Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter II
This chapter presents the related literature and studies which were reviewed and
helped the researchers fully understand the topic being investigated. This chapter also
Conceptual Literature
(Conceptual literature – explain the concepts from your study; those which are related to the
topic coming from books; should be topical in presentation, minimum of 6 related
literature from books, which are 10 years back)
Do not copy and paste/ should be paraphrased, meaning: READ THE ARTICLE THEN
ENCODE USING YOUR OWN WORDS DEPENDING ON YOUR UNDERSTANDING)
(Don’t forget to cite the sources of your related literature) Don’t forget to write the
references/sources in your TRIPLE I notebook since these will be placed in the References
section after Chapter V.)
Example #1
Conceptual Literature
The implementation of ALS paved way to the rights for education to be asserted by
marginalized groups like children, women, people with special needs, and Indigenous
The learning strands are not adapted according to their disciplinal case but
Service where it pursues the growth of students’ intellectual capacity along their chosen
career path and aims to promote their sense of social responsibility, providing them the
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opportunity to serve the community. This challenges ALS teachers to try their best to
Bellingham (2012) stated that it provides learners with the most practical and
innovative learning experience which they can utilize in driven and practically enterprising in
their lifelong learning process. Multidisciplinary approaches and mixed pedagogies are likely
to be appropriate. Alternative Learning System like basic literacy program and cultural
experiential learning. This allows students or learners to achieve a balance of skills and
mindset, and entrepreneurial capability. Whether this direction is observed in the manner by
which Alternative Learning System organization does absolutely dependent on the results of
system comprises a range of educational programs with a variety of purposes and outcome.
Some Alternative programs operate as stand-alone schools, and others are contracted out
of third party providers such as community organizations. Some grants diplomas and others
higher elementary schools. In the least developed parts of the world, traditionally managed
public education systems hold title promise for meeting EFA goals of providing access to
quality; eliminating gender based and other disparities; ensuring completion, and achieving
design to assess the implementation of the Alternative Learning System programs along
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with the provision of life skills, increased literacy and quality of living. The Alternative
Learning System A and E program was effective in cultivating the life skills of the recipients.
The programs improve the quality of living of the respondents as they continue their pursuit
for meaning and significance of life. The Alternative Learning System was an option for
those who wanted to improve their quality of living and rise beyond poverty. As an
alternative to the formal school system, the government needs to provide the physical and
adults to school and let them finish their studies thereby increase literacy. The strong
support and collaboration of the stakeholders, the commitment of both the learners and
learners in their pursuit to education, their coping mechanisms on the challenges in their
educational pursuit and their dreams and aspirations in life. It also uses the
Phenomenological approach with ALS learners from different ALS learners the
picked to undergo in depth interview and focused group discussion. As regards to ALS
learners5 e4perien!es in their pursuit to education, the following were thethemes1 initiation
inconveniences. As to their challenges in their educational pursuit, the themes that emerged
their insights, the themes were generated1 gainful employment, sense of accomplishment,
study that deals on the parameters of the ALS teachers that highlights their personal
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experiences and challenges face in implementing the ALS program in the far flung schools
may be useful and coherent to see the program from different perspective.
Education to help out-of-school youths as well as those adults who were not able to finish
their elementary and high school degrees due to poverty or other issues. An example of this
is our boxing idol Manny Pacquiao who finished high school through the ALS program. He
passed all his written and spoken tests and was able to enrol in college. He decided to run
for congress and now serves as congressman of Saranggani. It is then a reality that
educational institutions around the world should be able to promote 21st-century skills to its
students through formal education. However, it is also a reality that a huge number of the
world population are dropouts, out-of-school youth, and even individuals who do not go to
formal schooling. And as a result, these individuals who do not go to formal schooling have
difficulties in understanding and learning 21st-century skills which enable them to cope with
and to compete in the globalized world. And to cope with these challenges given by the
changing world and knowledge economy, alternatives were presented and implemented by
the countries around the world to help individuals attain education through non-formal and
International Journal of Education and Social Science emphasized that learners should
always express their ideas, and teachers, on the contrary, must provide learning
opportunities for the students to speak their minds. He also further expressed that
communication skill is one of the most important skills to adapt to the present (Mercado,
2009).
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Galima (2012) identified three teaching strategies. One is the use of informal sharing
of experiences at the beginning of the session. This would inform the teacher about the
condition of the learners, their current concerns, and interest. They carefully consider the
learners’ interests before starting to teach them the contents of the module. Another strategy
is the use of various computer-based technologies, especially video clips. This is done to
keep the learners, especially the younger ones, motivated and engaged. The third one is the
use of group activities which are meant to create a closer relationship among the learners.
Example #2
Conceptual Literature
Cooperatives
owned and controlled by the people who use its products, supplies or services. . Although
cooperatives vary in type and membership size were formed to meet the specific objectives
of members, and are structured to adapt to members’ changing needs. Cooperatives are
Although people have been working together for their mutual benefit throughout
human history, the cooperative form of business organization began during the Industrial
Revolution. Cooperatives were useful for promoting the interest of the less powerful
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members of society. Farmers, producers, workers, and consumers found that they could
accomplish more collectively than they could individually (Small Farm Program, 2001).
