As Per The New Syllabus of (MEE TMCnet UU Le SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS Le ea Bich i al a For BE. Students Semester-V » Electrical Scannep with CaMSCANNERSubject Name 1 Sint ad seme Subject Ce «3150912 peters Content Semis and sens cree. bemedal estvnenton domestic and indies. Repesestsions af Signal, Chisfestons of Sima Conivous Une, Dit tne couric omens Arig, Diptal snd Dicer Sig, Sigel open pre fete. imcgaiy, detcminm snd sechase charsr Some’ sec igual fnprance hen stp the ant inp he sao. he comple expen iw: bd ed homoge seme city Sab, itn, sein, sition advo oe gh rae Ssovaaine Ing for CELT sytem, signal mspomes to CTLTT system. popes of csvoltin, LAT system respons properties from snp reponse. Examples Impulse fepome Ccicatin so cmclaton sm. Coal gal epee to DELTY syne rope of conaliten summation lnple rapoe of DT-UT sem. DTT sy opries fom inpalse espns, Sysiem analyse fom Sffeoce equation model examples [FOURIER, LAPLACE AND TRANSFORMS = Representation of pera fants Faun Sees. Region spect of pends Funer Transform, Relation berncenLapice Tansorm and Fourier Tsserm sad ropries Panevs There, Review ofthe Laplace Tar or onus me sal {nd syns, yam fenton, ple ad Zero of rye fncons and signal, Laine ‘roan analy sluton to fees eganteas and spam behave The = Tansorm for duct inc signals and stem, stem func, ples and ates of stems and {SAMPLING AND RECONSTRUCTION The Sampling Theorem and ts implestons,Spctn of sampled signal. Reconsracton et merit, eo-der Nll fisriebod Allsing a fect Relation ewe cmv and crt tine systems notation othe applica of sgl and system teary mulation for commusicalon, Gkering, feedback cond sens, [APPLICATIONS BASED ON ToT = Induction of he ltr of Things, Types of seme Types of scan, lode tf Arduino nesacing of the seo and ata with Ando, Programming in Ari. Signals trae and alsin wing Ario, Design of mie prot based oa Ard.a ———— orn TAA Index - 2 tyre Sem 04 Ys Le compre of Coins an Diese Tie Sim 15. etn of Aoi 16a igi Si 17 compu of Ano an Dis Sioa 18 deems and N-Daerminsic Random) Sem Le Pend mt Neopet 1 Symmes Ee) sot Anime (Odd) Sina LN gy nd Foe: Sa 1 Some dememany Sagas. 144s tat So 168 at ay 169 a Pett Frnt, L135 Siem Assan 116 Sym LIT Chastain of Syste 1174 Comins Tine an Discrete Tie Sysem 1.173 Sue OMemonles) and Dynamic Memory) Sym LITA Time ovarian (Shit vin) and Tone Vr (Shit Varn) System, 1175 Causal snd Non Causal Sytem 1176 Stable an Unable Syste. LIB Propenis of Systems 1.161 Linearity 1.182 Homage and Avy 1.183 subicompen of Coin Consonant 231 sage Fede DT LIL Sytem Conettin Sep. 233 DE LTL Syeee Como by Laie Met 24 spin Med 2 Pope LT Spice 241 Mae Rape of accumed LTA Systems 25 Rome of Spe ing Dienst Dice Equations 26 Pai Sec, 262 Me Tal Rene of LT Se 27 Nepoion of DT. LT. Syms by Vig Dit 278 Hemopen Seain oy aa Pee Seis yp ee Se areas = * a ene cee en i oe oh come oT snd by Linear Contant Concent 29 Conimoes Tine LT System Chace Diderot Egos $310. Dacre Tie Fourier Tanto (DTED. 3.10. Prgeies of DIET 41102 Dire Time Foie Tanfor of Pere Sigs 