glass-backed elevators shall be painted a dark neutral color, except for
any below grade areas visible from within the car, which shall be painted a light neutral
color to reflect light.

3.6.6 Do not paint stainless steel, galvanized and non-ferrous metal surfaces unless otherwise
directed.

3.6.7 Provide a concrete sealer on floors in elevator machine rooms, electrical rooms, storage
rooms, supply rooms, bathrooms and similar interior space not covered with a flooring
material of publicly operated facilities (see Section 3.1.13).

3.6.8 A traffic deck topping membrane shall be applied to all drive aisles and to the area of
deck above all support service rooms (elevator machine rooms, electrical rooms,
mechanical rooms, storage rooms, supply rooms, bathrooms and office space) in publicly
operated facilities.

3.6.9 Painting systems used m the publicly operated facilities shall have the following
qualities:

a. Structural Steel, precast panel connections and miscellaneous metals ~nterior and
Exterior).

• Surface Preparation: commercial blast cleaning

• First Coat/Shop Primer: Urethane Zinc-rich primer at 2.5-3 .5 mils Dry Film
Thickness (D.F.T)
• Intermediate Coat: Polyamidoamine Epoxy coating at 2.0-3.0 mils D.F.T
• Finish : High-build Acrylic Polyurethane enamel, semi gloss at 2.0-3.0 mils OFT

Page 27
b. Metal Doors and Frames (Interior and Exterior)

• Surface Preparation: hand cleaning.

• Primer: High and power tool - solid polyamidomine epoxy at 2.0-3.0 mils D.F.T
• Finish Coat: High-build Acrylic Polyurethane semi-gloss at 2.0-3.0 mils D.F.T

c. Concrete Masonry Units and Dense Concrete (General):

• Surface Preparation: Clean and dry.

2
• Primer Coat: Cementitious-acrylic masonry filler covering 5.6-7.4 m / per
gallon. Not required on Dense concrete
• Intermediate Coat and Finish Coats: High-solids Amine-cured epoxy coating at
5.0-6.0 mils D.F.T

d. Concrete Masonry Units and Dense Concrete (Stairwells and Bathrooms):

• Surface Preparation: Clean and dry

2
• Primer Coat: Cementitious-acrylic Masonry Filler at 5 .6-7.4 m / per gallon. Not
required on Dense Concrete
• Intermediate Coat: High-solids Amine-cured Epoxy coating at 6.0-8.0 mils
D.F.T. If brushed or rolled, (2) coats are required to achieve recommended
coverage
• Finish Coats: High-build Acrylic Polyurethane enamel, semi-gloss, at 2.0-3.0
mils D.F.T

e. Concrete Masonry Units and Dense Concrete (Exterior)

• Surface Preparation: Clean and dry.

• Primer Coat: Cementitious-acrylic Masonry Filler at 5.6-7.4 m 2 / per gallon. Not
required on Dense Concrete.
• Intermediate and Finish Coat: Modified-acrylate Elastomeric, matte, at 4.0-6.0
mils. For sand texture finish.

f. Dense Concrete (Underside of Parking Deck):

• Surface preparation: Clean and dry.

• Finish Coat: Modified-acrylic Elastomeric, matte, at 8.0 mils D.F.T. Two coats
are required to achieve recommended coverage

g. Galvanized Metal (Interior and Exterior)

• Surface Preparation: solvent cleaning

• Primer Coat: Polyamidoamine Epoxy coating at 2.0-3.0 mils D.F.T
• Finish Coat: High-build Acrylic Polyurethane semi-gloss at 2.0-3.0 mils D.F.T

Page 28
 h. Drywall (General):
....
• Surface Preparation: Clean and dry.

- •
•
Primer Coat: Water-based Epoxy primer at 1.0-2.0 mils D.F.T
Finish Coat: Water-based Acrylic Epoxy coating, semi-gloss, at 4.0-6.0 mils
D.F.T. If brushed or rolled, (2) coats are required to achieve recommended
coverage

3.6. l O Guarantee required for publicly operated facilities:

Work performed shall be guaranteed in writing to be free of defects relating to

workmanship or material deficiency for two (2) years from date of final acceptance Any
repair(s) necessary during this period shall be done immediately at no expense to the
owner. All materials shall have their original adherence at the end of two years, and there
shall be no evidence of blisters, running, peeling, scaling, chalking, rus:, streaks, fading or
stains at the end of this period. Washing with alkali-free soap and water shall remove
surface dirt without producing any deteriorating effects. During guarantee period, annual
inspection of the completed installation shall be done jointly by the Contractor and public
operator maintenance provider, and any corrections required shall be done immediately by
the Contractor at no cost to the public operator.

Section 4 - Mechanical
4.1 General
4.1.1 In addition to the codes and standards set forth in Section 1.1; mechanical elements shall
comply with MEW codes and regulations.

4.1.2 Where car parks are situated above ground, every effort should be made to use natural
ventilation except where structural limitations prevent the size of permanent ventilati:m
openings. Parking levels not meeting the 50% "open" criteria (in Section 3.1.3) shall be
provided with a ventilation system and a carbon monoxide detection system, meeting all
code requirements, in order to detect, alarm and remove offensive odors and mxious
fumes. Supply air shall be introduced at locations and velocities that will not be
objectionable to garage patrons.

4.1.3 All enclosed, basement, or underground parking shall be continuously ventilated by

mechanical systems. The ventilation rate shall be sufficient to ensure that the carbon
monoxide level in the Car Park areas does not exceed the following:
Normal 50 ppm (part per minute)
Peak 100 ppm (part per minute)
The ventilation rate calculation shall be carried out twice. First, using the anticipated
average traffic flow rate and a permissible concentration of 50 ppm and secondly, using
the anticipated peak traffic flow rate and a permissible concentration of 100 ppm. The
higher value shall then be used as the design ventilation rate, but in no case shall the rate
be less than six air changes per hour.

Page 29
....
4.1.4 Floors below ground level shall , for the purpose of removing smoke (produced by fire),
be provided with natural ventilation by means of openings positioned to induce cross
currents and having a total area of not less than 2.5% of the area of the floor. Entrances
may be included as providing part of this ventilation when closed only by lattice type
gates, and any such gates, shutters or doors to entrances shall be locked shut only by
means of a padlock fastening such as can be easily broken by a fireman in an emergency.
Ventilation openings shall terminate not less than I .Sm above ground level, with louvered
outlets.

4.1.5 Air intakes shall be located to preclude the intake of exhaust fumes from vehicles outside
the garage. Air shall be exhausted at locations that will not allow fumes to enter air
intakes of nearby buildings and pedestrian areas. The design shall prevent the
introduction of exhaust or other fumes from the parking areas into stairwells, elevator
shafts, and support facilities.

a. Each exhaust air and make-up air ventilation system shall be designed with two or
more fans operating in parallel.
b. A single additional fan shall he provided to act as a common stand-by to the operating
fans and shall be automatically started in the event of a failure under normal or
emergency power conditions.
c. All ventilation equipment shall be provided with 100% stand-by electrical power
supply.
d. Distribution ducting shall be arranged to exhaust 1/2 of the required ventilation rate
from low level and 1/2 from high level.

4.1.6 Ventilation systems must not produce objectionable noise levels or air velocities in areas
occupied by the public. Necessary sound attenuation equipment shall be incorporated in
the Car Park ventilation systems so that the noise level does not exceed 50 dBA at 1m
distance from any exhaust air or supply make-up air grille.

4.1.7 Mechanical ventilation of stairwells shall be provided to reduce high temperatures

especially at the upper levels.

4.1 .8 The ventilation of toilets shall be designed - to the standards of A.S.H.R.A.E. If toilets do
not have direct access to unpolluted air the ventilation system shall provide an unpolluted
fresh supply.

4.1.9 Ventilation equipment rooms and fire protection plant rooms shall be mechanically
ventilated to the standards of A.S.H.R.A.E. A separate air supply shall be provided where
applicable for the engine driven fire pump, and standby generators used for engine
cooling and general ventilation.

4.1.10 Rooms protected by fire extinguishing gases shall be provided with the following
facilities :

a. Provision to automatically close off any air inlets or outlets simultaneously with the
discharge of gas.

Page 30
 b. The initiation of the fire detection and alann systems shall cause the fans associated
with the ventilation and air conditioning to automatically stop.

4.1.11 Thermostatically controlled heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems shall be
provided in the following garage areas: administrative offices, cashier booths, security
guards booth and restrooms. The thermostat for the restrooms shall be accessible only by
staff.

4.1.12 Air conditioning, ventilation fans and tempered air for heating shall be provided in
elevator machine room, electrical switch room, generator rooms, pump room or other
mechanical rooms (except janitor's supply closet). The electrical substation shall be
provided with an independent air conditioning system and shall incorporate a high
temperature alarm displayed in the central control room. Ventilation fans only are
required for garage storage room and janitor's closet.

4.1.13 The heating, ventilating and air conditioning systems for all support rooms shall keep the
temperature within the operating range of electronic equipment used for power and
control of lighting and emergency lighting equipment. The HY AC system shall have
provisions for fire dampers to meet applicable codes. The HY AC system shall have
thermostats for automatic operation. The HY AC system shall be designed for the loads
encountered by the equipment for the specific facility. The HY AC system shall operate
on either 220/240 VAC or 415V for 3 phase systems. In addition, where through-the-
wall units are used in publicly operated facilities, they shall be high-efficiency, with
automatic thermostats, multiple speed cooling, slide out chassis for ease of installation
and removal from the inside. Exterior finish of high corrosion resistant coating, easy-
access filters, multiple airflow controls and exhaust and ventilation controls shall be used.

4.1.14 Piping shall be located and installed so that it does not reduce vertical clearances below
230cm to the underside of any obstruction, except a minimum clearance of 250cm is
required for vehicles routes to van accessible handicap spaces. Sleeving through beams
shall be provided as required Pipes passing through floors (except for slabs on grade)
shall be sleeved Sleeves shall extend 5cm above the floor level to prevent water from
flowing to lower levels of the garage. Sleeves shall be schedule 40 steel pipe, or
equivalent thickness plate steel for non-circular openings, and hot-dipped galvanized
after fabrication. The space between the sleeve and pipe shall be tightly caulked with an
appropriate caulking compound. Pipe guards securely fastened to structural members
shall protect all pipes and ducts passing through the parking or drive areas at elevatiorn
subject to vehicular damage. Pipe guards shall be fabricated from 5cm steel, hot dip
galvanized after fabrication Connections shall be designed to withstand anticipated
impact loads.

