Obice, Joanne Q.

DMD2A

Microbiology Assignment 6
1. What are Gram negative bacteria?
Gram negative does not contain teichoic acids because the cell walls of gram negative
bacteria contain only a small amount of peptidoglycan, they are more susceptible to mechanical
breakage the cell walls of its gram negative bacteria consist of one or a very few layers of
peptidoglycan and an outer membrane.

2. Give at least 10 kinds gram negative bacteria

Spirochete, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Gliding Bacteria, Sheathed Bacteria
,Chemolithotrophs ,Anoxygenic and Oxygenic Phototrophic Bacteria, Cyanobacteria , Purple
Bacteria , Green Bacteria.

3. Explain the steps of staining of bacteria resulting in the classification of gram negative and
gram positive.
Commonly the steps of staining bacteria is that they forming basis for separating major
groups of bacteria which is the gram negative after fixation of specimen to glass slide by
heating or a alcohol treatment specimen is exposed to crystal violet and then iodine is added to
form complex with primary dye so during the decolorization with alcohol or acetone, complex is
retained in gram-positive bacteria but lost in gram-negative organisms.

4. Explain what are Spirochetes and the diseases caused by Spirochetes?

Spirochetes bacteria are distinguished by their shape and mode of locomotion they move
their slender, twisted cells by means of periplasmic flagella they live in a variety of habitats,
including the bodies of animals and protozoans, fresh and marine water, and even muddy
swamps, this is one of the diseases that causes by the spirochetes the relapsing fever that
indicates the fever follows a fluctuating course that is explained by changes in the spirochete
and the attempts of the immune system to control it.

5. What are the diseases caused by the Rickettsia species?

Tick bites are generally of minor consequence and are limited to small erythematous
papules. More serious consequences of tick bite include the development of a type of paralysis
that resulting from substances released by ticks during feeding and transmission of a number of
rickettsia.

6. What are sheath and Gliding Bacteria?

 Sheath bacteria are found in freshwater and in sewage these gram negative bacteria with
polar flagella form a hollow, filamentous sheath in which to live, the sheaths are protective and
also aid in nutrient accumulation, it also contributes to bulking, an important problem in
sewage treatment while the gliding bacteria are almost certainly a phylogenetically diverse
group the gliding motility has a single unified feature, seem to have the same taxonomic
significance and dependability as flagellation.

7. What are Phytoplasma?

They are cell wall less plant pathogenic bacteria of the mollicutes class that occupy the
chloroplasts filter media pipes of plants and were linked to many thousand diseases affecting
economic importance crops such as ornamental plants, vegetables, fruit trees, and so on.

8. What are Mycoplasma?

Mycoplasmas are parasitic prokaryotes that have lost the ability to form a cell wall.
These organisms' adaptation to their parasitic environment has resulted in the incorporation of
a significant amount of cholesterol into their cell membranes. Cholesterol, which is not found in
other prokaryotes, is assimilated from the host's metabolic environment.

9. What are Chemolithotrophs?

Chemolithotrophs use to reduced elements as electron donors and generate the oxidized
form, which can then be used for assimilatory or dissimilatory processes.

10. What are Cyanobacteria?

Cyanobacteria are morphologically varied they range from unicellular forms that divide by
simple binary fission to colonial forms that divide by multiple fission, to filamentous forms that
reproduce by fragmentation of the filaments, the filamentous forms usually exhibit some
differentiation of cells that are often bound together within an envelope or sheath.
11. Draw a Cyanobacteria and 10 characteristic features about that particular species.

Anabaena- grows well in liquid medium that

contains nitrate as the sole nitrogen source it
suppose to transfer some of these filaments to
the same medium except it lacks nitrate.
 Oscillatoria- is one of several cyanobacteria
lgenera whose members produce geosmins,
volatile organic compounds that often have an
earthyodor.

Microcystis - is a cyanobacteria genus that is

commonly found in freshwater phytoplankton
assemblage, in nutrient rich lakes it can form
dense blooms.

Aphanocapsa - is a genus of cyanobacteria

belonging to the family merismopediaceae
arthrospira is a genus of free floating filamentous
cyanobacteria characterized by cylindrical,
multicellular trichomes in an open left hand helix.

Merismopedia -
has cells arranged in perpendicular rows one cell
thick to form rectangular colonies, the colonies may
be flat or slightly wavy and are held together by
colorless, indistinct mucilage.

Nostoc - is a genus of filamentous nitrogen fixing

cyanobacteria that form macroscopic or
microscopic colonies and is common in both
terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Microcoleus- is a pioneer primary producer,
frequently the dominant member of the biocrust
microbiome, and the primary source of organic
carbon leaked from the crust.

Eucapsis- cells are arranged in rows that are

perpendicular to each other, to form three
dimensional cubic colonies Each cell is spherical or
oval in shape, 1-6 m wide, and pale or bright blue-
green or olive green in color before dividing.

Arthrospira - is a free floating flagellated

cyanobacteria genus distinguished by cylindrical,
multicellular trichomes in an open left-hand helix.

Aphanizomenon - is a cyanobacteria genus that

lives in freshwater lakes and can cause dense
blooms. They are unicellular organisms that form
linear chains known as trichomes.