41403 DT. LTL Systems Charasiaed by Linear Comat Coeficet Diecace Equations. Mig Caoee Queions (MEQ) Exe$3 Poi fe Repo Caneene ‘Time ROC of Fie Do Spee. $41 Rg tn Spence 342 eH ope 343 Ste Sane. $5 Perse tp Compe somite, 5 642 Sampling wih a Zero Ondr Hl 649 Nawal Sampling, a1 Introduction to Signals and Systems Apne 76 sn 1 Aine 79 tin f Sr sd tes with bi, 15 Aoi Ping| GRE] (sss) fem peau rere + Sel i tino ie NN rie, eh, epee, ci Sy id + Ai cn ont to fos or aw indie varie wich conveys infomaen, +The soca te ei io capone en yi uty at ves wit tine. pce oan ter depen de erend soe acer ps hee comnns tne depend ae A ieee Tas spl i early repent by YG een. gee rieeT| + “We ft endo glare te sia i sd be oe i LS Westicttine (aed Solis atid 0 be on dimensional. Speech | T= q pees ona + Spec se and empeeof ie oom a camps coninwous FIG. 11 CONTINUOUS 2 Matteo Sent: tin sem, nie SCRA 7h actin pedo ear mo aie. the l ee aah, te signal {ssid be mukiimersonal. Image We can dent cotiuous tine gpl) such 38) Xt "60 dimeation) sd veal cones ofthe images an IMPORTANCE OF SIGNALS AND SySTEMS : ig) ms sequence of numbers A gal which died at dete tines i now a8 ‘Aico sigan doled by aa ce yh here ‘ns imeper and Sass tie Sepedent vara, ‘A dicate time signals a vale fined only a are For example, he amount deposed every month in 2{ | ete Saree EE get ey moth oun) ; ‘Frcouanson oF CONTINOUS AND DISCRETE TIME SIGNAL ii nes nis Une and ree Une snl ay a en ae 16 DEFINITION OF DIGITAL SIGNAL Fie crv ne pla ang pcr |The Src tine signal i dpa sepactation = = F eerie of comin time sign ee ate Te nie tine sil ca be conveed inif The dete tine signal can be coment in as format i the form of || + ipa signs ow eae to tant and are more fale 16 (sre) Mice ine spl byte Exes meod—|eotiaous time signal by the methods of zee ker lo Fit nr ol analog sms he comesion of discee 40 coniaous Une [le sanenie of cinimow w dice om] sels is very complicated and its done through te nal ee See tga | map a i pen fates few ne om lw ced ova fate conan of = FIG. 15 : DIGITAL SIGNAL mk pat an oid wy vate oe pa can Sb say ene toe, sampling instants of time. siieaiaiaaiiael Perce: ne ps aa wd xe Te drt ime sig a wed forthe contin 17 COMPARISON OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL SIGNAL + ee ous of igi signals a So oe we od we To Sa ae | ES paernarwemmer ss, saa. | ; Gu [Atty aga Wa Sian Wve tn | ig gal a dee we a aca ee i aed sermon bm iil sgl ped einer ite eros esi Ine pus |The independent variable ecient bracket FRepreseiaton [An ang sgl is represented by a sive Tyla Topic | Conpasoe of Analog and Dy ‘Digital Signalpee a ~ or oo pr a a h\ oe pa 8 OF ie tenn | “Si eee S Ma a CONTINUOUS 2 Newdteiaee andn) Sit ‘ie Nowdeerminiie Signals a someting, ie. seme 1 18 random signals becuse Oe tecureace i random i oar and the pen +The aes cant be pedited ahead of tne. 7 5 Speech spl, mise in system and BOO Sil ae good examples of Non-determiiie ‘ope of seas + ie 17 shows Noo eseeminisic sigs 01 4 Desi Sen: To souls whe Naw Deerinite grinded pid is well defied, % Sil: Tae i els wine mapiude and prod isnt defined and they a [east] 2. Nomen Sigs Periae San RAG Ss 22. Nomperode Signal: Te nN \ [~ = ponacg ery fete era of ime ie Those sigs which repeat themselves afer : ature. ie. 0) + x¢¢ + TD signa which eon epeex) -' ‘he sandr ie sgl cen 88 (0) ae gen eurme 20)-sn( 5) Th we Ane 8 ‘Ase 7s mothe ati of wo ings ice i lumber, the given sil isnot spindle signa banpei2 eerie fume pid ge = Semler ana EET sito ren 4) = Realm ¢ sind il (0 = 2050 a Hf = tS comp et eo eunins with sand om oft coun sina ad cox we hve am em 0-158 af, = 15 3 Ae pt ——— Ame ) Tadénee © Tahoe (N= 1@) N= 10 Braniple13 Determine the fundamental period ofthe ftowing signals A815) emis (@) Lat x P1518 x0 i a pede sonal ten there ents T > © such that x) = Mt + T), To, > te any (6) Letafn} 08/31 fn) proc signal, hen here exist an igerN > O sch ala sous Sat ond pen CANNED WITH WMISCANNEReee a Vic the ume average of energy. eet an. ‘about vertical axis Le. a) Bre Spl: Thos i Seal: The vs wih are ataymneic abou! te vertical ais ie x a ‘ ea eee is ‘+ A signal is an energy signal if and caly if the total energy of the signal is finite 5 (+ For an energy signal P = 0. Te inmates powet i + cis spn by Pi) = 9-49 dy “0 ne tisfy above properties are nether energy signal nor power signal. 2 bt = De gti 15,0 mo 2. 20 an 1M Ble pd eset py ; ——" bs Soul: oer o- [224 ‘A signal 2() i called an energy signal ifthe energy E satisfies the coo . oe ne eS ey sone Fina sl dp le Pai 9 = SF oy sate tc mine bgCE iii ee : HE nl i power signa nis eapicaly 8 shown in Fig. 118a sep cercemd ato) ieHt | aoe * + Hs exist ors — M1, 121 conniyuous TIME UNIT IMPULSE SIGNALre x o © ‘ites ope Te Cone peal Spa 17 Cag tot Su +e ot emf op cpm gen by Sen Adon =F cay + jing 6 Signal"6.14: musmuton or mee ‘a8 Re so {Bete emda Bel 1, it 0 te Med ig te sig stu «0 9 has ioe) a 2) pen, | so "1G. 139 ) ADDITION OF CT SIGNALS o)SURTRACTION OF CT SENS——— = Gan Timi Dae Tt pce i = yt = fas He, (9 We apt ce exc od) 6 ag egos (entra: Fer cumini tine sys Fer dcr em syne nm 44500) + a) > a4) + a HO and & 2320) sn ‘yom is mil oe near oes a0 obeys sperpton theorem.7 Reid ec cmp yn yt fe ep nyo pd SPA Pe and pat bat des nt depends upon he ure input and Future cusp i erm ca cin cul ye cae vgs ts hen by he exyesion. 1 Linearity ‘A spt is sid to be tina follows superposition pipe Lec us conser wo sens dina a flows Her, (9 ste inpt or exciton sn 9) 8 oupat o¢ response + Hee, 01 the inpt oe exciton andj) i ts utp or responseee Fase i aan lmepee 1 my nt ats 3 sae om te te ay se 3) 4, “Tr mass i pti ppd t= then for cota system outa wil depend on ales of pat a ip does ot depend on fre ales f that ipa ap VU) 6 volage depends only om te apt KP eure at the psa tne ‘Aa delay element desribed by the equation yn xy ~ 1] 8 dace time caus sytem,mm ends ny on psn ve of lp as} ——— > pa ke test ei pl ama ipl wih stable diagram, int a gt it ae Sag J yn eyo pn wth hp of eae Uo pe Spa Unt Sp Sp) it Ramp Sigal [6 tty ep mutes linens! Mathematical Operati ‘on Signals and Systems tiple chi