4.1.15 Water shall be supplied at convenient locations on each floor, with adequate pressure for
cleaning the facility using 30m of 38mm fire hose. The water system shall be designed to
prevent unauthorized use, and for easy draining when there is a threat of freezing
conditions. All piping is to be exposed, neatly and securely fastened to the surface of the
structure, and located so it will not be damaged by vehicles or subject to vandalism Hose

Page 31
 connections can be located inside stairwells, at ends of parking bays and between parking
stalls, so parked cars will not block them. Hose connections and valves shall not protrude
in such a way as to present a safety hazard to pedestrians A booster pump shall be used.
.,_
The wash down portion of this requirement may be met by the standpipe system if
requirements coincide.

4.1.16 Standpipe, sprinkler, and fire alarm systems shall be provided in basements and where
required by code. Standpipe systems shall be air supervised dry systems, in accordance
with NFPA Standard 14, as amended by the addition of paragraph 1-7.2. The system is to
be sized with regard to any planned additions to the parking garage. It shall be sized by
the construction contractor and submitted in accordance with NFPA Standard 14, 1-10, as
amended. The distance between the pumper connections serving the dry system and fire
hydrants shall not exceed 30m. The number of standpipes shall be in accordance with
NFP A Standard 14, 3-2, as amended to require that measurements must be parallel or at
right angles to walls. Piping shall be located so vehicles will not damage it. Standpipe
valves and hose connections in parking areas shall be located between parking stalls, in a
112cm fireman's access aisle, so they will not be blocked by parked cars. Valves and
hose connections stall be provided inside each stairwell. Hose connections and valves
shall not protrude in such a way as to present a safety hazard to pedestrians. Standpipes
shall be specified to be installed from grooved joint pipe. Welded joints are not
permitted.

4.1.17 Hose bibs shall be provided at convenient locations along the outside periphery of the
garage, coordinated with other requirements for landscaping and irrigation in Section 7.
They shall be designed to prevent unauthorized use, damage by freezing, or vandalism.
Vacuum breakers shall be provided as required by code.

4.1.18 Piping along perimeter of structure shall not be visible from the exterior of structure.

4.1.19 See Section 3 .4 for other drainage requirements.

Section 5 - Electrical
5.1 General
5.1. l The electrical design shall be in full compliance with iv1EW Regulations for Electrical
Installations. It shall also be in accordance with the IEE Regulations and relevant British
Standards where these do not conflict with the iv1EW Regulations.

5.1.2 Electrical service, adequate to meet the parking garage requirements, shall be connected
to an appropriate electric power company source by an underground service entrance
Electrical service shall provide:
Supply Voltage 415 V (+ or - 6%) 3 phase, 4 wire feed system
Supply Frequency 50-60Hz (+ or- 4%) and with solidly earthed neutral system
If possible, electric meters should be located where they can be read without the need to
enter a locked space.

Page 32
5.1.3 All electrical works, equipments, accessories and fittings shall be designed to opcr-ate
continuously in the electrical supply system having the above Section 5.2 characteristics.
Main electrical supply from MEW may be expected to require the provision of a
transformer substation in the car park. The requirements and location shall be agreed with
MEW. The electrical service within the garage S1all be 240 VAC for lighting and
equipment systems, and 120 V AC for power outlets.

5.1.4 Only rigid metal electrical conduits may be used Except where otherwise required
by code, they shall be run exposed, and attached to the surface of the underside of slabs,
or the surface of beams, columns, and walls, unless otherwise approved Conduits at
CMU walls, stairwells, and elevator lobby locations shall be concealed within the CMU.
Where exposed conduits encounter obstructions, the obstructions shall be sleeved to
accept the conduit Conduits passing through floors (except for slabs on grade) shall be
sleeved. Sleeves shall extend 5cm above the floor level to prevent water from flowing to
lower levels of the garage. Sleeves shall be Schedule 40 steel pipe, or equivalent
thickness plate steel for non-circular openings, and hot dipped galvanized after
fabrication. The space between the sleeve and pipe shall be tightly caulked with an
appropriate fire resistant caulking compound. Pipe guards securely fastened to structural
members shall protect all conduits passing through the parking or drive areas at
elevations subject to vehicular damage. Pipe guards shall be fabricated from 5cm steel,
hot dip galvanized after fabrication. Connections shall be designed for anticipated impact
loads.

5.1.5 The Main L.T. Board shall be located in an electrical equipment room adjacent to the
substation. Sub-main Switch Boards shall he located so that they are inaccessible to tre
public.

5.1.6 Each floor level shall have an adequate number of distribution boards, if possible located
so that wiring does not have to cross building expansion joints. They shall be housed in
lockable boxes not accessible to tampering by the public.

5.1.7 Junction box with 20A D.P. switches is to be provided for water coolers, for window type
A/C units, and for individual electrical water healers, if any.

5.1.8 Individual earth ground (leakage) protection with suitable sensitivity shall be provided
for all power and lighting circuits in accordance with MEW regulations.

5.1.9 Any switches, controls, or thermostats not in locked rooms shall be protected from
unauthorized use by providing wall mounted lockable metal covers out of typical reach
from the public.
5. l. l O Socket outlets shall be provided as detailed in Sections 9.1.1 and 9.3.1.

5.1.11 No aluminum wire shall be used.

5. l.12 Electrical outlets (20 amp. 120-240 volt) shall be provided at the exterior of each
stairwell on each level in a location not accessible to the public by locating 2.2m above
finished floor. Each stairwell is to be on a separate circuit.

Page 33
5.1.13 Any garage requiring standpipes shall have one 30-amp, 120-240 volt circuit for each
standpipe riser for firemen fans, supplied from the emergency panel, with a 20-ampere
three-wire twist lock receptacle at each hose connection as acceptable to the Fire
Department.

5.1.14 A lighting system shall be provided to promote pedestrian and vehicular safety and
security.

a . . Lighting intensity shall consider the brightness of natural light as it relates to various
parts of the garage.
b. Visibility shall be optimized with respect to the vertical and horizontal planes and
uniformity of illumination.

c. G !are shall be minimized for drivers and pedestrians.

5.1.15 The lighting system shall be economical, efficient, and provide for m1mmum
maintenance.

a. It shall be energy efficient.

b. It shall be vandal, breakage, and weather resistant.

c. It shall require minimum maintenance. Components, including lamps, shall have

long life to reduce maintenance costs and avoid interruptions in service. Contractor
shall provide to the public operator 10% spare light bulbs of each type and wattage
used in the publicly operated garages.

d. Fixture locations shall be easily accessible for maintenance.

e. The control system shall permit various patterns of lighting activations during
different times of the day/evening on an area-:by-area basis (see Section 5.1.17).
Additionally, circuits shall be arranged by levels, such that individual levels can be
deactivated when garage utilization requires closing sections of the facility.

f. The design will also allow for the possibility of operating all of the lights all of the
time with standard LUX levels and suitable rendering lamps.

g. Garage light fixtures shall be anchored in accordance with the stnctural design
criteria (Section 3. l .16). Power driven anchors shall not be used.

h. In precast garages with low "T" beams that limit effectiveness of lighting, stanchion
posts and frameworks are to be used to lower the light fixtures to 5cm above the
bottom of adjacent beams. Attachment shall be in accordance with Section 3.1.16.

Page 34
5.1.16 Minimum illumination levels at the floor level shall be as follows:

Area Intensity
Entrance/Exit Inside garage areas 500lux
Drive Aisles and Ramps 150 lux
Parking Stalls below grade lOOlux
Parking Stalls above grade lOOlux
Inside Stairways & security problem areas ( and pay station areas) 200lux
Pedestrian Lobby/landing areas outside of stairs and elevators 200lux
Roof (exposed to outside) 20lux
Vehicle and pedestrian areas outside the garage and surface lots 200lux
Restrooms 200lux
Control Room 300lux
Other Support service rooms 150lux

The above minimum illumination intensities shall be produced by a lighting system with
an average/minimum uniformity ratio not exceeding 3/1. The design should include
calculations to demonstrate that the lowest intensity produced by the lighting system at
any point within each area is not less than 1/3 the average intensity shown above. Point-
by-point computer printouts are required to verify this performance in garage design
submissions.

5.1.17 Lighting shall be controlled by a combination of manual on-off switches, 7-day electronic
time switches provided with reserve power, and photo-controls. Astronomic type time
clocks shall not be used.

a. All below grade parking levels shall always be fully illuminated. Circuits shall be
provided with a manual control capable of reducing the lighting level (in diagonal
alignment).

b. The garage requires the following lighting control sequence for all parking levels
(except as noted in a., c., and d. of this section):

Fixtures Dusk to Midnight to Dawn Dawn to Dusk

Midnie:ht
All All lights Every other fixture (in Outer bay inside rows, Outer ramps
Parking on. diagonal alignment) off by outside rows, interior bays and all
Levels action of a time clock, ramp fixtures shall be on. Every
except lights at turns, other fixture should be controlled
comers of garages, and at by electronic time clocks, except in
elevator/stairwell access publicly operated garages, where all
areas shall always be on. lights shall be on.
Roof Same as Same as above All lights off.
(open air) above

c. Roof lighting fixtures shall be controlled by a photo-control and time clock as

described above.

Page 35
 d. All lights at garage entrance/exits shall be on from dawn to midnight. From midnight
to dawn, one third of the lights shall be off.

e. Exterior driveway and site lighting (exterior of the structure) shall be controlled by a
photo-control, and come on at dusk lighting levels.

f. External lighting of the car park building shall be designed in full coordination with
the Landscape Architect. Wherever a cable feeding external lighting crosses asphalted
areas cable ducts shall be provided.

