Select Page !

!"#$%&'()#*+,('()#-.'/0(#1#234,0536(#738
96':&43%:'60

“When a great many people are unable

to 2nd work, unemployment results.”

!"#$%&'!((#%)*+,'-(#%.%/%"&

!"#$%&'($#")*+,-./#/0
12#3)/+4+5'&.)6'"/

0&+12#(31+&.'/"&'4+')+5&+)'"6
.7+'6.".+'87+9+'2+(2#+'"9+'(:.'(;
<(46'):+'.('"'$"9%+.3'(;'9+"6(&6=

>7+9+'"9+'6+$+9"#')%?+9+&.'.32+6'(;
:&+12#(31+&.,'%&/#:)%&*
1"/9(+/(&(1%/'"6'8+##'"6'%&)%$%):"#
;"/.(96=

0&+12#(31+&.'/"&'/":6+'6+$+9+
&+*".%$+'+?+/.6,'&(.'(&#3';(9
%&)%$%):"#6'4:.'"#6(';(9'.7+'($+9"##
+/(&(13=

203&#;33<#2&'/,4+05> ?'6'@+A4'#-6'8B5'(>

203&#;33<#2&'/,4+0536=

@&'.7%6'"9.%/#+,'.7+'.32+6,'/":6+6,
+?+/.6'"&)'6(#:.%(&6';(9
:&+12#(31+&.'"9+'67(8&'%&')+."%#=

De#ning the Unemploy…

?'6'@+A4'#-6'8B5'(

!"#$%&'())%*

Unemployment: Types, …

!"#$%#$& 

!"#$%&'(&)*$+#,'"+$*-

+,-.$-/.&"*(01.%,0(*2

!3/#%/"#':&+12#(31+&.'9+;+96'.('"
6.".+'87+9+'.7+9+'"9+'#"9*+'68%&*6'%&
:&+12#(31+&.'):+'.('")$+96+
+/(&(1%/'/(&)%.%(&6'#%A+'9+/+66%(&6=

B#.7(:*7'/3/#%/"#':&+12#(31+&.'/"&
7"$+'6%*&%5/"&.'67(9.C.+91'+?+/.6'(&
.7+'#(/"#'+/(&(13,'%&'.7+'#(&*C.+91,
.7+'+/(&(13'%6'#%A+#3'.('9+/($+9'6%&/+
/3/#%/"#':&+12#(31+&.'(;.+&'%6'<:6.
.+12(9"93=

34$-2$%*/.&"*(01.%,0(*2

D9%/.%(&"#':&+12#(31+&.'%6'.7+'#"/A
(;'+12#(31+&.'):+'.(';"/.(96'#%A+
.7+'6+"9/7';(9'"'&+8'<(4'(9'):+'.(
.7+'+&.+9%&*'(;'.7+'8(9A;(9/+'(;
6.:)+&.6'";.+9'5&%67%&*'/(##+*+=

B##'.7%6'9+E:%9+6'"'/+9."%&'"1(:&.'(;
.%1+,'87%/7'%12#%+6'.+12(9"93
;9%/.%(&"#':&+12#(31+&.=

524"-2"4/.&"*(01.%,0(*2

F.9:/.:9"#':&+12#(31+&.'/"&'4+
9+*"9)+)'"6'#(&*C.+91
:&+12#(31+&.'):+'.('"'1%61"./7'(;
)+1"&)'"&)'6:22#3'(&'.7+'<(4
1"9A+.=

D(9'%&6."&/+,'.7%6'/(:#)'1+"&'.7".
:&+12#(3+)'2+(2#+'6%12#3')('&(.
7"$+'.7+'A&(8#+)*+'.7".'%6'&+/+66"93
.('2"9.%/%2".+'%&'.7+'<(4'1"9A+.=

@&'(:9'&(8")"36'"*+,'.7%6'/(:#)
1+"&'.7".'2+(2#+'#"/A'4"6%/
A&(8#+)*+'(;'7(8'.(':6+'"
/(12:.+9,'87%/7'1"A+6'%.'"#1(6.
%12(66%4#+'.('5&)'"&'(G/+'<(4=

6(7$%*/.&"*(01.%,0(*2

B&(.7+9';(91'(;':&+12#(31+&.'%6
9+*%(&"#':&+12#(31+&.=

@.'9+;+96'.('"'6.".+'87+9+'62+/%5/
9+*%(&6'"9+'6.9:/.:9"##3'8+"A'"&)
<:6.')('&(.'7"$+'1"&3'<(46'.('(?+9=

>7%6'1"3'4+'):+'.(':&"..9"/.%$+&+66
;(9'5916'.('(2+&'49"&/7+6'%&'.7(6+
9+*%(&6'):+'.('2(#%.%/"#'%&6."4%#%.3'(9
7%*7'/(92(9".+'."H'9".+6=

>7:6,'%&'.7(6+'9+*%(&6,
:&+12#(31+&.'9".+6'"9+'(;.+&'E:%.+
7%*7'6%&/+'.7+9+'"9+'6%12#3'&(.
+&(:*7'<(46=

5(/)%*/.&"*(01.%,0(*2

F+"6(&"#':&+12#(31+&.'9+;+96'.(
:&+12#(31+&.'.7".'%6'):+'.(
6+"6(&"#';"/.(96=

D(9'%&6."&/+,'6(1+'4:6%&+66+6'1"A+
.7+'1"<(9%.3'(;'.7+%9'6"#+6'%&'(&#3'"
;+8'1(&.76=

B'*(()'+H"12#+'%6'87+&'/(12"&%+6
6:22#3'*(()6';(9'!79%6.1"6=

@&'.7+'1(&.76'4+;(9+'!79%6.1"6,
6"#+6':6:"##3'6A39(/A+.=

I(8+$+9,'";.+9'!79%6.1"6,'.7+9+'"9+
"#1(6.'&('6"#+6'".'"##=

>7:6,'+62+/%"##3'%&'.7(6+'A%&)6'(;
4:6%&+66+6,'6+"6(&"#':&+12#(31+&.
%6'"'4%*'%66:+'6%&/+'/(12"&%+6'6%12#3
)('&(.'&++)'.7+%9'8(9A+96'"&31(9+
(&/+'.7+'4:63'6+"6(&'%6'($+9=