Types of Cooperatives
their member procure from and/or provide goods and services to the cooperatives. . For
example, members of grocery cooperatives procure grocery items from their cooperatives
while members of worker cooperatives provide their labor to their cooperative. Sometimes,
members provide goods and/or services; for example, members of an arts and crafts
cooperative can purchase supplies from the cooperative and provide their artwork and labor
cooperatives help producers assure markets and supplies, achieve economies of scale, and
gain market power through jointly marketing, bargaining, processing, and purchasing
supplies and services. Arts and Crafts cooperatives help artists and crafts persons maximize
their earning potential and working condition. Business cooperatives are formed by
businesses to purchase supplies or obtain services at a lower cost. Child Care and
children and their families. Credit Unions provide at-cost financial services to a wide cross-
section of the population. Custodial and cleaning services cooperatives create employment
opportunities and provide the benefits of ownership for their worker-members. . Food
cooperatives and buying clubs gain access to grocery products using a consumer-directed
through joint purchasing and marketing. Housing cooperatives offer ownership options for
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Californians from all income groups. Insurance cooperatives operate much like retail
cooperatives except that they provide insurance services instead of consumer goods.
Student cooperatives are set up and run by students to meet specific needs. Utility
cooperatives provide utilities such as communication services, electricity, and water to their
members and Workers cooperatives create employment opportunities and provide the
stabilized prices for products and services because of the buying power of the cooperative.
Businesses that sell to cooperatives may receive higher or stabilized prices for their
cooperatives products and services. A member who purchases 10 percent of the products
also benefit from shared ownership, which results in shared risk, both liability and financial,
Example #3
Chapter II
This chapter presents the related literature and studies which were reviewed and
helped the researchers fully understand the topic being investigated. This chapter also
Conceptual Literature
Sangguniang Kabataan
Ilechukwu (2011) states that the future of any nation belongs to the youth. The
anticipated and real wealth of the nation is not in its natural resources, but in its youth. A
nation makes no greater investment than that made toward the empowerment of its younger
age band. The youth is the peak of the future, icon of stability, and real stewards of national
growth and development. There is no superior way to prepare the state’s future than to
effectively and intentionally qualify the upcoming generations. The distinctive implication of
the above declaration is that a country that neglect its youth, is neglecting its future and the
The environment for Filipino Youth is defined by enabling laws, policies, plans,
programs, and organizations that promote the development and welfare of youth, as well as
their participation in development efforts. The number and diversity of enabling instruments
developed in recent years points to a widening avenue and platform for youth participation in
It states that the importance of youth as future leaders in the political and socio-
working group in any economy (Aminu,2012). The use of a Youth-oriented to social change
is called for through working with community-university partners. Its primary aim is to more
Ahmad et. al. (2012) states that it is certain that the significance of youth leadership
has encourage a good number of researchers to discover the relevant areas, a critical
review of existing related studies, however, reveals a separate in literature that this study
aims to fulfill. Importantly, meaningful youth engagement is a key concept for both positive
youth development and social justice youth development and facilities social/system change
to more effectively support marginalized youth and families (Alicea, Delgado & Lind, 2008).
Sociocultural Activities
It states that the social influence pertains to the phenomena where specific others
influence the perceptions, emotions and behavior of a person. Social influence takes many
forms, and is usually reflected in socialization, leadership obedience, and persuasion. The
concept of social influence revolves around social ties, influence of family and friends, role
models and others, who could possibly influence one’s long term behavior, such as
leadership participation (Koe & Majid, 2014); (Tata & Prasad, 2008).
voluntary community associations, such as clubs, require teamwork in schools and builds
Hinton (2008) and Hart (2002) agree and documented that children’s participation
throughout a project can lead to tangible and intangible benefits to children’s wellbeing.
They also believe that involving children within the concepts of ownership and participation
is consistent.
Anderson et. al. (2004) states that apprehensiveness of evolving in value is dynamic
for society’s organization. They should consider cultural changes of the community and its
factor. The changes and the difference of the society’s factor is being important for the
future. Culture is overall style of human life. Culture is formed by human connection and
from the norms and values that being created. Values is the base and the institution of
human culture and also depend and connected on cultural context and state (Hedayat-
Shodeh,2001).
to see instilled in our future young generation, after all, they will inhabit the earth long after
were gone.
According to Nurlila (2018), damaged environment taught us all about the impacts of
environmental changes that occur due to human behavior, the school provides a role to
have students understand the impact of human behavior toward nature and the
environment.
According to Ahmad et. al. (2012), most of youths in the community conclude the
environmental factors but do not partake and practice the habits towards a better
environment because they weren’t being disturbed. They also perceive not to do any step to
Disciplinary Practices
Ramsden and Buaneswari (2008) define discipline as a set of rules and regulations
of the SK that the youth are expected to obey their rules so that the order is maintained in
their community while accomplish the discipline, the youth focus on what they want to do.
Also disciplinary practices can be understood to practice the youth to improve their behavior
in the community, these practices shall enable the youth to be aware in their community
(Clark,2005).
Holden (2002) stated that disciplinary practices explains what will happen to the
youth in the community. Discipline is youth’s attribution for being good, recognizing and
supporting them when they are behaving. Also, discipline generally involves instruction and
guidance from the SK readers in the community that serves as the youth’s role model in
disciplinary practices. These programs are traditionally designed in such a way to establish
community wide standards rooted in the characteristics that are deemed to be acceptable
behaviors among youth, including respect and responsibility (Wallace,2005). Discipline has
become such an issue in the community today. It should be a positive way of helping and