5.1.18 Fixture types

a. Parking areas - 100 w. or 150 w. depending on a lighting analysis, 230 V AC, high-
pressure sodium or metal halide, tamperproof, vandal-resistant, ceiling mounted
luminaries. Fluorescent tubes may not be used in publicly operated garages.

b. Stairwells, Elevator Lobby/Landing, and Pay Station Areas - Metal halide lighting
must be used for these areas. Vandal-resistant wall packs shall be used. Fluorescent
tubes may not be used in publicly operated garages.

c. Roofs - Pole-mounted, anodized aluminum, 150 watt high pressure sodium

luminaries, medium cut-off, hi-impact lens, enclosed and gasket, with integral ballast
and adjustable knuckle shall be specified. 5.2m square anodized aluminum poles
hinged at the base shall be mounted on a 1m high concrete pedestal. Poles located on
the perimeter are to hinge inward. Other poles must hinge so as not to meet
obstructions.

d. Pedestrian Exit Signs - Self-luminous, vandal-proof exit signs shall be used directing
pedestrian to all emergency exit staircases.

e. Driveways and site lighting (exterior of the structure) - Pole-mounted, anodized

aluminum, 150 watt high pressure sodium or metal halide luminaries, medium cut-
off, hi-impact lens, enclosed and gasket, with integral ballast and adjustable knuckle
shall be specified. 5.2m square anodized aluminum poles hinged at the base shall be
mounted on a 1m high concrete pedestal.

f. Illuminated traffic directional signage - Each vehicle entrance and exit lane, both
inside and outside the garage, shall have illuminated box signs with a green T'
(down arrow) denoting useable lanes and a red "X" denoting wrong way. Reversible
center lanes, should they exist, must have both a green "f' (down arrow) and red "X",
controlled by manual switches in the manager's office. These traffic directional
devices may be lit with neon tubing or fiber optic. Other illuminated signs are also
located in and outside the garage.

5.1.19 An emergency lighting system, in accordance with code requirements, shall be provided
The standby power supply shall be a fast transfer central battery system equipped with a
means for automatic charging of the batteries. Sealed maintenance-free lead-calcium

Page 36
 recombination batteries shall be used There shall be no appreciable interruption of
illumination or revenue control systems during changeovers between power systems.
Provisions for HV AC fo maintain the manufacturer's required temperature in the room
containing the emergency lighting system, shall be coordinated with mechanical design
criteria Emergency power provided by a diesel generator housed in a room adjacent to
the substation shall be incorporated in the emergency lighting system for extended use.

The emergency power system shall have the capacity to operate:

a. Fifty percent of the lighting within each floor of the building;

b. All internally illuminated signs within the building;
c. Fire fighting equipment and Automatic Fire Alarm System;
d. All drainage, sanitary, sump, booster pumps;
e. Parking Revenue and Access Control equipment and Toll Booths;
f. One hundred percent of the ventilation system requirements;
g. One lift in each core, plus sufficient power to bring all other lifts to the
predetermined floors with escape route;
h. All other alarm and communications equipment;
1. future revenue collection and security equipment

There shall be no appreciable interruption of illumination or revenue control systems

during changeovers between power systems. The emergency generator shall have noise
silencing provisions, such that the system meets or exceeds local codes. For publicly
operated garages, a maintenance contract/warranty shall be required for a period of two
years after final acceptance.

5.1.20 Circuits to serve elevator motors shall be sized in accordance with the needs of elevators
meeting the requirements of Section 2.6, but in no case are to be sized for motors of less
than 50 hp.

5.1.21 Fire alarm system shall be designed in accordance with BS 5939 - Fire Detection and
Alarm Systems in Buildings and current Kuwait Fire Brigade requirements. Fire
Detectors shall be provided throughout the parking area at 25m spacing. The main fire
alarm panel shall be located the control room, with sub-fire alarm panels in each core
area connected to the main panel.

5.1 .22 Cables and conduits for signals from the main fire alarm panel to the machine rooms for
lift groups within each fire zone shall be designed and installed as part of the car park
alarm system, not as part of the lift installation.

5.1.23 CO detectors shall be provided at locations thro1,1ghout the car park, with special
emphasis on ramps and at exits, where CO accumulation is most likely to occur.
Detectors must be connected to an alarm panel in the control room to give visual and
audible warning of CO concentrations in excess of the designed maximum.

Page 37
 5.1.24 Spare cable ducts for traffic signals or other utilities shall be provided across al entry and
- exit lanes at their junctions with access roads. Also at the junctions of access roads and
the primary road system where such access roads form part of the car park construction
project. Additional cable ducting is required between the car pa-k buildings and an
adjacent access road for a future connection between the Car Park Control System and
the Kuwait Area Traffic Control System.

5.1 .25 Provisions shall be made for the installation of public telephones on the exterior of
garages. This shall be coordinated with the telephone company supplying local service to
the area where the facility is located. No, wiring is to be exposed on the facade of the
garage and the location is to be compatible with the overall appearance of the garage

5.1.26 Telephone lines and equipment shall be provided for voice and data transmission as
needed for the parking manager's office, parking revenue control system (including pay
stations and computers), security system, and elevator rescue assistance monitoring.

5.1.27 Protection from spillover lighting shall be provided to meet code requirements, or as
requested by the Municipality.

Section 6 - Fire Protection

6.1 General
The structure of a modem multi-storey and underground car park uses mainly non-combustible
materials and is considered a low fire risk. The fire spread from vehiclo-to-vehicle is the major
concern when considering fire loading in the enclosed car park.

The extent of the damage/threat will depend on the:

• Number and mix of vehicles in the car park at the time of a fire.
• Degree of ventilation in the affected area.

Factors which reduce risk include:

• Early detection of a fire.

• Staff fire safety training and Standard Operating Procedures for fire emergencies
• Fire warning systems.
• Sprinkler systems.
• Frequent risk assessments.
• Compartmentalized construction.
• General security.

Page 38
6.2 Fire safety standards
6.2.1 The Fire Protection to the Car Park shall comply in all respects with the relevant sections
of BS 5306 or NFPA 88A in accordance with Kuwait Fire Brigade.

6.2.2 The standard of structural fire resistance required is nonnally measured in relation to
values detennined by the fire test described in standards such as the European
hannonized fire tests, which w~ll supersede BS 476: Parts 20,21 and 22 respectively are;

BS EN 1363-1. DD 240: Fire safety engineering in buildings. London: BSI, 1997.

BS EN 1364-1. BS 7974: Application of fire safety engineering principles to the design of
buildings. London: BSI, 2001.
BS EN 1365 parts 1-4.

6.2.3 Automatic fire alarms detection and extinguishing equipment can be rendered inoperative
by explosions or vandalism. In the selecting extinguishing equipment, care should be
taken to ensure that, while effective for use against petrol and oil fires, the items do not
give rise to toxic gases when their contents come into contact with hot surfaces. Some
equipment that is suited for use outdoors presents a toxic risk in confined spaces.

6.2.4 Means of escape require that clearly defined routes be posted with adequate consideration
for illumination along the path.

6.2.5 Fire prevention systems shall be comprise of portable fire extinguishers throughout the
facility plus:

Car Parking Levels: Electrical, Offices, Revenue Diesel Engine

Mechanical & & Security Room
Transformer Room Guard Room
Automatic Sprinkler System (in Halon Systems. COL Systems.
basements & enclosed below
ground areas).
Hydrant and Hose Reel Systems Hose Reels

6.2.6 See Sections 4.1.17 and 4.1.18 for standpipe system requirements.

6.2.7 See Section 9.3.4 Water supply requirements for garage wash downs and fire fighting.

Section 7 - Landscaping and Irrigation

7.1. l Kuwait Municipality guidelines or zoning regulations may require that garage structures
occupy no more than a certain percent of a building site, be set back certain distance;
from property lines, and provide a certain percent of amenity space. If no guidance exists
for an area, the minimum standards set forth in Section 1.2.1 shall be used. Setbacks shall
be maintained as green areas. Amenity space, defined as open space for public
enjoyment, shall be designed with lawns, plantings, fountains, art objects, walks, etc.

Page 39
 7.1.2 Surface parking lots shall incorporate amenity space (landscaping) elements to the degree
.... possible; utilizing all unused parking areas. Priority efforts shall be extended to the
provision of shading, combining canopies and natural elements .
.... 7.1.3 The landscape design and treatment of external areas of the car park should provide for
the functional requirements of the space, while complementing and enhancing the
building architecture.

7.1.4 This should include hard and soft landscape treatments. Specific attention should he
given to the utilization of shade and natural ventilation opportunities to minimize heat
gain, radiation and glare, and to the treatment of interfaces between external lmdscaped
areas, car park structures and adjacent land areas.

7.1.5 Care should be taken to ensure that landscape treatment does not conflict with
infrastructural requirements such as sub-surface services and utilities, structure
foundation or ventilation ducting.

7 .1.6 Consideration in design should be given to the prevention of unauthorized vehicle access
to pedestrian areas and general open spaces, to ensure effective separation of
vehicular/pedestrian circulation. Appropriate use of changes of level, ramps, steps,
bollards and deterrent paving should be considered.

7.1.7 Appropriately placed pedestrian paths and shrubs shall be used to discourage excessive
foot traffic on lawn areas.

7.1.8 Landscaping shall not provide hiding places, means of climbing to upper levels or
obscure sight lines for vehicles or pedestrians at exit portals or into a garage.

7.1.9 All landscaped areas should be designed to drain adequately to prevent local 1:x:mding or
water logging. Note should be taken of local climatic conditions with respect to rain and
to dust storms. All paved areas should have appropriate drainage slopes and loose
surfaces should be adequately graded.

7.1.10 Within the site area, no external surface should be left untreated. All surfaces should be
designed to incorporate soft, hard, or loose material land treatment.

7. l .11 A variety of surfacing materials should be used to provide spatial and functional
detention, and textural variation. In pedestrian areas, materials should provide a practical,
durable and safe surface for pedestrian circulation and, where applicable, for occasional
access by service and emergency vehicles.

7.1.12 All surfaces and structures should be designed wherever possible to have low heat
absorption properties and low reflectivity to reduce heat build up and glare to a
mm1mum.

Page 40
7.1.13 Preference should be given to the use of locally manufactured and available materials,
including concrete block, precast paving slabs and tiles, and to poured in-situ surfaces.
Efforts shall be made to obtain sound sub-base natural materials to avoid slumping and
settlement of paved surfaces.

7 .1.14 At changes of level, consideration should be given to pedestrian circulation and handicap
access/egress requirements (steps, ramps} Refer to standards set forth in BS 8300 -
Design of Building Approaches to Meet the Needs of Disabled, and ISE - Parking
Provisions for Disabled People. Slope stabilization efforts shall be made to prevent
slumping or surface run-off and wind erosion. Retaining walls should be structurally
designed to perform to maximum loading and finishes should be complementary with
those of the buildings.