8%."*2/4,&"*(01.%,0(*2

>7+9+'%6'"#6('"';9"/.%(&'(;'2+(2#+'87(
"/.:"##3')('&(.'8"&.'.('8(9A'".'"##
"&)'8"&.'.('+&<(3'.7+%9'#+%6:9+'.%1+
%&6.+")=

>7(6+'2+(2#+'/(&.9%4:.+'.('.7+
27+&(1+&(&'.7".'%6'(;.+&')+6/9%4+)
"6'$(#:&."93':&+12#(31+&.=

./0%$%&'(&)*$+#,'"+$*-

!"#!"#$%&'&%$"($&)*+,-."/
$"#0&/-,%$.11*&1
%"#2341.+,%$3&,%-3$56"7%&81
&"#9&/)&6$).1+6.8./,-."/
'"#0"77./:
("#;"8&%&11/&11
)"#<*6/"*-
*"#=-6">&$"($(,-&
+"#?./,/+.,%$+6.1.1
!,"#=-6*+-*6,%%4$#&,>$6&:."/1
!!"#!,+>$"($8"-.',-."/

'%9&.(:(.&%;&(#"-/2$%*

B'#(8'#+$+#'(;'+):/".%(&'%6'"'1"%&
/":6+'(;':&+12#(31+&.=

>7+'4+..+9'E:"#%5+)'2+(2#+'"9+,'.7+
+"6%+9'%.'%6'.('5&)'"'<(4'6%&/+'.7+
)+1"&)';(9'8+##CE:"#%5+)'2+(2#+'%6
E:%.+'7%*7=

@&'/(&.9"6.,'87+&'2+(2#+'#"/A'29(2+9
+):/".%(&,'.7+6+'2+(2#+'"9+'".'*9+".
9%6A';(9':&+12#(31+&.'6%&/+
/(12"&%+6'(;.+&')('&(.'8"&.'.(
+12#(3'.7+1=

J+2+&)%&*'(&'.7+'#+$+#'(;
/(12+.%.%(&'"&)'.7+'1"/9(+/(&(1%/
(:.#((A'(;'.7+'+/(&(13,'"'#"/A'(;
+):/".%(&'/"&'#+")'.('7:*+'29(4#+16
87+&'%.'/(1+6'.('5&)%&*'"'*(()'<(4=

<(*2/.&$))"()

K+&."#'7+"#.7'%66:+6'/"&'"#6('4+'"
9+"6(&';(9':&+12#(31+&.=

-+(2#+'87('6:?+9';9(1'1+&."#
29(4#+16'8%##'(;.+&'7"$+'&(
1(.%$".%(&'(9'"#6('&(.'.7+'"4%#%.3'.(
"22#3';(9'<(46'%&'"'29(2+9'1"&&+9=

K(9+($+9,'.7+6+'2+(2#+'(;.+&'7"$+
29(4#+16'.(';(/:6,'87%/7'1"A+6'%.
+$+&'7"9)+9'6%&/+'+$+&'%;'.7+3'5&)'"
<(4,'.7+3'1"3'7"$+')%G/:#.%+6'&(.'.(
*+.'59+)'6%&/+'.7+%9'E:"#%.3'(;'8(9A
1"3'4+'E:%.+'2((9'):+'.('.7+6+
/(&/+&.9".%(&'29(4#+16=

=>,)$-/.&>(/.2>&14%?.(0)

-736%/"#'7+"#.7'%66:+6'1"3'"#6(
/(&.9%4:.+'.('"&'%&/9+"6+)
29(4"4%#%.3'(;':&+12#(31+&.=

L62+/%"##3'2+(2#+'87('"9+'6:?+9%&*
;9(1')%6"4%#%.%+6'1"3'7"$+'%.'7"9)'.(
5&)'"'<(4'6%&/+'/(12"&%+6'(;.+&
9+;9"%&';9(1'+12#(3%&*')%6"4#+)
2+(2#+=

B))%.%(&"##3,'%;'3(:'6:?+9';9(1'(.7+9
6+9%(:6'7+"#.7'%66:+6'#%A+'/79(&%/
)%6+"6+6,'/(12"&%+6'1"3'&(.'8"&.'.(
+12#(3'3(:'6%&/+'.7+3';+"9'.7".'3(:
8%##'(;.+&'4+'6%/A'"&)'&(.'"
29():/.%$+'8(9A+9=

@(*#(4&#$)-4$0$*/2$%*

@&'6(1+'/(:&.9%+6,'.7+9+'%6'6.%##'"
7:*+'*+&)+9'*"2'4+.8++&'1+&'"&)
8(1+&=

M(1+&'"9+'(;.+&'&(.'.9+".+)'+E:"##3
/(12"9+)'.('1+&,'87%/7'"#6(
.9"&6#".+6'%&.('6%*&%5/"&.#3'8(96+'<(4
(22(9.:&%.%+6=

K(9+($+9,'%&'6(1+'/:#.:9+6,'8(1+&
"9+'1+"&.'.('6."3'".'7(1+'"&)'."A+
/"9+'(;'.7+'A%)6'%&6.+")'(;'2:96:%&*'"
/"9++9,'87%/7';:9.7+9'%&/9+"6+6'.7+
9%6A'(;':&+12#(31+&.'6%&/+
/(12"&%+6'1"3'&(.'4+'8%##%&*'.(
+12#(3'8(1+&'%&'.7+6+'9+*%(&6=