Quan CQ [Ls eweShep The =) shied by ho ae [sine] OE Hset 0g cg wits with a ey eg et te hes 99 Tha fei a sr,‘ta seta: eA ap Ses Aeon pas aed 0 ome yh ie 12 0 ands + Tamang ard 1h) 5, pening oa this we Re v4 = Juco 2-040 Fst We evae te vale of ing 6) Sen by 10 = Jurae—oee “Te roc of a) ad a = 2) exits when yale of 40 sd ot 2) ae stone tow fr 2 ces Ree wo 340 = Juc-mae—oas nic. 287 The t= 1). exe when 1 <4 <.o and a ~ 0 exis when 0 << t The overtipped repon ic ‘4¢= D+ ale 2) exe when ie greer han 1 240 = fldeaeh eyes == D—y + Let us eval the itp wi = Paco -ate—t — adeteh 0c ot 8D Derm the rope 0 he *Dat-2-neesea wend 0m ptt i Fh cue MH 0 “he ned pn ey = fovn-0e afte Cami 10, The no ovp betwee) nd 9. So 1 = [ato mrnper=0 5 a B= 0) 7" iG. 2240)etal] = (1 2,3] apd tot stem having mpae respomse Mn re me Sali ta sytem to ta) inp oes — + pte ms pes Slept: Po Ke, AAI A+ ax) and uo ~ 1) prot Len Kis ving fom E = 0 10 k= * Egon (1) can be sited no 3 ieret summations, Main ~ R142 Sou wn ~ +2 aan —8) o ® awFind he response of «sytem yn when xn) = (2 wn = 1) an Mi = ae — 2 =a we svn DI. LT, 0 <@ TT eat tpt opm ten Ms) <1, Aah ee) = oh Pte pe oy Th et pea ee nsec howe i (EG) eta 2 ence we hve t fn 6 which wales Othe A= 1) =n = 2) prot ext Sininig cml oma, yn =0,02n22 é, ME Mani on 2 ~1) produ 1 when 82 3. The oveapBeten wk 1] and wn —2— Ht ent sie = Eatsnn—) oo lee ag a Sebi, = B41: k= 1 = Kn above equation Coed e230 We ec = MBE) mt Ki) = on - 1} ontop t= 01 b = 0Sak Hn +n) eM) a re reat we Ha) = 8,33) = pent wi mg aes 0) 1 saline 0 2 Fi sa] em 0 1 Peers) enisnci, By sping leet goaly ee } 1 (oP Caan ia Cova y ag Cobalt Method) Lattice Method 1, Wet) dM flag ram ptm Be mics foment of xn ene oH ptgc teas aA the0+0=0 au say thon? Oene4 ln] = (x, 20, 2) 90) 89) WO) <1 Wa2+204 JO a1 44a des x) #246 x) iol = (148,83) + ‘This i response of te DIT LT, stem9 le is ws His M442660, + Nar of Samples pea in Ma) = 3 6 len of yn) = 43-1 26 OFC) En, £3 +e bin as 6 simples 1.0 & Pero pating ste) mutilation wi 2 tn) malipieation wih oove Tos, vind = (2.68.21 -17 4) miptnion wih 1: 00-1 ‘So, we know the range of fro. Ts, ft clement inthe muiplicaton (LHS) indicate y-1) and 50 on. Accordingly nde amoro 8 ey a 0) oy = Saat ny ~ Exot + noo = Een nets Exm nnn 10) UY # {ON = ND = go Prot FL LHS. = 40h + HO) +The saad coolio ner foe C1: LT & give by 10 = 40 Ki) = JOM Daebe response Kn) = hy) - sin) = Shetty Fath, te mgs of 4 prodietseqal 1 he pod of be mages. So, howe eqn can be Aft) s Eta ate—en1 Ne sue at he apt ded a 0)/ <8, <~ The [xe — A 0, abo plot the magnitude and phase spectrom, ‘0 i own telow, the CTFT of ts defied by xyo) = Jane ar = Jetmnacem au froma Sename de CTT a) =, B> As at mio ad pase spectrum seb, B50 The sgl 9 i shown in Fp. 3.19. The CIFT is given by Xue) = Jane ma Sibiuing valu of 3) in CTFT forma wn aifetcmaa (male py i an we gn =r can te exesied ints of si fan, sin) = Xi) © 2AT se iG. 823 : ROURIER SPECTRUM canbe shown a Fig, 323j =i9 = x1B(0-a)- Hore) We aad or err | Detoe Fourer eastern aod ep ay Ivo pope oF The properties