7 .1.15 All landscape should be designed to retain its structural, operational and aesthetic
integrity for a minimum 15 years.

7 .1.16 To ensure visual continuity and common design expression, all utility fixtures such as
lighting, signage and street furniture and hardware should be consistent in scale and
finish with hardscape elements such as structures and surfaces.

7.1.17 External street furniture and hardware should be fabricated of materials resistant to sand
abrasion and corrosion, and should be detailed and located so as to prevent sand/dust
accumulation.

7.1.18 The use of planters in external areas whether precast or in-situ poured structures, should
consider pedestrian flow and space use requirements.

7.1.19 Placement of manholes, service ducts and traps should avoid location within planting
beds or planters, in order to facilitate access and maintenance. Within paved areas, these
fixtures should be kept flush to adjacent surface finishes.

7.1.20 Litter bins should be designed and located for practicality and ease of use, and for
maintenance accessibility and refuse collection. Bins should be conveniently located
within public areas, as well as points to and from these collection areas. A designated
smoking area shall be provided outside of the structure and fire-proof containers will be
provided for disposal of cigarette butts. For publicly operated facilities, design and
location of litter bins shall be in accordance with the desires of the public operator.

7.1.21 Light levels for pedestrian areas including: paths, stairs and ramps, both inside and
outside the garage shall be in accordance with Section 5.1.16. Pole lighting and wall
mounted luminaries shall be used for lighting of vehicular and pedestrian egress areas.
Efforts shall be made to avoid spillover lighting on adjacent properties. Special efforts to
use lighting to enhance nighttime appearance of amenity/landscape elements shall be
included.

Page 41
7.1.22 Edge interfaces between hardscape and softscape should identify change of use and
function, while restricting/preventing access if required. Similarly, edges should prevent
soil run-off and local ponding and should facilitate maintenance of both ha-d and soft
surfaces. Consideration should he given to raise concrete curbs, trip rails, fencing,
deterrent paving, and steel headers as possible treatments.

7 .1.23 In non-pedestrian areas, at interfaces of horizontal surfaces and vertical structure~ and in
the detailing of edges, consideration should he given to use of suitable loose surface
treatment such as rock, stone or gravel. Comers, edges and plane interfaces should be
designed to avoid sand/dust and litter accumulation.

7. l.24 Suitable protection treatment should be considered for trees in pedestrianized areas.
Alternatives for tree well covers might include stone or rock covering, metal or concrete
gates. Any solid cover should fit flush to adjacent surfaces, should be suitable for
adjustment as the tree grows and its caliper increases, and should not he liable to
breakage.

7.1.25 Plant material should be, selected to meet functional requirements of shade, shelter
screening, definition and structure of open space; and amenity arrl aesthetics. In plant
selection, consideration should be given to:

• Climatic problems associated with exposure and local wind funneling and turbulence
adjacent to large buildings.
• Soil conditions.
• Quantity, quality and availability of irrigation water.
• Type of irrigation system.
• Requirements for maintenance, i.e. with planters incorporated on the building at
different levels exposure is a particular problem and species liable to dieback should
be avoided.

7.1.26 Species chosen should be those proven hardy in Kuwait and known to be locally well
established as a type, and fully acclimatized to local climatic conditions

7.1.27 Planting design should reflect functional purpose (see Section 7.25 above), maximum
size anticipated in the planting conditions, soil, local climatic conditions, method and
application rate of irrigation, character of the individual plant, and opportunities for
massing and variety where appropriate.

7.1.28 Consideration should be given to use of suitable growing mediums for all plants, whether
in open ground or in planters. Use of soil conditioners, such as vermiculite, perlite, or
organic resin foam, of organic fertilizers, and of soil ameliorants such as peat or
composted bark should be assessed.

7.1.29 All trees, shrubs, plants, sod and ground cover at publicly operated facilities are to be
covered by warranty by the contractor for a period of one year from the date of firal
acceptance of the garage project. All maintenance including watering, mulching,

Page 42
... weeding, fertilizing, and spraying to control insects and disease, are to be provided by the
contractor from the time of planting through the end of the warranty period.

7.1.30 Where planting is to be incorporated, into the structure of the building, for example in
elevated wall planters, planters should be insulated using sheet polystyrene lining or
similar material. This is especially important for those planters with a southerly and
northerly aspect. The planter location and choice of plant material should accommodate
climatic and functional constraints such as exposure, accessibility for mainenance, and
visual appearance. Location, orientation and choice of planter design and rupport
structures should he carefully considered, as should plant form, colour and texture.
Provision should be made for drainage of planters as in integral component of the
building drainage system design.

7.1.31 Planting pits for trees, palms and shrubs should have a minimum size 2 1/2 times greater
in diameter than the root ball, add I 1/2 times deeper than root ball depth. Consideration
should be given to use of membranes or under-drainage if there is risk of saline ground
water contamination. All trees and palms should be adequately supported if necessary,
using stakes or guy wires/"dead men" as applicable.

7.1.32 To ensure visual and functional results, while respecting building and wall maintenance
requirements, plant should be placed at approved distances as fdlows.

From building walls: From free standing walls:

1.5m diameter of tree crown+ 0.5m for trees I .Om min. for trees
1.2m min. for shrubs 0.7m min. for shrubs

7.1.33 The purpose of irrigation is to ensure optimum growth, and, through efficient use of
water, to minimize waste. Consideration should be given in systems design to availability
of water for irrigation, the type of water available, (potable/brackish) and water supply
sources and methods. In general, all planting in external areas should be irrl5ated with
brackish water, and all planting on the building with potable water.

7.1.34 Plant species selection for external areas will depend to a considerable extent on water
salinity, which is expected to range between 3500 and 7000 ppm. Salinity levels, should
be ascertained prior to use.

7. l .35 Traditional methods of manual irrigation are widespread in Kuwait. However,

consideration should be given to the use of an automatic irrigation system, with a
separate component for irrigation at ground level and for eleva'ed buildings level
planters.

7.1.36 System design should incorporate the most appropriate distribution system trickle/drip/
bubbler/spray) compatible with water quantity, quality, facility of application, type and
location of planting, anticipated maintenance levels, and ease of maintenance of the
system.

Page 43
7.1.37 The automatic system should incorporate all necessary pipe work, filters, solenoid and
gate valves, emitters or bubblers, and timers/controllers necessary to facilitate a system.

7.1.38 All components of the system should be designed and installed to minimize public access
and contact, with locked lids and doors being used where appropriate.

7.1.39 Should brackish water supplies not be available on a regular daily basis, consideration
should be given to provision of storage facilities to eliminate interruption of irrigation
due to water supply short falls. A minimum 3 day supply provision is suggested.

7.1.40 Installation of a hose union system to allow wash down of external areas, and back-up
manual watering for any automatic system is required (see Section 4.1.17).

7.1.41 Where pipe work passes under or through structures or pavements, it should be sleeved to
prevent damage or cracking and to accommodate stress and loading.

7.1.42 External landscaped areas, building planters, amenity elements and irrigation systems
should incorporate maximum uniformity and standardization to minimize servicing and
maintenance. Minima] maintenance levels should anticipated in any eventuality.

7.1.43 A maintenance manual should be prepared indicating schedule of o~rations, duration,

timing, man/day input and procedures to ensure the maintenance of all hard works, soft
works and irrigation systems during the guarantee period.

7 .1.44 Planting maintenance should not require more than cultivation, weeding, fertilizing,
pruning, insecticide/herbicide treatment, checking/ repairing/ replacement of wires,
stakes, ties and support as necessary, and replacement of plants as required.

7.1.45 Irrigation maintenance should not require more than testing and repair of the system
faults and breakages as required, replacement or renewal of fittings, fixtures, pipe work,
and ancillary connections as necessary, and clearance of blockages in-line and at the
emitter outlets as may be applicable.

Section 8 - Signage and Graphics

8.1.1 Appendix 6, "Signs on Ribbed Floors" sets out the general arrangement legends a typical
detail of the traffic signs and markings which shall be used internally and externally for
multi-storey car parks. See Appendix 1, Figure A 1.1 for typical vehicle and handicap
space striping detail. (For full details see Kuwait Parking Signage Manual)

8.1.2 Gated-parking facilities used by the public shall have a control system which monitors
the total number of vehicles in the car park The control system may be linked to the
overhead sign at the entrance visible from the street, which shall have a variable message
indicating parking status. i.e., "FULL", "CLOSED". This requirement must be
coordinated with the access control portion of the revenue collection equipment in
Section 9.2.3. There shall also be provision for a future interface between the car park
control system and the Area Traffic Control System.

Page 44
 Facilities that offer speed ramps shall have loop detectors for each floor, which operate
illuminated space counting signs displaying the number of parking spaces available on
each level. Any such system must be fully described and specified and the, approval of
the Municipality Traffic Studies Section obtained.

8.1.3 As the car park design for a particular site can be quite different from any other, the
system of signing must be designed separately to provide for the specific requirements of
the particular building and site. Each proposal will be reviewed as to its adequacy in
meeting internal and external signing and surface marking requiremerts for
informational, control and safety purposes. Signs shall comply with the details and
nomenclature used in Appendix 6, the complementary Kuwait Car Park Sign Schedule.
(For full details see Kuwait Parking Signage Manual)

8.1.4 Standard 300mm deep overhead signs are to be used for directing traffic and the clear
visibility distance to these signs shall be not less than 20m when measured from a point
1.05m above floor level.

8.1.5 For ribbed floors the relationship between internal traffic sign locations, sigl1 distance,
structural rib spacing and clearance height is shown in Appendix 6.

8.1.6 Project submittals for design approval shall include a plan of sign and marking locations
and a sign schedule detailing the message, overall sign size, letter height, and materials
(internal illuminated box, metal panel or engraved plastic) and mounting details. Each
sign shall have a sign number that ties the plan to the message schedule.