<%??$*7

F(1+'2+(2#+'1"3'"#6('4+'$%/.%16'(;
1(44%&*'".'8(9A=

>7+6+'2+(2#+'(;.+&'6++'&('(.7+9'8"3
(:.'.7"&'.('E:%.'.7+%9'<(4'.('+6/"2+
4:##3%&*'29"/.%/+6=

I(8+$+9,'%;'.7+6+'2+(2#+')('&(.'7"$+
"'*(()'E:"#%5/".%(&,'.7+3'1%*7.'+&)
:2'%&'#(&*C.+91':&+12#(31+&.'6%&/+
.7+3'1"3'&(.'4+'"4#+'.('5&)'"'&+8
<(4=

A%0(.())*())

@;'3(:'"9+'7(1+#+66,'/7"&/+6';(9
*+..%&*'"'<(4'"9+'E:%.+'#(8'6%&/+'3(:
)('&(.'7"$+'"'2+91"&+&.'9+6%)+&.%"#
"))9+66,'87%/7'%&'.:9&'%12#%+6'.7".
.7+'/(11:&%/".%(&'4+.8++&'3(:'"&)
2(.+&.%"#'+12#(3++6'1"3'4+'E:%.+
7"9)=

K(9+($+9,'1"&3'/(12"&%+6'9+;9"%&
;9(1'+12#(3%&*'7(1+#+66'2+96(&6
6%&/+'.7+3';+"9'.7".'.7+6+'2+(2#+'8%##
&(.'4+'"4#+'.('2+9;(91'"&)'.7+
/(12"&3'1"3'#(6+'1(&+3'):+'.(
1%6."A+6=

B"4*%"2

-+(2#+'87('29+$%(:6#3'8(9A+)'%&
1+&."##3')+1"&)%&*'<(46'4:.'&(8
6:?+9%&*';9(1'4:9&(:.'8%##'"#6('7"$+
%.'7"9)'.('5&)'"&(.7+9'<(4'):+'.(
.7+%9'1+&."#'%66:+6=

L62+/%"##3'%&'(:9'/:99+&.'6(/%+.3,
4:9&(:.'%6'E:%.+'"'4%*'%66:+=

N$+9'.7+'2"6.';+8')+/")+6,'2+(2#+
;++#'%&/9+"6%&*'29+66:9+';9(1'.7+%9
<(4,'87%/7'(;.+&'.9"&6#".+'%&.(
1+&."#'%66:+6=

-+(2#+'6:?+9%&*';9(1'4:9&(:.'1"3
&++)'2#+&.3'(;'.%1+'.('9+/($+9'4+;(9+
.7+3'7"$+'.7+'1+&."#'"4%#%.3'.('*(
4"/A'.('8(9A,'87%/7'/"&'9+6:#.'%&
6%*&%5/"&.':&+12#(31+&.=

524%C(&%;&;/2(

@;'2+(2#+'87('"9+'/#(6+6.'.('3(:')%+
(9'%;'3(:'6:?+9';9(1'(.7+9'6.9(A+6'(;
;".+,'3(:'1"3'&(.'4+'"4#+'.(')+"#
8%.7'.7+'6%.:".%(&'%&'"'1+&."##3
7+"#.73'1"&&+9'"&)'1"3'6:?+9';9(1
1+&."#'/(&)%.%(&6'):+'.('.7".=

@&'.7%6'/"6+,'3(:'1"3'&('#(&*+9'4+
"4#+'.('8(9A'%&'3(:9'<(4'6%&/+'3(:
1"3'6%12#3'&(.'4+'"4#+'.(
/(&/+&.9".+=

>7:6,'6.9(A+6'(;';".+'/"&'"#6('#+")'.(
:&+12#(31+&.,')+2+&)%&*'(&'.7+
1+&."#'6.9+&*.76'(;'.7+'%&)%$%):"#
2+96(&=

3$*/*-$/.&-4$)$)

@&'/"6+'(;'"'5&"&/%"#'/9%6%6'#%A+'%&
OPPQ,'1"&3'5916'1"3'7"$+'.(
.+91%&".+'<(4'/(&.9"/.6'6%&/+'.7+
)+1"&)';(9'.7+%9'6+9$%/+6'(9'*(()6
)9(26'6%*&%5/"&.#3'"&)'.7+3'8%##'7"$+
.('59+'2+(2#+'%&'(9)+9'.('6:9$%$+'.7%6
2+9%()'(;'+/(&(1%/')%6.9+66=

J+2+&)%&*'(&'.7+'6+$+9%.3'(;'.7+
/9%6%6,'.7%6'/"&'#+")'.('"'6%*&%5/"&.
%&/9+"6+'%&':&+12#(31+&.'9".+6=

524"-2"4/..,&9(/C&4(7$%*)

>7+9+'"9+'"#6('1"&3'9+*%(&6'87%/7
7"$+'"'E:%.+'8+"A'+/(&(1%/
%&;9"6.9:/.:9+,'1+"&%&*'.7".'.7+9+
"9+'&(.'+&(:*7'5916'.('29($%)+
6:G/%+&.'<(4'(22(9.:&%.%+6';(9'.7+
#(/"#'2(2:#".%(&=