of Fore usfrm proves wih a significa fins io he afr and elatiomtip Deine the ime domain and fequea:y domain def signal ome These propeies reducing the complet iva! in conpuig the FT, of many signal ‘There ae sinilarpropeies of FT. lie ES. which a as flows 8) Sa cp,2 Te Sina Pers ~ jx Hi = Feeney migveoat de) = Xie) A requency Shing egy alg pe 1a 10 = a) = fpemerg 30) = Xie a) Heaee proved+ Be pot Noein ges on tp) 260 Pg Ls) X40 oe) + ig tent oiioice i ine doin implies cmon a gun domi. Contin Tee Domain Property 1) Ey a0) ae 19 = 40-9 sam = Jorma Jao-mnem a 1 comin en xo. mp = Jsomt-nde Putting in yj, iz aioe x=} fume onema 310) = | jue mar-emt ace = i = Jan-emar Fred, xm HH joys Ko) HOW)Sr = Fa hema Sum ZS x) pets Fe on BET of 9 ihn, x0= Exim crue 3y ie co om bth se Lage jue ote eae ope by —a, we get By comping with stn equation we pt 0 AE, xj) + Hee proved fp Bs wr ti [= OES pase Try Dae Ts lan Ese cacy av damian eu in outer dona remains wnchanged + Wei hen by tela, $0 = 3 Ixia em ay Rat Es xy . : —-e Teco at = 2 Tico do x ae ul ax Hh Ly A Las = Jane ae = fans ana M0 = fanem 4 é ej s0= Leiwem tesamo ei eg of FT w= 2 jute oo spo = Faorema + Rae saad, jn 40) em i ince nf nd Ho) weet is 0 ect ai ao frome de ine my sexta = fag ™do ma» juinema OE walt (SS q G27 EXAMPLE OF DUALITY PROPERTY 1 Conant Symmetey soeae 2 = 20) 119 is al Xie) = X40) io a) mala ve, Hip = 369 Xu) = xem) — 6 CONVERGENCE OF C>n¥:r + The RT. convergent i say the folowing Dice cntions for pei sigan 1 Atoltely Inara: The sig x 6 ably inepable Tati, F)x0) dc 2 Bounded Variation The signal (9 has ely ite numberof maxis snd mini within any Fite interval, 4 Maite Discooinaies The sigai x has finite numberof dicontnes within any iit interval "However, there are some perio igus which ae oe absolutely intgrable or agus integrable over inca can alo have FT by using implesFEE EEF AG, 33 Xe = 2 Be, etm) oo my tee el Ah Fr SW tapi id = Kl a s 2 bak nog hs sgh 2 Lg [sere terete sed ee FS en ure wth fea f see Tad Foes tranorm of sgn anon se = glee o)- acon x0 = se) 3 detain of Fourie taf, xu = Jain em J inten encom a = als [lee wnem a jem wena] vats |femedonnd S206ete ga fer ee rad at oy tee =f ico te) s- 1 9-1-6 wis ge Fact se git romero fm) fre Leu fen WW g en fet cn an pe 10 = y BE, ve hy WM Pr) EE, oye) Lats emir Xj) From te propery of E:T we tno, 202 el EE Se) 2 The synesis equation fr this Four tao psi i, ene hjSete: woe oe 1a Poe i me ¥en eo tickeme Maton sore eqn by 2 Bg Jw sy Toit ain sen Hin tc Fr ae cy Bese CIEE see ei se 2140) = X49: ee) mam To deci te en, he nese tam o 0). ‘Tica be by expe C0) ing pal con epeion og ee ‘We cotats A a Ban be eel as fans 1 Ade jo) TMG ~~ Os pea 1 = Ad Jo) 80 ja) 1 A+ A038 Be ying the conta ye et in +38) Jo (+) Siting. in equation 6.1), shan et xu) By aking inverse Foie “a Gm 1 ET, oy Ore) ie. ata EES tan Ge =~} This isthe response ofthe systemae ya ni afb teri 8: x00)=2405m(2) ee kus a OFT 2.022. tom, oy op | mh ex. {,{t . Yer, iG} ess XG) XU40) = se)‘hi te time dom sg of XG ame Find (he regueney repose of the