Section 9 - Support Facilities

9. 1 Staff Accommodations and Public Amenities
9.1.1 The following staff accommodations and public amenities shall be provided on the
ground floor of publicly operated garages:

a. Manager's office and control room not less than 3m x 3m in plan dimensions, plus
additional space for alarm and control panels, and storage closet. It shall be equipped
with telephone and separate intercom system to toll booths and four No . 13A double
socket outlets. This room shall have half-height glass walls on two sides, with two
doors and shall be located to afford as much view of the public entryway and inside of
the garage as possible. The office shall contain a countertop and small area for the
public to enter without access to the remaining office.
b. Sleeping quarters for one guard, including kitchen equipped with sink and drainer
(with hot and cold water supply), with storage cupboard under and alongside, one
electric hotplate and two double socket outlet, and toilet with shower, washbasin (with
hot and cold water and W.C). Shall be provided in an alcove area adjacent but acces~d
from within the main manager office. These facilities should not be visible to patrons
inside the office.

Page 45
 c. Small office room for future security monitoring accessed through the manager's office
.... with three No. 13A double socket outlets shall be provided.

d. A cashier booth or similarly sized addition to the office structure shall be provided for
the security guard. This area shall be equipped with a telephone (for emergency calls)
and connected to the intercom system. The booth shall be placed to observe the cashier
booths, office and main entrances where possible. In large publicly operated garages,
more than one security booth may be required.

e. Garage storage room with drive-up access to double doors, allowing the sweeping
machine to be kept inside along with barricades, traffic cones/directional signs, large
quantities of bulk supplies, and other public operator maintenance supplies and
equipment. The storage room shall be a minimum 3m x 6m, preferable located under
the sloping deck, in a dead-end area. The headroom in the storage room shall be no less
than 2m.

f. Support facility rooms such as elevator machine room, electrical switch room, electrical
substation, generator rooms, pump room, or other mechanical rooms, and a janitor's
equipment supply closet, shall be sized as required to meet equipment needs but shall
be no less than 2m x 2m in plan dimension These rooms shall have lighting and one
No. 13A 3-pin double switch socket. The control room shall have three No. 13A 3-pin
double switch sockets.

g. Ground floor Public men 's toilet directly accessible from outside the car park with 7
No. European type W.C ., 1 no. Asian type W.C., 12 No. urinals, 6 No. wash basins
with hot and cold water and with mirrors over, and 2 No. electrical operated hand
dryers. See Section 9.1.5 below.

h. Ground floor Public ladies toilet directly accessible from outside the car park with 8
No. European type W.C.'s, l No. bidet cubicle, 6 No. wash basins with hot and cold
water and with mirrors over, 2 No. electrically operated hand driers, and 1 No . sanitary
macerator or incinerator. See Section 9.1 .5 below.

1. 1 No. type B drinking water cooler

J. Public telephone, located near the principal pedestrian entrance and if possible, within
sight of the Manager's office window.

9. 1.2 See Sections 4.1.12, 4.1.13 and 4.1.14 for heating and air-conditioning requirements of
all support facilities .

9.1.3 See Section 2.5, Section 4 and 6 for fire protection, ventilation and other requirements of
support facilities.

9.1.4 Staff accommodation and public toilets shall, if possible, be grouped together into one
block to enable common usage of water supply and drainage services.

Page 46
9.1.5 Each W.C. shall have a perinea! spray with flexible hose. 1 No. European Type W.C. in
each public toilet shall be designed for disabled persons.

9.1.6 Water supply to toilets, to kitchen and to Water cooler shall be potable water taken direct
from the mains supply, unless there is insufficient pressure available. Storage tanks will
not be permitted; an air-water pumping system shall be provided if mains pressure is
insufficient for direct supply. Isolating and drain valves and an adequate means of
preventing back-flow and possible contamination of the public supply system, shall be
provided in the building. Potable water systems shall be designed in acccrdance with
BSCP3 l O - Water Supply.

9.1. 7 The size of the incoming cold water main shall be determined from the consumption
expected from the various sanitary fittings as referred to in Section 3.4.5 above and the
water pressure available at the point of connection to the I'vfEW System.

9.1.8 Water heating shall be by electric water storage heaters; single basins or sinks from free
outlet heaters; groups of basins from multi-point heaters.

9.1.9 The transformer substation shall include additional transformers to MEW requirerrents,
as instructed in each case. If required for temperature limitation independent air
conditioning shall he provided to this sub-station, with alarms in the Manager's office.

9.1.10 Manager's office shall contain a C rated locking safe, minimum interior dimensions
45cm x 45cm x 66cm, securely fastened to the structure.

9.2 Parking Revenue Collection System

9.2. I Publicly operated garages shall be designed to allow for current and futtre revenue
collection methods. The types of operational methods to be included are gated pay upon
exit (electronic or cashier), gated pay-on-foot at pay stations and un-gated pay
beforehand at multi-space (meter) pay stations. Individual electronic metered parking
may be considered for surface lots. All of these methods will include (monthly/annual)
contract permit or access card parking and shall include certain smart card, token or
similar decrementing cards approved by the government parking authority.

9.2.2 While any given publicly operated garage will initially function under only one mode of
operation, the design shall accommodate future changes. All revenue collection proposals
should use Intelligent Transportation System language (protocol) when describing the
equipment and functions, in order that the elements may be included in future ITS
Architecture. Structural components and conduit sleeves must be embedded in beams and
slabs, at the time of construction, as required for future modes of operation and shall be
included in the parking garage construction plans. These include conduit sleeves
sufficient to accommodate multiple pay stations from garage office to central pedestrian
lobbies. Anchor bolts to mount future equipment shall not be provided.

Page 47
9.2.3 Pay upon exit to cashier parking systems shall provide automatic (auto-read, anti-pass
back, variable fee revenue calculation, facility counting, audit counting,and system status
scanner) operating features, and include a sufficient number of entrance and exit gates
with an assumed capacity of 200cars/hour to prevent excess traffic delays The cashiered
parking system shall be designed to compile, display and print industry standard audit
reports. Revenue control equipment shall include auto-read ticket systems, fee computer,
cash drawers, standard ports for on-site inspection by municipal auditors and method for
communication to the facility's central computer and printers in the manager's office.
Power supplies for computerized equipment shall be connected to constant voltage
transformer with filtering and surge protection. A supply of 100,000 tickets and 500
access cards shall be provided. Tickets and access cards shall be of the programmable
type and preloaded with the appropriate public operator's identifications and notices.
Raised concrete lane control curbing and equipment islands with card readers, ticket
dispensers, fee indicators, barrier gates, full signs and weatherproof, secure, temperature-
controlled booths for parking attendants shall be provided. Intercom communication
equipment between the garage office, booths, ticket disperners and card readers shall be
provided. Barrier gate, ticket dispenser, card reader and cash register control loops shall
be provided in the concrete pavement or slabs. Ticket dispensers and cashier booths that
are not located within the parking garage shall be provided with a protective canopy.
Custom color selection, by the public operator, for equipment shall be provided.
Materials and colors of the canopy shall be chosen to be consistent with the exterior
design of the garage. See Section 2.5.4 for security alarm requirements.

9.2.4 Pay-on-foot operation shall be considered when project program requirements indicate
this type of operation, including structures where insufficient exiting queuing areas or
lanes limit the use of cashier pay upon exit Since payment transactions take place before
patron's returns to their cars, the processing time at the exit reader can be twice as fast
(400 cars per hour). Banks of two or more pay stations are required at each of the main
garage pedestrian re-entry points.

9.2.5 Multi-space pay stations (also referred to as "pay by space"1 if provided, shall be
sufficient in number and located to facilitate their use. A minimum of one pay station for
every 100 parking spaces shall be used for public garages. Space numbers will need to be
painted on the parking deck for each space. This type of equipment requires no gated
access (increasing exit capabilities to 800 cars per hour) but does require enforcement
officers to issue parking tickets to patrons that do not pay (similar to individual parking
meters).

9.2.6 Pay station areas shall be well lit and protected from the weather, yet open to view, for
security purposes.

9.2.7 In conjunction with the revenue control equipment, gated parking facilities used by the
public shall have a control system that monitors the total number of available spaces and
operates a variable "FULL" and "CLOSED" sign as required in Section 8.2 and in above
Section 9.2.3. Facilities that offer speed ramps shall have electronic detectors for each
floor, which operate illuminated space counting signs, displaying the number of parking

Page 48
 spaces available on each level. The central parking management system should also have
the capability of broadcasting this "vacancy" information to the system of guidance signs
on arterials and limited access highways leading cars to the parking facilities. This data
sharing capability should be included in the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
Architecture for the parking structure.

9.3 Provisions for Maintenance

9.3.1 A minimum of2 No. wash down points (see Section 3.4.16) shall be provided at each
floor level, not more than 30m apart, each comprising a 38mm water connection; and
phase weatherproofed 15A socket outlet.

9.3.2 Washdown facility will also be provided outside as required m Section 3.4.18 and
Section 7.1.40.

9.3.3 Adequate provision for wash down facilities shall he included in the floor drainage and
the rainwater drainage systems.

9.3.4 Water supplies for garage washdowns and fire fighting:

a. The M.E. W. must be consulted regarding the adequacy of the water supply available for
wash downs and fire fighting purposes.

b. Potable water shall be used where available for wash downs to reduce deterioration of
concrete. In the absence of potable, brackish (norrpotable) water shall be used.

9.3.5 Where brackish water is used for wash downs and fire fighting systems an up-to-date
water analysis shall be obtained from the M.E. W All materials and components shall be
selected to avoid corrosion and deterioration Preference is for a "dry" standpipe systems
as described in Section 4.1.17 to be installed instead. Alternatively, provision may be
made to keep each system charged with potable water, to he drained and re-filled with
potable water following a discharge.

; END NOTE: As the consultant team visited each of the publicly operated garages, then reviewed the current design
criteria, the need to update and revise this manual became apparent. Publicly built garages now operated by the
PUMC were completed as follows: one in 1979, nine others from 1982 to 1987, and one later in 1993. Except for the
last garage, all others were of precast concrete construction. Many of these structures were off-the-shelf products,
actually designed for 90° parking with two-way traffic. They were then altered with wheel stops or saw-tooth raised
curb platforms to accommodate the preference for angled-spaces and one-way drive aisles mandated by the Kuwait
Car Park Design Criteria. This resulted in completely inefficient facilities, with confusing drive patterns and access
aisles so wide they encourage double parking. The parking bays were not oriented properly. They often ran the short
width rather than the long lengths. Many of the facilities are constructed as two separate garages, which add costs
and very little benefit. Many of these precast garages used double "T' beams creating low ceiling heights, reducing
visibility of lighting and signs.