>7%6'1"3'4+'):+'.(':&"..9"/.%$+
/(92(9".+'."H'#+$+#6'(9'"#6('):+'.(
2(#%.%/"#'%&6."4%#%.3'%&'6(1+'/(:&.9%+6=

>7+9+;(9+,'%&'.7+6+'6.9:/.:9"##3'8+"A
9+*%(&6,'.7+9+'"9+'6%12#3'&(.'+&(:*7
<(46'"&)':&+12#(31+&.'9".+6'1"3
4+'E:%.+'7%*7'):+'.('.7".=

'/-C&%;&0%2$:/2$%*

F(1+'2+(2#+'1"3'"#6('<:6.'7"$+'&(.
+&(:*7'1(.%$".%(&'.('8(9A'".'"'<(4=

>7+6+'2+(2#+'1"3'+&<(3'8"./7%&*'>R
(9'2#"3%&*'$%)+('*"1+6'"##')"3'#(&*
%&6.+")'(;'8(9A%&*=

>7%6'#"/A'(;'1(.%$".%(&';(9'8(9A'1"3
4+'+62+/%"##3'7%*7';(9'2+(2#+'87(
(&#3'7"$+'"'#(8'#+$+#'(;'+):/".%(&
"&)'87('8(:#)'(&#3'4+'"4#+'.('+"9&
E:%.+'#(8'8"*+6,'87%/7'1"A+6'%.
:&"..9"/.%$+';(9'.7+1'.('8(9A,
+62+/%"##3'%;'.7+9+'%6'6:G/%+&.'6(/%"#
6+/:9%.3'.('/($+9'.7+%9'4"6%/
+H2+&6+6=

12$3-%&'(&)*$+#,'"+$*-

!"#0&/-,%$3&,%-3$.11*&1
$"#2341.+,%$3&,%-3$.11*&1
%"#!"#&6$%.(&$&@5&+-,/+4
&"#;"8&%&11/&11
'"#A6*:$*1&
("#2"'&6-4
)"#="+.,%$.1"%,-."/
*"#B)'&61&$&C&+-1$"/$+3.%)6&/
+"#D%%&:,%$,+-.'.-.&1
!,"#E+"/"8.+$&C&+-1

<(*2/.&>(/.2>&$))"()

0&+12#(31+&.'/"&'#+")'.('6+$+9+
1+&."#'7+"#.7'29(4#+16,'+62+/%"##3
;(9'2+(2#+'87('1")+'.7+%9'8(9A
.7+%9'6%&*#+'2:92(6+'%&'#%;+=

>7+6+'2+(2#+'1"3'(;.+&'5&)
.7+16+#$+6'%&'"')%G/:#.'1+&."#'6.".+
6%&/+'.7+3'<:6.'4"6%/"##3'#(6+'.7+%9
87(#+'#%;+'(&/+'.7+3'4+/(1+
:&+12#(3+)=

F(1+'2+(2#+'1"3'"#6(';++#'&(.
$"#:"4#+'87+&'.7+3'7"$+'.('6."3'".
7(1+'%&6.+")'(;'*(%&*'.('8(9A,
87%/7'1"3'#+")'.('1+&."#'%66:+6'#%A+
)+29+66%(&=

=>,)$-/.&>(/.2>&$))"()

F%&/+'(:9'4()3'"&)'(:9'49"%&'"9+
/(12#+H'636.+16'"&)'4(.7'"9+
/(&&+/.+)'.('+"/7'(.7+9,'1+&."#
%66:+6'9+#".+)'.(':&+12#(31+&.'1"3
"#6('.9"&6#".+'%&.('2736%/"#'7+"#.7
%66:+6'#%A+'7+")"/7+6'(9'1(9+
6+9%(:6'.7%&*6'#%A+'/"9)%($"6/:#"9
)%6+"6+6='F#++2%&*'29(4#+16'9+#".+)
.('6.9+66'1"3';:9.7+9'%&/9+"6+'.7+
9%6A'(;'6+9%(:6'7+"#.7'%66:+6'#%A+
7+"9.'".."/A6=

'%9(4&.$;(&(D1(-2/*-,

0&+12#(31+&.'1"3'"#6('#+")'.(
#(8+9'#%;+'+H2+/."&/3=

L62+/%"##3'2+(2#+'87('"9+
:&+12#(3+)';(9'"'E:%.+'#(&*'.%1+
1"3'#(6+'.7+%9'8%##'.('#%$+'".'(&+'2(%&.
6%&/+'.7+3'(;.+&'#"/A'6(/%"#'/(&."/.6
"&)')('&(.';++#'#%A+'"'$"#:"4#+
1+14+9'(;'6(/%+.3'"&31(9+=

K(9+($+9,'2736%/"#'"&)'1+&."#
7+"#.7'%66:+6'9+#".+)'.(
:&+12#(31+&.'1"3';:9.7+9'9+):/+
#%;+'+H2+/."&/3';(9'.7+'9+62+/.%$+
2+96(&6=

A%0(.())*())

0&+12#(31+&.'1"3'"#6('%&/9+"6+
.7+'/7"&/+'(;'7(1+#+66&+66=

L62+/%"##3'%&'/%.%+6'8%.7'7%*7'9+&.6,
2+(2#+'87('4+/(1+':&+12#(3+)
1"3'6.9:**#+'.('A++2'.7+%9'7(1+6
6%&/+'.7+3'1"3'&('#(&*+9'4+'"4#+'.(
2"3'.7+%9'9+&.=

N&/+'.7+3'#(6+'.7+%9'7(1+6,'.7+6+
2+(2#+'1"3'+&)':2'7(1+#+66'%;'.7+3
)('&(.'7"$+';"1%#3'1+14+96'(9
;9%+&)6'87('/"&'7+#2'.7+1'(:.'8%.7
"//(11()".%(&=