system shown below : Soon Si By selying KVL 0 the loop, we pt 2 = Riggs Ee Lea a vy = baie A = RH + 0) bu iy = = el 1749 canes ss CAEACERZD BY LINEAR CONSTANT CORFE Dame EQUA sy id Sie aaa ery L eee "Eg ot ae Cn en mgt ye be aly i yg CF oh io gts [Beet = Bh vet au] ot is rene 3 of wl es mere poe S028 eka on Sutin an 6) gtin 09 a= RC yo a ‘Tig the Fourier wansform on bth ssf stow equation, XCjo) = RC 98) + 0) X{jo) = (RC fo + 1) 8) 1oac=0sF (40+ )300) 1 570)yc ep = 2 fe yg Fw S00 sm026 > a ent i, +e ‘DIPS fovea in ang aus pm in pod gm io) Xe Ie te Fo wy Weca cain dsc me snl 0) fom Xe) by aking ner Four wanfom. ks given by = em 1 Foi wanormf x) deed by ain) DIET, xceimy ‘Defra TFT eon ie an etn nine DTT con ll yen euton ie DIFT 9) anys pie wih po Zand coins ery cea ample "lod DTFT of stn] = ola} || < 1. Draw the magnitade and phase spectrum, The sgn x(a] sas shown in Fig. at. a San ‘Re DTFT can be found by wig equation Xie = Same Zoran cmmpi fe i se 34 amps plea sano 1s a he mato an an um = Exam 2 ain oe pt en i Fo the DTT ota Gl where Ja] <1. Pe He apceum, Sain Hol an| fr0< <1 own blowin ig. 344) the DTT a chal Xie = Soop s Far eama me Th mt fet? xem) = Sa em2) = AN) he) BEET, em MOD = haf) ¢ Benga a Be) Kee axiom) Tine Shifting Popes Tie hing prope se hat sin) TEL, im DET, cy «xe, etm Xie shag) © birt ahem & Dok = ae =a 1May-2016, 3 Smee rece Stoner ete : Oe +Barmemool Eovem oe ~Lanicton, eNom Hel = Sat) ehin = Each etme XG = xem &_teretation tn Time Domain Te dfereiaion rpeny dd xn) BEL ee nl = ae = 1) PL 6m, xem ‘como ta ofthis rope i in sualons wher elation of he FT: a asi forthe ft ieee th te orga sequence Prt Gen tut . 1) Xe) ie the tine shiting progeny, wee Hn) XE Wie Linearity propery we gs 30) = 0 ~ 1) 9 Xe) ~ XL) (Le Nem ne provedapg ibn as eeeeay ‘omen ma eco fo pu io de pata of tie Fs le =o 2 hi 1 wt + Lie nem Es phan stn Se tem 4) «0-26 Lorem x4ermy ra 6) «fa sf0) « St one =k pert amninem ech eo ea of mac +E fpr Emm emion)a + yf its ay ve err = Efe aaete- 0+ OTT pm om oh To ee ame = f (© B Pasnat's tion we cin 2» Jon = Jer do 2st peony of tise tec w a, yim) =n x) 4 4 xem) reise « jf Lienfm cay a0/19Aitimegt 2a at pre a! fn eck ae ume ee) 00) = aan) = cata) = he ITE, Me™ = F Ee =e ner Cantant Cathet Dierace Eton ample nd the reponse ya) of the DE LTH sytem, on wt) = (1 tn or ee Given: ain) ~ 3 yn 2 ie DI of oe et eo Pah eth. yeh) = xem Lem rem HEF.) = Kiem) Lem 94 wetfiSemyPA wr 8 rent Someta PAS OE tyJ 6 ty {opt ropa fh em ie! and may) fete mene oe son ring he miu ow sen stn ing pil facto expan, we cia mem = By wing lvee DTET of sve cqution we shin te np rsp, sof ete 0) = (2) ae WJ "Be DIF ex) gen by, m3 an el = Hla Xe)sxe : (O or Re) > a) Te ts =o + fo, tee, then the stove nega converges if ew, X= wa TO TENE 8 2ie0 yay Soa ee FUNCTION OF EQUATION (4) oe Menaiue f [4 Fg st alee Lixo «x oe esi eyH e[acode = Jaco fae fae = tej ne f ans no eds niyo ee =0 2 ed 2 eae re fe tm vie st € { my ala Fxede a ve writen 9 + Pre) HO) i x04Te sto X - 1) en fom We vane Foe, we he ture sgn = [jaeone-oereew *Puciser=-tuajyoens = Maxi + Pi ace eae gee! Hn oo Steps of ce reget La [isos eee i a){2 SOLITON OF BaTFAPOTIL HQUATINS USING LAPLACE TRANSFORM va ns ty cw a - A kp i dete by cia gina = 1 ser eras @SSVS a ee {A ADANTAGES OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS ¢ ing Lapis asm, neve Be wig aes 1S wtih ae ste it Fre tno we cnet Lape norm, 2 Gove in tine domain can bs etn ymin a domain 2 Ieee eqn of ayn ca be evened no sol gsc eqns ULMGTATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS Fes pone of te ym inated simul Intent ny hepa pat can be en + is wed oly for ssl sendy st ami {2 APPLICATIONS OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMS : By wing Laplace tmasfom meth, Be tet ets a erica conising ey HEE ‘neat an be deemined eiJi a min ee ROC eh of [ ow-e-y 2a as tet =| Ton i ne ipa mi of ihadyte. apes on pp w Toon plays an ington mse ad ep of Scene sgl wl ems Tomtom povie mtd fi te aa dcr ine pals ed em int fc domain ‘tic peverly more efit tae ine oman snlHe compe is ome wh (5), we te eh pike we RoC 21> a1Suthep oa ad inet the HOC (ffx) sn at te 20 2 pea1 0 so ld nd feck [|< ri int ROC a he ROC wil cami ‘omit of ng. inthe Zane tht ince he ca | = ROC bundy ps or ete | twcaea hie he a te ae mats and ROC rte flowing ne nt, Skt the ROC, ples nd eae =) = Bab; koese, een a gt KO. 5004 com defer‘eae a ere naan, 19 coer a nn a oto pe Se acts Aceh ie et an dng er Pees Sets 1 a ye a i mles16 os Sesto gu MA8033069 EMT st Hm ep gee ; setae 2) 0D = 4) = Hx) = 240) = 1 30) = 6 x6) = 5 On htig he va Xe) = Ene, we et eek’ Ko = 4628-449 62014 84 63 XL) covert for a ves exe at =sash: eee". | amen ett att (qc — ina 0) img) boxio trom he flowing seas | wmtae= Lowy ae!) saat)bs0f Bonne 2000) = Xe) = Sader 8 Etuin es 4-0 fen<0 fics) wa qu = 0) = ig 210 +) oa) ete 5 on bah heaE he i le ten we cn che» =e and Ea (16) Scone SS Pancras clon a ems of Ft men) = aient (0) =f) = ih wh) a al eeesis oie te ilo ri Tete wen rgb em a) bi Rgpg io 25 5 °1015 195.13 1995.) : om Detrmite te 2enfom of th flloning sg wan hap) sm o Sow a if xn isa Fe sd egune ad Xp) se fam 21 < ug 80 €I2h

8 rte th pit fe 60920 Yor = Loni scree —0y) range a((e 2]? ee, Ys) cos es af XC hes by 238 hited by 7 a aed each (hon F610 ent be able ite on elie of X(j8) to Yad ‘ie minum siping i T ah it meee toms Xo) xn) x0) = LIK u0)* x sin Xo) = 0 fr fo} 2% ° a Xe) = 0 fr L912 Ws rn We may coca hat Xj) i oeeton of XJ) an XS, Xa) = Ofer f= + We osu te Nyaa ef) = 2 +N Th mina siping eo Wc ou i alow a) be eaerye = crrrion = Mine ma gio =! nyo)(7 Netmeriter aan ling fear nv cal DL Gna oe saping aoe we ie em re si ok ATU ar Ia, < Ray, he rss cion sgl) Wl mgr be eat © 4) Hone th fil Sigma tn th pl sonst ig Bd ed wep wl aay eg Be sling tans ati fo any bake of sit) = AT, w= 0182,ont i oi tor Xo) dr imp Ul ein tee Eaunse—an) she T= 1 ech of te iting of cnn and Xj), Do ante ht i) en be tard tty rn Re)? encore 2) Xia = 0 tr [01> 1500. Oe (4 2 ead Xo) = 0 fe (0 > se, (9) 20 ta and Xa) = 0 fr ja} < tt. (9 XU) * Xe) = 0 Ja > 1a ©) 1X10) = 0 or Je) > sens Sate Gra i, 40 = Samnsi—m) hoe T= 194 D Gia MU) = 0 6+ 1} > soo Te eure of gin @ Seri 2% 508 = 10000. het, nae wb asc 29) fe 3 an 1 eer rel ma ob Tw 2 Ped eed eT 214 «7, =~ Toor s X10 se Since he ag an 10 8b ed fom 34, Starry cori edie gl ater tee ve oe [> 0 foe (a> 20 ms ein Sampling etme 34) tin Spey the rng rte Br saning pte T wih me ht i cera et 3 fo > 100 @ U8) = (0) * 40) ry There, Yj) =0for > 180 Ths les ht Nee for 3) 2 10 = 8. Te, te sampling po T cana es be 52ce ale an 8 ny a ts aap 2 a, ga lel eon oH pes oi seh AL tage sin = {4 “Kathe, SIN Alpi) = Xe = 1 nm xt sie a Inet | +m sample sesence pin ts Four mien rem» 5 [ Feemlem Fe) = 2 Sno ia) So key Fhe amping teu. Sspl with» sampling period T to obtain 4 discrete ime signa. c " tm rm gation (622) ad (62) ieee ais eg a tance“Seo rey ol {Ln willl ; Ri | ae =P Toe eee | ea ee pig» 2a il ne) Hm IG the rp of Xie ea ep lver or re rey SIGNAL IN REOUENY DOA | egoton (627) eet a Mt ini tov ps fer Ta sone pe een + ico nF 2k Haig 6 < 24 le ai a my | spelt Spt pce fa es | os me oma oraltaree ei os = Et ae “a | % \ sm = Mist ax 3 | : ae | ss a @ si AANAAAA af} 44... = ee ee (© Sperm fn rial etme galt acter rel Ag) Xie) z | ‘J | (Spectrum of samplig sequence pa. ca shin a trict ey #7 ay regency eae ie ion+ Fm fw, wee dc ine eens 3] teers ar ones wih ma een the proses of xing el sbown in ig 627. Te pos NG, 627: DECANATION OF se) aan oh may spel wit he py ating 2 (8) ae i ae per pa AL i ap oe v0 ne ® a een expne of eqtin (1) 11,8) «0 posing Hints aise at [ia tick Alo = -0 ered shown ia Fig. 628(0 Te creposing Scene sym ts fey spe nem = # olen o sop wth pes Tis gc ean Hot ne, 6280) The omen PS ‘pone cin be shown 10 iat = onett ee or espaeny,43: REQENEY RESUS OF 4 CONTINOUS TIM IDEAL RAND LED ‘DUPERENTIATID Rij) = [0] < 5, 2) FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF A DISCRETE TIME FILTER 10, T Bement ‘Spy at he and nied diterettin of Example has ipa 3) = cone) with | (en nd he get sg Sn x0 Ths te sample gt wl be Net) = FE tebe ~te,)+26(0-+ a9 —bo,)) cc tt on (2) 100. Xet) = KO a) oth + 9) Jol cx ‘dentine ete rs X79 pe pty pind we oo Mel) = Hel He) rece ets ses # thea) + e+ wn + FE K0- a) — ies tales ‘Pe cots te Ft oe af Ce a= 0) = Hf) We) = eR atop] [ tom eS them) A See ~ Bene] ee ee oe vane miley mde cm) and we cin te expe eae ot ‘ Yio = Su01 ovine ety eta come # Sc tne ys wil ny Wem = eM Jal ck When an neg, iste hs igh rw ieptnion f2.ay of 8 fo) = n= 8) 1 we fess 00 the baseband 0 2. tie «tegus F<, we cainL 1s le a ey om a0 Xie) a) o DeLay aT aT 7 commons rr (COOOL A ager wag SCRE my re se | = —— [einen Prom ‘Me compan exh of be ARIA tata et 2) sing 4X10) esl) = cd Wh aps i vo A 2 no 0 =n 049 peli nt agg 2 sen! ten hed i nal ow pt men = pr T ld Dieu sampling connote seal (1) Wider teeny coepinn the meng spt ©) Sampling me o ny ‘Wht do you mun by ingle tin simpig cima ie sp Wht do yu man by imple we simpli dn ine sg Dies the mo eer Hl sampling ics Nawal ané Rel sling Wt aiken einige essen + cones time il fs ames? 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