Page 49
-

APPENDIX -1
Typical Vehicle and handicap
Space Striping Layout
 l

Figure A1 .1: Typical Vehicle and Handicap Space Striping layout

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 APPENDIX-2
Typical Layouts at Entry and Exit
Gates
 r r

X-Y TABLE IN METERS

X 2 .8 2.9 3 .0
y >2
2-6 .l.4 ( 4

GATE ISLAND

y X

I
(

IN

ENTRY / EXIT GA TE LAYOUT

L

APPENDIX-3
Calculation of Dynamic Capacity
 CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC CAPACITY

The following is a brief example of Dynamic Capacity calculations . More details are available
in the reference for design guidance given in Section 1.1. 7.

1.0 AISLES AND STALLS

Cin 55X1 + 425X2 + 150X3 - 10.24X4 - 849

Cout 66X 1 + 242X2 + 52X 3 + 7.7X4 - 136Xs - 690

Cin Capacity in, cars per hour

Cout Capacity out, cars per hour
X1 aisle width (metres)= 6.0
X2 stall width (metres) = 2.8
X3 aisle length (metres) = 5.6
X4 % cars reversing to park= O for 75°, 30% for 90°
X5 0 for one-way aisles. 1 for cul-de-sac aisles.

Cin 55(6.0) + 425(2.8) + 150(5.6) - 10.24(0) - 849

1511 cars per hour

Cout 66(6.0) + 242(2.8) + 52(5.6) + 7.7(0) - 136(0) - 690

675 cars per hour

2.0 RAMPS
Straight ramps = 1800 cars per hour
Curves = 1750/(1 +1 OO/r3) where r = mean radius metres
= 1750/(1+100/512) = 6+4.0/2 = 8m
= 1464 cars per hour
 APPENDIX-4
Calculation of Exit Reservoir
Space
.....
It may be more practical to provide say (2) reservoir spaces after each gate . To check, we
must refer to Figure A4.1 again and specifically to the line for 2 reservoir spaces.

Demand Analysis:
At Location 1 flow on the main road= 300 v.p.h.
and barrier capacity is 200 v.p.h.

At Location 2 flow on the main road = 500 v.p.h.

and barrier capacity is 200 v.p.h .

At Location 3 flow on the main road = 700 v.p.h.

and barrier capacity is 190 v.p.h .

At Location 4 flow on the main road= 900 v.p.h.

and barrier capacity is 180 v.p.h.

Total exit gate capacity with 2 reservoir spaces associated with each gate,
200 + 200 + 190 + 180 = 770 v.p.h.

This exceeds the car park capacity and therefore a 2 reservo ir space system would be
acceptable.
-

APPENDIX- 5
Parking Policies
Relevant to
Parking Design Criteria
PARKING POLICIES RELATED TO DESIGN STANDARDS
ASSUMPTIONS

1. The Kuwaiti government wants more parking control through comprehensive

regulations.

2. The Kuwaiti government will partner with the private sector to get large parking
structures built in the right locations.

3. The Kuwaiti government endorses a realistically priced pay-to-park philosophy.

4. The Kuwaiti government wants people to walk, but only in healthy environments.

5. The Kuwaiti government can see the future in Intelligent Transportation Systems.

Given these relevant assumptions, the Consultant has developed several policy
recommendations that relate to parking design. Below are recommendations for dealing with
the major opportunities and impediments to parking structure design in Kuwait.

POLICY #1: REGARDING REQUIRING DEVELOPER ON-SITE PARKING

Developers shall be required to provide the exact amount of parking that is calculated based on
the approved government standards. The standard . measure for determining parking
requirements shall be gross floor area (GFA) not net floor area. Gross Floor Area is used
because it is relatively easy to calculate and is relatively constant over time. A few specific types
of uses, such as: restaurants, theaters, schools, and marinas shall use individual units. Also see
guidelines for 'Standards Variation for Land Uses Sharing Parking Spaces'.

Developer parking shall be fully on the private parcel and shall not infringe upon the public
right of way. Developer provided spaces that permit public parking shall adhere to the KM
garage design specifications; all garages (public and private) shall have the required safety and
design features recommended for public garages, per the latest edition of the KM parking
design manual.

Transportation Impact Assessments (llAs) shall be required for all developments involving
40 or more units (i.e. residential, shops, offices and any combination of these) or is applying
for 'complex' plot floor area ratio benefits, or government land. Besides the prescribed levels
of traffic generated by the proposed development and the assessment of the impact it may
have on the road network, the developer shall also examine parking provisions (and calculate
parking deficits) within 500 meters of any proposed new construction and/or major rehabilitation
project. All proposed driveways to and from the parking areas must be authorized by the
transportation planning department; no curb alterations shall be made except those that have
been approved. All off-street parking within 500 meters of a development shall be evaluated as
a possible interconnected parking facilities and the cost of such interconnection shall be
estimated, for government participation consideration.
New Parking Standards for Transit Impact Zones
A new reduced parking standard shall apply to all new developments and major rehabilitation
projects that are situated within 150 meters of a transit system station. The new parking rate
shall be 20% less than the KM standards en-force. The government itself shall not participate in
construction of new off-street parking within 150 meters of a major transit station, aside from
those facilities which act as park-and-ride lots that rely on transit to convey passengers to their
final destinations. All on-street parking in the Transit Impact Zones shall be metered. Private
sector off-street parking shall be regulated to ensure that it is more expensive closer to major
transit stations. Building standards and zoning requirements shall be modified to include transit
impact zones. All property owners in Transit Impact Zones shall provide a safe pedestrian
walkway along or through their property leading to the transit station, including access to the
private lift if necessary. Buildings built within 10 meters of a major transit stop shall provide
transit passenger amenities as well as public art within their development site.

Controls of informal parking on vacant lots

It is assumed that most informal (dirt) lots will be eliminated via construction of new buildings on
these vacant sites, however many will still remain as a consequence of land banking,
redevelopment strategies and legal disputes. The government position must be that parking,
even informal parking, is a resource that must be managed in order to ensure public safety as
well as the efficient service levels for the surrounding street network. Therefore, all property
owners shall fence their vacant property to prevent it from becoming an informal parking lot.
Should the owner want to allow public parking on the lot then they shall secure a permit from the
new parking authority. The permit application will include drawings of the site, number of parking
spaces, parking fees and driveway ingress and egress, including all conflict points associated
with access movements (i.e. left turns crossing traffic) . No driveway shall be closer than 30
meters from any controlled intersection. All parking fee structures shall comply with the rates set
by the new parking authority. Permits shall be renewed every two years unless the developer
hard-surfaces and strips the parking bays within the lot; such improved lots are permitted for 5
years. The new parking authority will monitor the implementation of this policy.

POLICY #4: REGARDING OFF-STREET PARKING

Better use shall be made of off-street parking by encouraging the shared use of parking and
developing parking standards for mixed use developments which reflect the potential for shared
parking among uses that have different peaking characteristics. Off-street parking facilities shall
be interconnected to one another wherever possible, to reduce cars roaming the road network
'searching' for parking.

Parking garages shall contain technology that informs drivers how many vacant spaces are
available and where these spaces are located. Parking space availability information system
shall include: variable message signs, radio, cell phone and internet communication . An
engineered way-finding-system shall be studied and implemented to direct vehicles entering the
City towards available parking stalls.

Illegal parkers in off-street lots will be charged for their infraction. Prior to the availability of
advanced tracking of the vehicles within the parking facility (i.e. ITS) license plates will be
manually recorded and upon exit from the lot a payment in the amount equal to a 'lost ticket'
shall be charged. Off-street facilities shall be routinely monitored by the new parking authority.
 POLICY #5: REGARDING ON-STREET PARKING
- All on-street parking shall have clear and visible demarcation that lets the public know of the
parking regulations . The demarcation shall adhere to standards of the latest KM Parking Manual
en-force. All on-street parking spaces shall meet the minimum requirements set out in the latest
parking manual. The government shall expand substandard running lane widths to improve
access to the parking spaces that are permitted.

On-street parking shall be duly regulated through various prohibitions, time limits and fees
(using one or more forms of paid parking devices) in all commercial areas. No head-in or angle
parking shall be permitted on arterials or in selected areas where it would impede traffic flow or
otherwise present a motorist or pedestrian safety hazard .

Under rare circumstances angled parking is used to "calm traffic"; where allowed, angled
parking must be duly regulated in order to control traffic speeds and to create safety buffers
between pedestrians and motor vehicles . These actions are intended to increase the number of
people on the street, and thereby improve public safety.

POLICY #7: REGARDING ITS STANDARDS

Kuwait shall design a comprehensive ITS Architecture with a specific market packages for
parking, which provides for electronic monitoring and management of parking facilities, as well
as links to a corresponding Vehicle Subsystem to allow for electronic collection of parking fees .
It shall also include the instrumentation, signs, and other infrastructure to provide information on
parking lot usage, parking availability, and other parking information. The Kuwait National ITS
Architecture which is prepared shall be broad enough to provide for regional parking
management strategies and coordination among multiple parking lot operators. The Kuwait
National ITS Architecture shall be technology neutral: describing essential data and functions
associated with the various subsystems, communication interfaces and data flows among the
subsystems, and corresponding data and technical standards for equipment interoperability
but shall not the specific equipment. The Kuwaiti Government shall require that both public and
private sector ITS deployments conform to the Kuwaiti National ITS Architecture and Standards
once they are adopted. The Minister of Communications shall designate a radio transmission
frequency (preferably 5.9GHz) to carry dedicated short range data communications for
transportation purposes 1 .

POLICY #8: REGARDING CONTROL OF USERS OF PARK-AND-RIDE FACILITIES

Park-and-ride facilities shall be provided at key interchanges outside of the City to reduce the
number of vehicles entering the City. The cost of operation and management shall reside with
the new parking authority - revenue from other parking and on-street parking violation tickets
will cross-fund this operation. There will be no fee to the commuters who are using the P&R
facilities outside of the First Ring Road.

To control against abuse by non-commuters, no unauthorized: truck, bus, trailer or recreational

vehicle shall be allowed inside the car park portion of the P&R. It should also be noted that
the enterprising private transport service providers will find ways to organize small loads of

1
See Section 5.3.1: DSRC is the technology for the 2010 decade and beyond.
P&R passengers into: cars, vans, minibuses and subscription services that operate out of Park-
and-Ride, such entrepreneurs shall acquire authorization permits from the new parking authority
on an annual basis. Cars parked for more than 24 hours in one stall without special parking
permits (i.e. TOD residential car storage) will be towed without notification.