E4"7&")(

0&+12#(31+&.'/"&'"#6('#+")'.(
6:46."&/+'"))%/.%(&=

-+(2#+'87('1+&."##3'6:?+9';9(1
:&+12#(31+&.'"'#(.'1"3'.93'.('5*7.
.7+%9'+1(.%(&"#'%66:+6'43':6%&*
6:46."&/+6'(;'"##'6(9.6=

L$+&'.7+':6+'(;'#+*"#')9:*6'#%A+
"#/(7(#'1"3'#+")'.('6+9%(:6'%66:+6
(&/+'2+(2#+'4+/(1+')+2+&)+&.'(&
.7+'6:46."&/+=

=%:(42,

0&+12#(31+&.,'+62+/%"##3'#(&*C.+91
:&+12#(31+&.,'1"3'"#6('#+")'.('"
6%*&%5/"&.'#+$+#'(;'2($+9.3=

F%&/+'1(6.'2+(2#+'9+#3'(&'.7+%9'<(46
%&'(9)+9'.('4+'"4#+'.('2"3'.7+%9'4%##6,
(&/+'.7+6+'2+(2#+'#(6+'.7+%9'<(46,
.7+3'1"3'&('#(&*+9'4+'"4#+'.('"?(9)
.7+'.7%&*6';(9'.7+%9')"%#3'#%;+'"&)'1"3
6:?+9';9(1'6%*&%5/"&.'2($+9.3=

5%-$/.&$)%./2$%*

S(6%&*'3(:9'<(4'1"3'"#6('#+")'3(:
%&.('6(/%"#'%6(#".%(&=

F%&/+'8+'62+&)'6('1:/7'.%1+'%&'(:9
<(46,'1"&3'/(&&+/.%(&6'"&)
;9%+&)67%26'9+6:#.'(:.'(;'%.=

I(8+$+9,'%;'3(:'"9+':&+12#(3+),
/7"&/+6'"9+'.7".'.7+'&:14+9'(;
6(/%"#'%&.+9"/.%(&6'3(:'7"$+'"9+'E:%.+
#%1%.+),'6%&/+'1"&3';9%+&)6'(;'3(:96
1"3'7"$+'.('8(9A'"&)'1"3'&(.'4+
"4#+'.('62+&)'.%1+'8%.7'3(:=

!#:(4)(&(F(-2)&%*&->$.#4(*

!7%#)9+&'87('/(1+';9(1';"1%#%+6
8%.7':&+12#(3+)'2"9+&.6'(;.+&'7"$+
"'*9+".+9'9%6A'(;':&+12#(31+&.
.7+16+#$+6'6%&/+'2"9+&.6'(;.+&'7"$+
"'*9+".'%&T:+&/+'(&'.7+%9'/7%#)9+&=

@1"*%&+'3(:'*9(8':2'%&'"';"1%#3
87+9+'3(:9'1(.7+9'"&)';".7+9'"9+'".
7(1+'"##')"3'#(&*'"&)')('&(.'/"9+
"4(:.'8(9A%&*=

!7"&/+6'"9+'.7".'3(:'1%*7.'/(&6%)+9
.7%6'4+7"$%(9'"6'&(91"#'"&)'3(:'1"3
4+7"$+'6%1%#"9#3'.('.7+1'(&/+'3(:
.:9&'%&.('"'*9(8&:2=

G..(7/.&/-2$:$2$()

0&+12#(3+)'2+(2#+,'+62+/%"##3'.7(6+
87('"#6('6:?+9';9(1')9:*'"))%/.%(&,
1"3'4+'8%##%&*'.('+&*"*+'%&'6+9%(:6
%##+*"#'"/.%$%.%+6'%&'(9)+9'.('4+'"4#+'.(
6".%6;3'.7+%9'"))%/.%(&'6%&/+'.7+3';++#
.7".'.7+3')('&(.'7"$+'.(('1:/7'.(
#(6+'"&)'"9+'8%##%&*'.('."A+'.7+'9%6A'.(
*('.('<"%#=

H-%*%0$-&(F(-2)

B2"9.';9(1'.7+'+?+/.6'(;
:&+12#(31+&.'(&'%&)%$%):"#6,'.7+9+
"9+'"#6('6%*&%5/"&.'")$+96+'+/(&(1%/
+?+/.6'9+#".+)'.(':&+12#(31+&.=

L/(&(1%+6'#(6+'#"9*+'"1(:&.6'(;
1(&+3'6%&/+'.7+3'7"$+'.('5&"&/%"##3
6:22(9.':&+12#(3+)'2+96(&6=

K(9+($+9,'.7+3'"#6('#(6+'6%*&%5/"&.
#+$+#6'(;'8(9A;(9/+,'87%/7';:9.7+9
%&/9+"6+6'.7+'5&"&/%"#'4:9)+&
9+#".+)'.(':&+12#(31+&.=

4',0-5'*%&('6&)*$+#,'"+$*-

!"#<&--&6$&)*+,-."/
$"#0"-.',-."/$56":6,81
%"#26":6,81$,:,./1-$)6*:$,)).+-."/
,/)$3"8&%&11/&11
&"#?.:3-$).1+6.8./,-."/
'"#=*55"6-$56":6,81$("6$8&/-,%
.11*&1
("#=*71.).&1$("6$+"85,/.&1$3"#
,6&$6&./-&:6,-./:$*/&85%"4&)
5&61"/1
)"#?.1+,%$,/)$8"/&-,64$8&,1*6&1
./$,$F/,/+.,%$+6.1.1$1.-*,-."/
*"#?.:3-$1-6*+-*6,%$*/&85%"48&/-
+"#G6&,-&$H"71

B(22(4&(#"-/2$%*

@&'(9)+9'.('5*7.':&+12#(31+&.,'%.'%6
/9:/%"#'.('%129($+'+):/".%(&'#+$+#6'(;
2+(2#+'6('.7".'%.'8%##'4+'+"6%+9';(9
.7+1'.('5&)'"'<(4=

