Digital Image Processing and Analysis

Digital Image Processing

and Analysis
Second Edition

Bhabatosh Chanda
Dwijesh Dutta Majumder
Electronics and Communication Sciences Unit
Indian Statistical Institute
Kolkata

New Delhi - 110 001
2011
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS, Second Edition
Bhabatosh Chanda and Dwijesh Dutta Majumder

© 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing
from the publisher.

ISBN-978-81-203-4325-2

The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.

Thirteenth Printing (Second Edition) ... ... ... June, 2011

Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Rajkamal Electric Press, Plot No. 2, Phase IV, HSIDC,
Kundli-131028, Sonepat, Haryana.
 To
My wife Subhra
—Bhabatosh Chanda
and
My late wife Sabita
—Dwijesh Dutta Majumder
 Contents

Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii

PART I IMAGE PROCESSING

1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 3–19
1.1 Motivation and Perspective 3
1.2 Scenes and Images 5
1.3 Applications 6
1.4 Components of Image Processing System 7
1.4.1 Image Sensor 7
1.4.2 Image File Formats 10
1.4.3 Digitizer 11
1.4.4 Processor 12
1.4.5 Display Unit 13
1.4.6 Hard Copier 14
1.5 About This Book 14
1.6 Bibliographic Note 16
References 17

2. MATHEMATICAL PRELIMINARIES ............................................................... 20–63

2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Vector Algebra 20
2.3 Linear Operations 25
2.4 Orthogonal Transforms 27
2.4.1 Fourier Transform 28
2.4.2 Discrete Cosine and Sine Transform 35
2.4.3 Hartley Transform 36
2.4.4 Walsh–Hadamard Transform 37
2.4.5 Haar Transform 38
2.4.6 Slant Transform 39
2.4.7 Wavelet Transform 39
2.4.8 Karhunen–Loeve Transform 44
vii
viii Contents

2.5 Singular Value Decomposition 46

2.6 Probability and Statistics 47
2.7 Fuzzy Sets and Properties 50
2.8 Mathematical Morphology 52
Summary 59
Problems 59
References 60

3. VISUAL PRELIMINARIES ................................................................................ 64–76

3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Brightness Adaptation and Contrast 66
3.3 Acuity and Contour 67
3.4 Texture and Pattern Discrimination 68
3.5 Shape Detection and Recognition 69
3.6 Perception of Colour 71
3.7 Computational Model of Perceptual Processing 75
Summary 75
Problems 75
References 76

4. IMAGE FORMATION ........................................................................................ 77–91

4.1 Introduction 77
4.2 Geometric Model 77
4.2.1 Basic Transformations 78
4.2.2 Perspective Projection 80
4.2.3 Camera Calibration 83
4.3 Photometric Model 84
4.3.1 Intensity 85
4.3.2 Transformation of Energy 86
4.3.3 Noise Process 89
Summary 89
Problems 90
References 90

5. DIGITIZATION .................................................................................................. 92–107

5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Sampling 92
5.3 Quantization 97
5.4 Visual Detail in the Digital Image 98
5.5 Digital Image 100
5.6 Elements of Digital Geometry 103
5.6.1 Some Important Definitions 104
Summary 105
Problems 106
References 106
Contents ix

PART II IMAGE PROCESSING

6. IMAGE ENHANCEMENT .............................................................................. 111–149
6.1 Introduction 111
6.2 Contrast Intensification 112
6.2.1 Linear Stretching 114
6.2.2 Non-linear Stretching 115
6.2.3 Fuzzy Property Modification 118
6.2.4 Histogram Specification 119
6.2.5 Local Contrast Stretching 122
6.3 Smoothing 126
6.3.1 Image Averaging 126
6.3.2 Mean Filter 127
6.3.3 Ordered Statistic Filter 129
6.3.4 Edge-preserving Smoothing 134
6.3.5 Low-pass Filtering 139
6.4 Image Sharpening 139
6.4.1 High-pass Filtering 144
6.4.2 Homomorphic Filtering 145
Summary 146
Problems 146
References 147

7. RESTORATION ............................................................................................... 150–181

7.1 Introduction 150
7.2 Minimum Mean-square Error Restoration 152
7.3 Least Square Error Restoration 153
7.4 Constrained Least Square Error Restoration 154
7.4.1 Lower Bound of g 157
7.4.2 Monotonicity in the Error Functions 159
7.4.3 A Concise Algorithm for Restoration 160
7.5 Restoration by Singular Value Decomposition 161
7.6 Restoration by Maximum a Posterior Estimation 162
7.7 Restoration by Homomorphic Filtering 164
7.7.1 Distortion Model and Range of Parameters 164
7.7.2 Filtering Procedure and Related Problems 165
7.8 Blind Deconvolution 167
7.9 Super-resolution Imaging 171
7.9.1 Constrained Least Square Estimation Technique 176
7.10 Other Methods 176
Summary 179
Problems 179
References 180
 Digital Image Processing And Analysis

Author : Bhabatosh Chanda

Publisher : PHI Learning ISBN : 978812034 3252 And Dwijesh Dutta
Majumder

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/6189

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