POLICY #11: REGARDING BUILDING ORIENTATION

All buildings should have exits that lead directly to adjacent off-street parking facilities and
should not require customers to walk around the building to parking. The number of ground level
exit doors should be proportional to the amount of parking that is available; this encourages
dispersed parking rather than clustering around the doorway access. Building design should
allow for visual permeability; vertical surfaces should allow viewers to see through to the other
side e.g., windows and open fencing. Architectural materials and/or landscape elements that
"break up" the scale of buildings and spaces should be used to achieve a pedestrian scale.

Garages that serve shopping centers should have well lit and marked pedestrian walkways
leading directly into the shopping center, preferably at every floor to encourage more parking at
the upper and lower levels. Where possible air conditioned walkways with "travelators" should
be built. No building permit shall be issued for a development that does not have a pedestrian-
to-parking flow plan.

POLICY #13: REGARDING PEDESTRIAN SAFETY DESIGN AND PARKING

Developers shall provide building(s) that emphasizes pedestrian access, comfort and visual
interest with safe and comfortable separation from vehicle access to the building and site.
Specifically regarding the pedestrian leg of any commute the government shall provide and/or
insist that developers provide a better urban pedestrian network to encourage walking and/or
make walking longer distances possible. Walk through malls and on tunnels lined with shopping
are the most appropriate pedestrian walkways for the climate and lifestyle of Kuwait. These
pedestrian corridors shall be planned as an interconnected network rather than one-off
opportunities. Where ever possible moving sidewalks (travelators) should be included. The
presence of live plants should be included.

Sidewalks in commercial areas shall have a minimum 2.5-meter width free of any obstruction
(light poles, parking meters, other street furniture, landscaping or fences) . Raised crosswalks
provide a continuous street crossing for pedestrians at sidewalk level. They also slow motor
vehicle traffic at crosswalks, while eliminating the need for curb ramps. Raised crosswalks
should be marked or textured so that persons with visual impairments are able to identify the
street edge. Timing of traffic signals shall be adjusted in the following ways to benefit
pedestrians:

• Set the walk phase based on a walking speed of 1 meter/sec at intersections.

• Set the walk phase as a Leading Timing Interval for visibility of pedestrians and to
allow them to enter an intersection before vehicles with conflicting movements.
• All ped-walk indicators shall be include a Countdown feature to let pedestrians know
the exact amount of time remaining in the walk phase.
Vehicle access from pedestrian-oriented streets shall be prohibited unless no other reasonable
access is available, such as in lots with a single street frontage and no alley. Where improved
alleys are present, loading and service areas shall be accessed from the alley. All loading and
service drives shall be of a depth that prevents loading and service vehicles from obstructing the
sidewalk and roadway. Entrances to loading and service areas shall be screened from view.
Lots with more than one street frontage and no alley shall locate vehicular access along the
street with the least amount of pedestrian activity unless it is a local street.

POLICY #14: REGARDING VALET PARKING LICENSING AND CONTROL

Valet parking that uses public roadways for any portion of the driver transfer portion of the
service shall be prohibited. All driver transfer must take place outside of the active roadway
surface (curb-to-curb). All valet parking operations shall secure a permit from the new parking
authority. The applicant will be required to provide an organizational structure of the firm along
with the contact numbers of the executing officers. The application shall include a schematic of
the route valet driver's use, the number of spaces used and a release from the person/authority
that controls the spaces that are used by the valet parkers.

POLICY #15: REGARDING SECURITY WITHIN PUBLIC PARKING FACILITIES

Any criminal offense committed in a public garage, lot or park-and-ride shall automatically be
treated as a more serious class of crime than it might outside of the public parking environment.
Maximum severity shall also extend to any citizens who abuse parking enforcement officers.

Note: crime prevention is an added feature of the automated parking structure.

APPENDIX- 6
Signs on Ribbed Floors
 r

SIGNS ON RIBBED FLOORS

DISTANCE BETWEEN SIGN AND

X 4.25 3 . 58 2.92 2 .25 1.58 0.92
NEXT RIB IN METERS

MINIMUM CLEARANCE HEIGHT

FROM FLOOR TO BOTTOM OF y 2.25 2.30 2.35 2.40 2.45 2.50
ALL SERVICES (M)

• X ..

TRAFFIC SIGN
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -EYE LEVEL

Min. 1.05m

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CLEARANCE HEIGHT AND DISTANCE BETWEEN RIBS
(NOT TO SCALE)
 I

~ - ~c-- - - - - ~

& I
- 1v:,.·1 r I
OVERHEAD SIGN FACE
-----
J \

I
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1 TYPICAL ORIENTATION
FOR OVERHEAD SIGNS
 0
<.D

30 30
0
LO

CURB

1 AISLE SIDE SIGN

60

MOVEMENT
0
n DIRECTION
CURB

A DETAIL 2 SIGN POST INSTALLATION

 APPENDIX-7
Parking Rates by Land-use
 Recommended parking standards by land-use for Kuwait

Basic Land Use type Car Park

Commercial Uses Recommended
spaces unit
Office (non-medical) 1.00 25 m2
Retail
General Retail < 1,000 sq meter 1.50 25 m2
General Retail > 1,000 sq meter 1.00 25 m2
Grocery Store or Co-op 1.00 25 m2
Permanent, Open-air Market 1.00 per stall
Auto Showroom 1.00 100 m2
Multi-tenant retail center >5 tenants and > 1,000 m2 1.00 25 m2
Restaurant
Fast-food with interior seating 0.50 JOm2
Fast-food with no seating (drive-thru/delivery only) 0.30 peak hr employee
Dine-in 1.00 10 m2
Personal Service Establishments
Health Care (medical offices, outpatient care, etc.) 1.00 25 m2
Personal Care (salon, spa, barber shop, etc.) 1.00 25 m2
Tailor, Dry Cleaner, Shoe Repair 1.00 25 m2
Privet And Public clinic
Hospital 1.00 Peer 2 beds
Clinics 1.00 25 m2
Health Care facilities
Industrial Uses
Industrial/Manufacturing / Resource Extraction 0 .50 25 m2
Truck Parking (not loading) 0.50 100 m2
Automated Industrial / Manufacturing Plant 0.10 25 m2
Truck Parking (not loading) 0.25 100 m2
Warehouse and storage buildings 1.00 100 m2
Other Uses
Entertainment/ Amusement/Cultural
Multi purpose banquet hall, etc 4.00 100m2
Hotel meeting rooms 3.00 100 m2
Theater/Movie Theater/ Auditorium 0.30 per seat
Museum, Art Gallery, Library (Public and private) 1.00 25 m2
Marina 1.00 per boat slip
Gymnasiums and health care 1.00 30 m2 of gross area
Auditoriums, exhibition hall ,other public assemble 1.00 Peer 4 seats
Rooming houses & boarding houses 1.00 Peer 2 guests
Other entertainment/cultural uses 0.50 25 m2
Residential
Multi-family (unit size=< 150 m2) 1.00 Unit
Multi-family (unit size > 150 m2) 2 .00 Unit
Single-Family 2.00 Unit
Single-Family Villa 4.00 Unit
Bachelor Housing 0.80 Unit

Hotel 1.00 per 3 rooms

 Institutional/Religious/Governmental/Public
Local Mosque 10 .0 100 m2
Friday Mosque 14.0 100 m2

- College/University
College/University
Secondary School
0.80
0.30
1.30
Student Off-Campus
Student On-Campus
Classroom
Primary and Intermediate School 1.00 Classroom
Kindergarten and Nursery 1.00 Teaching Staff
Hospital (with inpatient beds) 2.30 Bed
Other publ ic facilities (social & health clubs etc.) 0.50 25 m2

Note: the provision of parking spaces for other uses not included in this list shall be determined at the
Discretion of the Planning Director.
APPENDIX- 8
Paint Color Codes
APPENDIX- 8
Paint Color Codes
.....
Recommendati,ons for Parking1Level Color - Coded System:

Adoption of a standardized color-coded method for identifying designated parking levels in

all garages open to the public. The system would be applied to significant elements around
the stairwell and lift lobbies, and on columns in larger facilities. This includes staircase
doors and frames, elevator doorirames, bands around the elevator and stairway areas, and
on select columns. The change of level/color shall occur near the center of the ramps, and
in those locations, the first few columns on either side of the break line are not to be
painted. All color-coated surfaces will receive the same three-coat system (primer,
intermediate and finish coat) of compatible paints. The following color scheme could
potentially be adopted:

Level 5 Purple
Level4 Brown
Level3 Red
Level 2 Green
Level 1 Orange
Ground Level Blue
Level 81 Dark Grey
Level 82 Dark Gold/Yellow

Deep colors rich in pigment are best to use, as signs are most visible when white letters
are printed on a black background (similarly all overhead parking directions should be
white letters on a black background). Color-coding pigments, similar to OSHA Federal
Safety Colors, are recommended and can be viewed at the following website .
http://www.duron.com/services/oshasafetycolors.asp
APPENDIX-9
Parking Orientation
(parallel and head-on)
 ( r

5 .50m
w
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it = 6..70m =6.70m ~8=6.7Um

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.... MAI N ROAD

FIG.1 SK ETCH 1 OFF STREET PARKING

SHOW DIFFERENT TYPE OF PARKING (PARELLEL,PERPENDICULAR,INCLINE)
 ONE WAY ROAD*

45· 5·

FIG.1 SKETCH 2 ON STREET PARALLEL PARKING

*PARALLEL PARKING ARE PROHIBITED ALONG HIGH SPEED
ROAD WAY OVER 50Km / hr.
 r r

MAIN ROAD

ACCESS ROAD

~ - -- - YELLOW SffilP
IN 45'
GROUND SIGN

FIG.1 SKETCH 3 ON STREET

PARALLEL PARKING AT ACCESS ROAD WITH LIMITED SPEED
 fI

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B . A
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BAYS• I
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II

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0.€Om 5.50m ___

6.~m
BUILDING '
COMMON-WALL ONE W/t..Y AISLE

FIG.2 SUPPORT POSITION RELATED TO PARKING GEOMETRY

A = FROM 0 .60M TO 1.00M (PREFERRED LONG )