>7%6'+):/".%(&'67(:#)'6."9.'+"9#3'%&
6/7((#'"&)'.+"/7+96'67(:#)'2"3'/#(6+
"..+&.%(&'"&)'."A+'/"9+'(;'+$+93'/7%#)
.('+&6:9+'*(()'+):/".%(&"#'29(*9+66=

K(9+($+9,'/7%#)9+&';9(1';"1%#%+6'.7".
)('&(.'/"9+'"4(:.'.7+%9'+):/".%(&'".
"##'67(:#)'4+'6:22(9.+)'43
/(11:&%.3'29(*9"16'"&)'5&"&/%"#
"%)'6('.7".'.7+6+'/7%#)9+&'"#6('7"$+'"
;"%9'/7"&/+'.('%&/9+"6+'.7+%9'#+$+#'(;
+):/".%(&'"&)'5&)'"'*(()'<(4'(&/+
.7+3'.:9&'%&.('"):#.6=

<%2$:/2$%*&14%74/0)

U(4#+66'2+(2#+'87('"9+'&(.'8%##%&*'.(
8(9A'".'"##'7"$+'.('4+'%&/+&.%$%V+)'.(
*+.'"'<(4=

>7%6'/(:#)'1+"&'.7".'.7+%9'6(/%"#
6+/:9%.3'#+$+#6'1"3'4+'#(8+9+)'%;'.7+3
)('&(.'."A+'"/.%(&'.('*('4"/A'.(
8(9A=

@.'/(:#)'"#6('1+"&'.7".'.7+6+'2+(2#+
"9+';(9/+)'%&.('29(*9"16'%&'87%/7
.7+3'*+.'.":*7.'"4(:.'.7+'")$"&."*+6
(;'*+..%&*'(:.'(;':&+12#(31+&.'6(
.7+3'7"$+'"'49(")+9'2+962+/.%$+'(&
.7+'/7"&/+6'(;'+12#(31+&.'"&)
1%*7.'4+'1(9+'8%##%&*'.('6+"9/7';(9'"
<(4=

=4%74/0)&/7/$*)2&#4"7
/##$-2$%*&/*#&>%0(.())*())

W+;(9+'7(1+#+66'2+(2#+'"&)')9:*
"))%/.6'"9+'"4#+'.('*+.'"&)'1"%&."%&
"'<(4,'.7+6+'2+(2#+'(;.+&'&++)
6:22(9.';9(1'6(/%"#'8(9A+96'(9
29(*9"16'%&'(9)+9'.('5&)'.7+%9'8"3
4"/A'%&.('6(/%+.3=

>7+6+'29(*9"16'67(:#)'67(8'.7+6+
2+(2#+'"';:.:9+'2+962+/.%$+'6('.7".
.7+3'"9+'8%##%&*'.('."A+'.7+'7"9)'8"3
(:.'(;'"))%/.%(&'"&)'7(1+#+66&+66
"&)'6."9.'"'&+8'#%;+='W3')(%&*'6(,'8+
8%##'4+'"4#+'.('49%&*'2"9.'(;'.7+6+
2+(2#+'4"/A'%&.('(//:2".%(&6=

3$7>2&#$)-4$0$*/2$%*

M+'67(:#)'"#6('.93'.('5*7.'"##'6(9.6'(;
)%6/9%1%&".%(&'"6'"'6(/%+.3=

>7%6'"#6('%&/#:)+6'*+&)+9'%&+E:"#%.3=
@&'/(:&.9%+6'87+9+'8(1+&'"9+'6.%##
9+29+66+)'"&)'&(.'6++&'"6'+E:"##3
%12(9."&.'"6'1+&,'*($+9&1+&.6'"&)
/+#+49%.%+6'67(:#)'62+"A':2'"&)
67(8'.7+'*+&+9"#'2:4#%/'.7".'8(1+&
"9+'"6'%12(9."&.'"6'1+&'"&)
.7+9+;(9+'<(4')%6/9%1%&".%(&'):+'.(
*+&)+9'%6'&(.'"'6+&6+;:#'4+7"$%(9=

W3')(%&*'6(,'.7+'<(4'(22(9.:&%.%+6';(9
8(1+&'1"3'%129($+'6%&/+'.7+
"//+2."&/+'.(8"9)6'.7+1'8%##'4+
%&/9+"6+)=

5"11%42&14%74/0)&;%4&0(*2/.
$))"()

F%&/+'1+&."#'7+"#.7'%66:+6'(;.+&
29+$+&.'2+(2#+';9(1'7"$%&*'"'<(4,'%.
%6'/9:/%"#'.7".'.7+6+'1+&."#'29(4#+16
"9+'.9+".+)'"229(29%".+#3'6('.7".'8+
/"&'9+%&.+*9".+'.7+6+'2+(2#+'4"/A
%&.('.7+'8(9A;(9/+'"6'6((&'"6
2(66%4#+=

-+(2#+'87('"9+'8(9A%&*'%&'<(46'.7".
"9+'1+&."##3')+1"&)%&*'67(:#)'"#6(
."A+'/"9+'(;'.7+16+#$+6'%&'(9)+9'&(.
.('4+'".'9%6A';(9'4:9&(:.=

W3'."A%&*'.7+6+'1+"6:9+6,'%&)%$%):"#
:&+12#(31+&.'/"&'4+'9+):/+)
;:9.7+9=

5"?)$#$()&;%4&-%01/*$()&>%9
/4(&4($*2(74/2$*7&"*(01.%,(#
1(4)%*)

K"&3'/(12"&%+6'"#6('9+;9"%&';9(1
+12#(3%&*':&+12#(3+)'2+96(&6,
+62+/%"##3'%;'.7+6+'2+96(&6'6:?+9
;9(1'#(&*C.+91':&+12#(31+&.=

@&'.7%6'/"6+,'%.'1%*7.'4+'6+&6+;:#'.(
29($%)+'5&"&/%"#'%&/+&.%$+6'43
*($+9&1+&.6';(9'.7+6+'5916'%;'.7+3
"9+'8%##%&*'.('9+%&.+*9".+'#(&*C.+91
:&+12#(3+)'2+96(&6'%&.('.7+
8(9A;(9/+'43'(?+9%&*'.7+1'"'<(4=

W3')(%&*'6(,'.7+6+'2+(2#+'1"3'4+
"4#+'.('*+.'"'<(4'"&)'.7+9+;(9+'1"3
4+'"4#+'.('*+.'(:.'(;':&+12#(31+&.=

3$)-/.&/*#&0%*(2/4,&0(/)"4()
$*&/&I*/*-$/.&-4$)$)&)$2"/2$%*

@&'/"6+':&+12#(31+&.'%6'):+'.('"
5&"&/%"#'/9%6%6,'/+&.9"#'4"&A6'67(:#)
."A+'"229(29%".+'1+"6:9+6'%&'(9)+9
.('*+.'(:.'(;'.7%6'/9%6%6'6%.:".%(&'43
"22#3%&*'56/"#'(9'"#6('1(&+."93
2(#%/3'1+"6:9+6=

>7+6+'1+"6:9+6'/(:#)'7+#2'.(
6."4%#%V+'.7+'*#(4"#'+/(&(13'"&)
1"3'29+$+&.'"';:9.7+9')(8&8"9)
6#(2+'87%/7'%&'.:9&'8(:#)'9+6:#.'%&
+$+&'7%*7+9':&+12#(31+&.=

>7:6,'%&'5&"&/%"#'/9%6%6'6%.:".%(&6,'%.'%6
/9:/%"#'.7".'/+&.9"#'4"&A6'."A+
6:%."4#+'1+"6:9+6'%&'(9)+9'.(
29+$+&.'7%*7'#+$+#6'(;
:&+12#(31+&.=

3$7>2&)24"-2"4/.&"*(01.%,0(*2

F.9:/.:9"#':&+12#(31+&.'%6'7"9)'.(
5*7.'"&)'8%##'."A+'"'E:%.+'#(&*'.%1+=

@.'/"&'(&#3'4+';(:*7.'%;'*($+9&1+&.6
."A+'"/.%(&';(9'"'4+..+9'E:"#%5/".%(&
(;'8(9A+96'6('.7".'.7+'%&/+&.%$+';(9
/(12"&%+6'%&/9+"6+6'.('+12#(3
.7+6+'8(9A+96=

@.'"#6('7"6'.('4+'"&"#3V+)'87%/7
A%&)6'(;'8(9A+96'"9+'&++)+)'%&'.7+
9+62+/.%$+'9+*%(&'6('.7".'.7+3'/"&'4+
E:"#%5+)'"//(9)%&*#3'"&)'"9+'"4#+'.(
*+.'(:.'(;':&+12#(31+&.=

+4(/2(&J%?)

B&'%&.:%.%$+'1+"6:9+'.('5*7.
:&+12#(31+&.'%6'.('/9+".+'<(46=

U(46'/"&'4+'/9+".+)'%&'6+$+9"#
)%?+9+&.'8"36=

>7+'/9+".%(&'(;'<(46'(;.+&'%&$(#$+6
9"%6%&*'.7+'%&/+&.%$+';(9'/(12"&%+6
.('+12#(3'2+(2#+'"&)'(2+&'49"&/7+6
%&'8+"A'+/(&(1%/'9+*%(&6=

>7%6'/"&'(;.+&'4+'"//(12#%67+)'43
*%$%&*'5916'5&"&/%"#'%&/+&.%$+6'#%A+
."H'")$"&."*+6'(9'(.7+9'%&/+&.%$+6'.(
(?+9'<(46';(9'.7+'#(/"#'2(2:#".%(&=

Types Of Unemploymen…
.'*3,0%5'*
0&+12#(31+&.'/"&'4+'"'6+9%(:6
29(4#+1,'+62+/%"##3'%&'6.9:/.:9"##3
8+"A'*+(*9"27%/'9+*%(&6'87+9+'5916
)('&(.'7"$+'29(2+9'%&/+&.%$+6'.(
(2+&'49"&/7+6=

>7+9+'"9+'6+$+9"#')%?+9+&.'A%&)6'(;
:&+12#(31+&.=

F(1+'2+(2#+'6%12#3')('&(.'8"&.'.(
8(9A,'(.7+96':9*+&.#3'6+"9/7';(9'"
<(4'4:.'"9+'&(.'"4#+'.('*+.'(&+=

@&'(9)+9'.('4+'"4#+'.('5*7.'7%*7'#+$+#6
(;':&+12#(31+&.,'*($+9&1+&.6
7"$+'.('."A+'6:%."4#+'1+"6:9+6=

>7%6'/(:#)'1+"&'*%$%&*'5916'.7+
%&/+&.%$+'.('+12#(3'1(9+'2+(2#+'(9
"#6('.('29($%)+'4+..+9'+):/".%(&';(9
.7+'*+&+9"#'2:4#%/'6('.7".
:&+12#(31+&.')+/9+"6+6'&".:9"##3=

W3')(%&*'6(,'1(9+'2+(2#+'/"&'*+.
4"/A'%&.('8(9A'"&)'.7+'($+9"##
E:"#%.3'(;'#%;+';(9'2+(2#+'%6'#%A+#3'.(
%&/9+"6+=

="*6+&1

7..26XYY+&=8%A%2+)%"=(9*Y8%A%Y0&+12#
(31+&.