B = 5.50 - (A+C) M
C = DEPENDS ON STRUCTURE DESIGN
D = 0.60 M PEDESTRIAN WALKWAY
~ ACCEPTABLE SUPPORT POSITIONS ( Column or Wall)

r=
• TYPICAL BAY DIMENSIONS
see appendix 1

_________ ___
_......____________J
----~----···· · -·---·-- ..·-·--·· ----·-·-··- ---·----·---·
· - - -······---·------------·-·----"- ........-----""""-'""'-· .......... ..
.... , - - -..·--·- -- -·--·
 Parking Lot Layout Dimensions
'-

K
Aisle
Direction

LJ L

D DI E

p ar k"mg space Layou t Sta ndards

Dimension Description 30° 45° 60° 75° goo Remarks
A Space width 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
B Space lenQth 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50
C LenQth of stall line 10.35 8.30 7.12 6.25 5.50
D 1-way aisle width 3.80 3.80 4.50 6.00 one way aisle
01 2-way aisle width -- -- -- -- 7.60 two way aisle
E Off set depth 5.18 5.90 6.17 6.05 5.50
F Curb Off set 3.00 2.60 2.00 1.33 0.60
G Free distance from wall or column face 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
L Space width parallel to aisle 5.60 3.96 3.23 2.90 2.80
K Set back from perpendicular to aisle 8.96 6.17 3.56 1.62 0
M Min. distance from Bay curb to Bay curb 14. 16 15.40 16.54 18. 10 -- one way aisle
-- -- -- 18.60 two way aisle
N Minimum curb to curb 15.36 16.60 17.74 19.30 one way aisle
-- -- 19.80 two way aisle
Note:- All dimensions are in meters.

Page 9
 APPENDIX - 10

Parking Facility Amenities

I I
 Amenities for Parking Facilities

Parking lots and garages can be inhospitable environments. Every effort should be made to make
them as comfortable as reasonably possible. Therefore the parking lots should provide certain
features beyond the functional: equipment, landscaping, lighting, toilets, and walkways already
specified in this ' KM Parking Criteria Manual'.

Water Fountains - chilled water shall be provided to the public. Delivery of water shall be in
disposable cups (e.g. not a tin reusable cup) or through a faucet designed for water sipped from a
stream. The water fountain shall be contained with an appropriate housing that prevents
customers from coming in contact with any non-essential elements. The faucet shall be
constructed of a stainless steel material. Preferred placement is at the base of the steps and/or at
the elevators; the fountain can be outside of the parking property if specifically permitted by KM
Municipality. There shall be at least one water fountain for every two floors of multi-storey car
park and one fountain for every surface car park with more thanlOO spaces.

Benches and Shelters - wherever there is reasonable expectation that a parking facility will be
used as a park-and-ride location (i.e. transfer bus or share-ride gather point), then a covered
shelter with bench seating must be provided. The size and design of this 'waiting area' will be
commensurate with the expected park-and-ride traffic estimates with attention given to the length
of time a commuter might have to wait (i.e. cycle time between buses). Once constructed, the
shelter and seating area shall be maintained by the parking facility manager.

Trash Bins - there shall be one trash bin located at every pedestrian exit of the parking facility.
A convenience bin shall be located at the pay station and at the pay gate, preferable via a chute
that suites the vehicle driving position. Areas around all trash bins shall be cleaned regularly and
"sweep around and empty trash bins" shall be a line item within the parking management daily
maintenance log.

Art & Music - there is debate whether playing music is appropriate for parking facilities in
Kuwait. Playing music in parking facilities is common in many countries in the world. If
appropriate music can be identified by KM Municipality, then music should be added as an
amenity provided by the parking management operator. This adds to a sense of security within the
parking facility. In lieu of providing music the parking management could substitute works of art
and/or decorations. One example is the PUMC idea to make bollards intended to prohibit parking
on the footpath look like urns or large vases. However the art should not introduce safety hazards
nor create 'hiding places ' for would be criminals.

Information kiosks - the parking facility is an excellent place to locate infonnation kiosks. It is
ideal for kiosks related to transportation and directions to nearby destinations. Information kiosks
can be paid for by advertising. Each parking manager should create guidelines for information
kiosks and these guidelines should be submitted as part during the parking facility approval
process.

Convenience Businesses - the idea of allowing convenience businesses operate in parking

facilities is mentioned in the policy recommendations of this Car Park Study. The ability to have
a car detailed, drop of laundry, etc. is appealing to some commuters. If having these services
attracts drivers to off-street parking - then it should definitely be encouraged. Each parking
manager should create guidelines for convenience businesses that would be allowed to operate
within the parking facilities . These guidelines should be submitted as part during the parking
facility approval process.
Appendix - 11

Buses and Trucks Parking

Recommendations
1- BUS PARKING

1-1 General Requirements;

1-1.1 Bus parking area should be separated from automobiles and vehicles
parking for visibility and safety.
1-1 .2 Bus layover/parking area should be separate from passenger loading
area.
1-1.3 where ever possible, liner (parallel to curb) bus bays are preferred to
improve the safety of passenger.
1-1.4 Typically bus bay boarding wide in the roadway, minimum width is
2.75m.

1-2 Parallel Parking; (min. travel lanes wide 3.35m.)

1-2.1 One way traffic

1-2.1.1 Bays on one side (see Fig. I. I).
1-2.1.2 Bays on both side (see Fig.1.2).

1-2.2 two way traffic

1-2.1.1 Bays on one side (see Fig. l.3)
1-2.l.2 Bays on both side (see Fig.1.4)

1-3 Inclined Parking; Alternate bus bay layouts for layover/parking area

1-3.1 Saw Tooth berth design or through parking bays (see Fig.2.1).
1-3.1.1 Typically bus bay boarding width 2.75m.
1-3. l.2 Length of space for standard bus (18.50-20)m.
1-3. l.3 Length of space for an articulated bus (25-26.SO)m.
1-3.1.4 Recessed area from curb line (2.25-3. l O)m.

1-3.2 Parking berth design (Parallel to Curb) (see Fig.2.2 and 2.3)
1-3.1.1 Typically bus bay boarding width 2.75m.
1-3.l.2 Length of space for standard bus (25)m.
1-3.1.3 Length of space for an articulated bus (30.50)m.
 2-TRUCKPARKING

2-1 General Requirements;

2-1. lAutomobiles and vehicle parking area should be separated from truck
parking area for visibility and safety.
2-1.2 Maneuvering area for loading facilities shall not conflict with park
spaces.
2-1.3 Public right-of-way shall not be used for maneuvering.
2-1.4 Maneuvering area in the parking shall not conflict with truck parking
Spaces.
2-1.5 Loading freight docks positions and circulation patterns should be
des.igned to allow better driver visibility.
2-1.6 Apron space should be adequate to allow the truck to back and pull-
out in one maneuver.

2-2 Truck parking Specification;

Truck parking specification are depends upon the type of truck,

Which they are mainly laying in between these three types
2-2.1 Single unit truck (Tl)
2-2.2 Intermediate semi-trailer (T2)
2-2.3 Large trailer (T3)

2-3 Design Criteria; (See fig. 3)

Type of Truck L w A B C D Rl R2 R3

Tl 9.20 2.60 12 3.75 13.75 4 12.80 8.70 13

T2 15.25 2.60 18.50 3.75 15.50 4 12.25 6.10 12.45

T3 22.45 2.60 26 4 23 4 13.75 3.5 14.15

All Dimension in Meters

Rl; Minimum Turning Radius
R2; Minimum in Side Turning Radius
R3; Minimum Path Radius of Front Overhang
 r r

ON EWA Y TRAFFIC
TRAVEL LANES

I BUS I I BUS I

(FIG 1-1) PARALLEL PARKING-ONEWAY TRAFFIC

BAY ON ONE SIDE
 r - r

I BUS I I BUS I
ON EWA Y TRAFFIC
TRAVEL LANES

I BUS I I BUS I

(FIG 1-2) PARALLEL PARKING-ONEWAY TRAFFIC

BA Y ON BOTH SIDE
 r r r

E
Lr: TRAFFIC LANE
~
~

~ J.
I':
I':
TRAFFIC LANE

---+ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --

E
l{]
I'
N I BUS I I BUS I

(FIG 1-3) PARALLEL PARKING-TWOWAY TRAFFIC

BAY ON ONE SIDE
 I BUS I I BUS I
TRAFFIC LANE

TRAFFIC LANE

--- --- --- -- - --- ---

I BUS I I BUS I

. (FIG 1-4) PARALLEL PARKING-TWOWAY TRAFFIC

BAY ON BOTH SIDE
 r

'0~0
G

(FIG.2-1) SAW TOOTH BUS PARKING BAY

*REMARKS
1 L DEPENDS UPON TYPE OF
BUS (LENGTH SPACE)

2 MOSTLY USED 45°ANGLE

OTHER INCLINED MAY USED
DEPENDS UPON DESIGN CRITERIA
AND AVAILABLE OF LANO.
 r r r

0«:--0
G
~'\)C:,

~'\)C:,
0«:--0
G

(FIG.2-2) SAW TOOTH BERTH DESIGN

*REMARKS
1 L DEPENDS UPON TYPE OF
BUS (LENGTH SPACE)

2 MOSTLY USED 45°ANGLE

OTHER INCLIN ED MAY USED
DEPENDS UPON DESIGN CRITERIA
AND AVAILABLE OF LAND.
 r

PUBLIC UTILI TY
AREA

RIDING
AREA

FIG.(2-3) BERTH DESIGN BUS PARKING

DROP & RIDE STATIONYARD
 r- r

LOADING DOCK

---,--,---,---,- -,--,--,---,---,---,--,--,---,---
1 I I
I' II I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
I I I I I
- - - L . - _.l_ _ _ -1 - - _J_ -L--~---1- _ __l _ _ _ L--L--.l..---1---

~
\
'. , PATH OF FRONT
\ OVERHANG
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

PATH OF LEFT /
, ~
1
1>,, /
,
REAR WHEEL ":,. / /

-- ,/ ,/
........ ., // //

c===o ., ., ., .,

.=-:.;"~ PATH OF RIGHT

FRONT WHEEL

GUARD
ROOM

FIG.3 DESIGN CRITERIA OF TRUCK PAR KI NG