7..26XYY<(:9&"#6=6"*+2:4=/(1Y)(%Y"4
6YZP=ZZ[[YPPO[\]PZQ]ZZZPPZP^_
<(:9&"#!()+`&+9"

7..26XYY129"=:4=:&%C
1:+&/7+&=)+Y[\OZPYZYK-aBb2"2+9b
[\OZP=2);

B7"*-$-3&$,*-3"6

K3'&"1+'%6'B&)9+"6'"&)'13'1%66%(&
%6'.('+):/".+'2+(2#+'(;'"##'"*+6'"4(:.
(:9'+&$%9(&1+&."#'29(4#+16'"&)
7(8'+$+93(&+'/"&'1"A+'"
/(&.9%4:.%(&'.('1%.%*".+'.7+6+'%66:+6=

B6'@'8+&.'.(':&%$+96%.3'"&)'*(.'13
K"6.+9c6')+*9++'%&'L/(&(1%/6,'@')%)
2#+&.3'(;'9+6+"9/7'%&'.7+'5+#)'(;
J+$+#(21+&.'L/(&(1%/6=

B;.+9'5&%67%&*':&%$+96%.3,'@'.9"$+#+)
"9(:&)'.7+'8(9#)='D9(1'.7%6'.%1+'(&,
@'8"&.+)'.('1"A+'"'/(&.9%4:.%(&'.(
+&6:9+'"'#%$"4#+';:.:9+';(9'.7+'&+H.
*+&+9".%(&6'%&'+$+93'2"9.'(;'(:9
4+":.%;:#'2#"&+.=

M"&&"'1"A+'"'/(&.9%4:.%(&'.('6"$+
(:9'+&$%9(&1+&._'F7"9+'%.d

!"#$%&

>+916'e'-9%$"/3'-(#%/3

CD45+0'#E5(/43(,8'

B6'"&'"66(/%".+,'@'1"3'+"9&
/(11%66%(&6';9(1'E:"#%;3%&*
2:9/7"6+6';9(1'B1"V(&'(9'(.7+9
29(*9"16=

E5(/4+5:'8

-#+"6+'&(.+'.7".'"##'.7+'%&;(91".%(&'@
29($%)+'(&'.7%6'8+46%.+'%6'.('13'4+6.
A&(8#+)*+='I(8+$+9,'@'8%##'&(.'."A+
"&3'9+62(&6%4%#%.3';(9'%&/(99+/.
%&;(91".%(&'"&)'8%##'&(.'4+'#%"4#+';(9
"&3'&+*".%$+'/(&6+E:+&/+6'.7".
1%*7.'(//:9'):+'.('.7+'9+#%"&/+'(&
.7%6'%&;(91".%(&=

!"#"$"%&"'

-6F5836:'60+4#*36(/5'6/'#+5:(#03#&83F5<'
,65G,'#H5BHIG,+450%#/360'60#0H+0#5(#H'4&7,4
03#0H'#8'+<'8J

C:36B#30H'8()#+805/4'(#H+F'#A''6#/50'<#A%
KLM()#N5O5&'<5+)#P'<5,:J/3:#+(#@'44#+(#36
('F'8+4#/344'B'#@'A(50'(#+6<#457'(0%4'#A43B(J

()"$)*"+

P%#P5((536
20,<%#P+0'85+4(
N''O4%#$+(O(
;38#Q3,=
R43B
*360+/0

!"&"%,-./','

!S#T'%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#U6F'(056B#U6#$8+<56B
*+8<(
!V#L8'/53,(#L83(#1#*36(#M7#U6F'(056B#U6
C80
!!#P+W38#L83(#1#*36(#M7#*43656B
SS#T'%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#X'00'8(#F(J#-:+54
SY#T'%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#U6F'(056B#U6#Z34<
S!#T'%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#*36F'60536+4
;+8:56B
![#\'+40H%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#E36+056B#R433<
1#L4+(:+
!S#T'%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#P+O56B#P36'%
M6456'
S]#*4'+6#L83(#1#*36(#M7#C58#L,85^'8(
S_#C<F+60+B'(#1#E5(+<F+60+B'(#M7
\50/HH5O56B
2H3,4<#Q3,#Z'0#C#\+58#$8+6(&4+60`#SY#L83(
1#*36(
2H3,4<#Q3,#R,%#C#K'@#M8#9('<#*+8`#![
L83(#1#*36(
![#K35(%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#C,<53A33O(#Q3,
2H3,4<#T63@
!V#;83(0%#L83(#1#*36(#M7#N560'8#*+:&56B
Sa#\30#L83(#1#*36(#37#*+6<4'(#F(J#-4'/085/
X5BH0(

01,"2/$*"'

C<<50536+4#P+0'85+4(
C65:+4(#1#L4+60(
*360+:56+0536#1#L344,0536
E+54%#X57'
-<,/+0536
-6'8B%#23,8/'(
-6F5836:'60#1#-/3(%(0':(
-6F5836:'60+4#;+/0(
-6F5836:'60+4#L83A4':(
Z8''6#U6F'(0:'60(
\'+40H
U6'G,+450%
U6(,8+6/'
L34505/(
b,+450%#37#X57'
?'(3,8/'(
2,(0+56+A5450%#1#$'/H6343B%
c'H5/4'(
N+(0'#P+6+B':'60
N''O4%#$+(O(

d#SVSV#I#SVSS#C44#?5BH0(#?'('8F'<#e#Z43A+4

C@+8'6'((#9Z#fH+70,6B(A'(/H8g6O0h